Isisekelo Senkululeko YaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa yizinguquko ezichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nomuntu. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwe-Bill of Rights ngo-1791, uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa, kanye nesinye senezehlo esibonisa ukuma okubucayi kwenguquko yezenhlalo nezombangazwe zaseMelika. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda izinga lenkululeko yakhe yomphakathi, ukuqondwa okuphelele kwalemivukelo akuyona nje imfundo kuphela. [1] Kulesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa kwenkululeko yesizwe engokobukhomfaza.

Izincwadi Zamalungelo: Ishumi Lokuqala

Ngo-1789 futhi yagunyazwa ngo-1791, iBhili yamaLungelo yaqanjwa ngenxa yezikhalo ezithi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha wawugxile kakhulu kuhulumeni wezwe. Lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zibala imithetho ekhethekile egunyazwe uhulumeni, iqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo eye yaba yikhosha likahulumeni wentando yeningi waseMelika.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: ISici Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu ebalulekile: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Izigaba zenkolo . .ISiqalo sika-Claus ne-Free Execree Claus(forbid Congress) ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho futhi sivikele ilungelo lokusebenzisa noma yiluphi ukholo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Inkulumo nezinkulumo ezicindezelayo ziyisisekelo senkulumo yezombangazwe, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke uhulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindisela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazichaza lezi sivikelo kabanzi, izidlulisele ukuba zikhulume ngezimpawu, imikhankankangelelo, nokuxhumana ngezinombolo. Imicimbi enjengeyenziwa nge-[FLD: 0] i-New York Times. Colland. v.[F1] [12] [12]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe." Emlandweni weMelika, leli lungiselelo lachazwa njengelungelo elihlangeneyo eliboshelwe inkonzo yamanxusa. Nokho, [[FLT: 0]] i-Dialiotio of Columbia v. [FLT] [200] [2001] [ilungelo lokuphatha izilwi, iNkantolo ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi isivikelo somuntu ngamunye ukuba abe nelungelo lokuzigcina izibhamu phakathi kwekhaya. [[FLT:]] [FLD] [FON] v.[FONT] [FLD] [200:]] [200] [i] [icala] [indlela] elikhuphulweyo lombuso wesizwe] [indawo] [ikhulu]) linwebelele icala elisohlangothi sokudla isilinganiso sombuso sombuso wendawo. INkulukubili lihlala phakathi kwesilinganiso esikhulu, ukuvikela esiphambili, ukuvikela phakathi kwesilinganiso.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni okubangelwa uhulumeni. Kudinga ukuba ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka entweni ngaphambi kokuhlola noma ukubopha, ngaphandle kwezinye iziphazamiso. Lokhu kulungiswe kuye kwaba yisisekelo sokuchaza amalungelo emfihlo enkathini yonyaka. I-Carterbreadb v. United States [2018], iNkanto ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokocingo okungokomlando, iqaphela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bunikeza ukuqashelwa kwemininingwane ejulileyo yokuphila komuntu. ISichimende sesine siyisihluthulelo sokuhlola ngokumelene nohulumeni oweqikelezayo, ikakhulukazi njengobuchwepheshe obuqaphile.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningi ezibucayi kubantu ababhekene nobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ozobekwa icala ngenhloko - dolobha noma ngempahla embi ngaphandle komthetho omkhulu olahla icala, ovimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili, futhi uvikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba azenze inqubo efanelekile (izimiso ze-air) kanye nenqubo efunekayo (isivikelo samalungelo abalulekile abekwanga ngokuqondile). [FLD] Mardanda.[FF:] [196] Isinqumo salo mbhalo siye sachazwa ukuhlanganisa kokubili inqubo ye-procedturary fairbactura efanelekile (inqubo yokuzilawula) kanye ne-ncane efunekayo (indlela yokuvikela amalungelo abalulekile angahlelwanga). [[FLT]][FLD]

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba ubeke ibheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo ephakeme, noma izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba isisekelo sezinselele zesigwebo sokufa, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezindlela zokubulala nokubulala izingane kanye nokubulala abantu abakhubazekile. Furman v. Georgia v. [FLT]] [12] [7772] [72], iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo inqanyule ngokuphumelelayo isijeziso sentambo ngenxa yesicelo somthetho, nakuba kamuva yabuyiselwa ngenqubo ebukeziwe . [[FLT] v[FLT]]][FLT] . [5G][5]][80][80:][indexmentimentialgions sykt][7]].[intelm][intelm] ilinganisela izimo zejele, inqakanise inqakanise nesijeziso sezenzo.

Izinqumiso Zokuvuselela: Ukunciphisa Ukulingana

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, izinguquko ezintathu zagunyazwa ukunikeza imvume yokubeka imvume engokomthetho yabantu ababeyizigqila nokumisa uhlelo olusha lwesizwe. Lezi zinguquko ngokuyisisekelo zabuguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifunda, zandisa isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu (1865)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila nobugqila e-United States. Kwakuyisiqalo seZichibiyelo ze-Reconstruct futhi samelela ukushintshwa okukhulu emphakathini waseMelika. Ushintsho luhlanganisa ukuhlukana: ubugqila obungavunyelwe ngokomthetho obuvunyelwe "njengoba isijeziso sobugebengu seqembu lapho lizobe liboshelwe isigwebo." Lombhalo uye wasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla zokusebenza ejele kanye neSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu esiqhubekayo esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Ukubuyiselwa kwemithetho kunikeza futhi amandla okuqinisekisa izivumelwano zokuphoqesha izivumelwano ngo "mthetho omisiwe," oye wasetshenziswa ukukhipha imithetho evimbela ukucwaswa kwangasese ngaphansi kwe-Act of gention Act of 1966.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868)

Mhlawumbe ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho okubaluleke kakhulu ngemva kweSigqizo se-Bill of Rights, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane samisa ubuzibulo, saqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile, futhi saqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. I-Monicial . i-Dred Scott v. [[FLT:] [[1]] isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu [1857] ngokumemezela ukuthi bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadalwe eUnited States bayizakhamuzi zesizwe nezwe abahlala kulo. I-Clausse-Clausce iye yasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izikhawu zeBill of Rightses , izikhundla, izikhundla zombuso, iziteshizo zikahulumeni kumelwe zihloniphe inkululeko efanayo njengohulumeni. Ukuvikela u-Clauslebe isisekelo sokubusa kwesizwe, kuhlanganise ne-[FLB] i-Forow.[3]

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu seSichibiyelo seSiphendulo seshumi nanhlanu seSikhathi sinqabela ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba bangamvumeli isakhamuzi ukuba sivote ngesisekelo so "hlobo, umbala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila" nakuba sasiyinkulumo enamandla, isithembiso saso sasingagcwaliseki cishe cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ngenxa yokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, ukuvota, nokusabisa ngobudlova. Ekugcineni uMkhandlu wapho waphoqelela ukunqanda ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yamaLungelo e-Voting Rights Act ka-6565, eyaqeda imikhuba eminingi yokulahla icala. I-Remendementationthth isasebenza namuhla, njengezimpikiswano eziphathelene nemithetho yokuvota, i-gerrydermanting, kanye ne-fensing e-felon iyaqhubeka.

Izinqumo Zekhulu Lamashumi Amabili: Ukwandisa I - Electorate

Ekhulwini lamashumi amabili kwaba nokulungisa okuyisikhombisa, okuningana kukho okwandisa amalungelo okuvota futhi kwakhuluma ngokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 (1920)

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano elwiwa yizimemezelo zabesifazane abasekela ukubuswa kwemithetho engokomthetho njengase Susan B. Anthony, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, noAlice Paul, iSichibiyelo se 19teth sanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Inguquko yaba isiphelo sempi ende eyayihilela kokubili imikhankaso yemithetho kanye nokungalaleli kwesizwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokushesha akuzange kuqinisekise ukufinyelela kwabesifazane abanombala ohlukene − kodwa kwabeka isisekelo somthetho wamalungelo okulandelayo. Inguquko yeshumi elinesishiyagamu yaguqula idemokhrasi yaseMelika ngokuphinda kabili ukuncishiselwa kwesilinganiso sobulilingo ezindaweni zonke zokuphila.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Samashumi Amabili (1964)

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane saqeda intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Izintela zokuvota zasetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezifundazweni zaseNingizimu ngemva kokuvuselelwa kwe-franchin e-Afrika nenani eliphansi. Ngokususa lomngcele, ukususwa kwesithiyo, kwasusa isithiyo sokuvota esasikhona amashumi eminyaka. Kamuva iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa ukunqatshelwa kwezwe nokhetho ku- . Virginia State Board of Evolutions[ [1966], ishaya intela yokuvota njengesephula intela yokuvota esemthethweni njenge-evize i-Actal Protection Clavice Claus.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha Samashumi Amabili (1971)

ISichibiyelo sesithupha sehlisa inkathi yokuvota kusukela eminyakeni engu-21 kuya kwengu-18. Impi eyayishukumisa le nguquko kwakuyiMpi yaseVietnam, phakathi nayo izinsizwa ezazibuthelwa kuyo zineminyaka engu - 18 kodwa zazingenakuvota abaholi ababezithumele empini. I-mendement yagunyazwa esikhathini esigciniwe ngesikhathi esingengaphansi kwezinyanga ezine ngemva kokuthathwa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu (8) iveza ukusekela komphakathi okusakazelelwe. Yandisa ukukhethwa ngezigidi futhi yanika izakhamuzi ezincane iphimbo elingokomthetho enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Ezinye Iziphendu Eziphawulekayo

Nakuba ukulungisa okungenhla kuvikela ngokuqondile amalungelo abantu noma ukuvota, abanye abaningana baye bathonya isimo esingokomthetho ngezindlela ezibalulekile.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amalungelo Ka - United States

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe asiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma abantu. Nakuba singaqinisekisi ilungelo lomuntu, sisebenza njengomngcele wokwakha kwegunya likahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi siye sasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zobukhosi bombuso, ukulawula izibhamu, nenkambiso yokunakekela impilo. Pretz v. United States [1997], iNkantolo Ephakeme yayisebenzisa ukubulala umthetho kahulumeni ofuna ukubusa, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, nokugcinwa komthetho wendawo ukuhlolela abathengi bezibhamu.

ISichibiyelo Se - 11: Ukungahlangani KoMbusi

ISichibiyelo se-11 sifakwe esingeni eliphansi ngo-1795, sivikela ekumangalelweni enkantolo kahulumeni abantu ngabanye abavela kwelinye izwe noma kwelinye izwe. Nakuba singawavikeli ngokuqondile amalungelo abantu ngabanye, siqinisa ubukhosi bohulumeni bezwe. Ukulungisa kuye kwancishiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; izifunda zingamangalelwa ezimweni ezithile, njengangaphansi kweSichibiyelo se - 1450 noma lapho bencishwa isimiso sokuzivikela.

ISichibiyelo Sama - 22: Imingcele Yemithetho Yomongameli

ISichibiyelo sama-22, esagunyazwa ngo-1951, salinganisela abaphathi emagameni amabili asehhovisi. Lokhu kulungisa kwakuyimpendulo eqondile kuFranklin D. Roosevelt's's's ngxenye ezine zobumongameli. Nakuba ingawavikeli amalungelo abantu ngokomqondo ovamile, ivikela ekugxilisweni kwegunya kumuntu oyedwa, isimiso esisekelwe ekubusweni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Indlela Izichibiyelo Eziphoqelelwa Ngayo Futhi Zibe Inselele Ngayo

Izinguquko ze-Constitution akuzona izihluzo ezizimele; isivikelo sazo sixhomeke ekuchazeni nasekuthatheni imithetho. INkantolo Ephakeme inendima enkulu ekuchazeni ukulungiswa kwecala ngalinye ngomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo yeSiphendulo Sesibili yayingacacile kuze kube isinqumo. Ngokufanayo, iSivikeli esiPhakeme uClaus siye sasetshenziswa ekuchazeni uhlu olulokhu lunwebeka lwezindaba, kusukela ekucwaseni kwezenzweni kwezezabela kwamanye amazwe ngokwesihlalo. ISishayamthetho singapho futhi siphoqeshela ukuthunyelwa kweRRPT [[FLT:] Isinqumo] Amalungelo [FLT] [FLT:] [FLT]]

Izinqumo zingabekelwa inselele noma zilinganiselwe yizincazelo noma imithetho ezalandela. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yenqaba ukunikeza isivikelo esithile (ngokwesibonelo), ayizange iliqaphele ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokunakekela impilo noma lemfundo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi Nane. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshashintsha kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awami ndawonye; aqalanga ngenkulumo yentando yeningi nangendlela yokucabanga yokwahlulela.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokwazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okushoyo kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Ukuvikela ngokugcwele amalungelo akho, cabangela izenzo ezilandelayo:

  • Zifundise ngokwakho[ ngokufunda umbhalo ophelele woMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo. I-Chonsitition Anconotion [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwelungiselelo ngalinye.
  • [ Uhlale unolwazi [ ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezichaza lezinguquko. Landela imithombo yezindaba esemthethweni enedumela elihle njenge SCOUSBlog noma i-Legal Information Institute[.
  • [ qeqesha amalungelo akho [ ngokuvota, ngokukhuluma, nangokuhlangana ngokuthula. Amalungelo angasetshenziswanga angaqeda inhlekelele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho ayaphulwa. Inqubo yokulungisa ivumela futhi isivikelo esisha ngesenzo somthetho.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo LeziNkambiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubuyiselwa kweZiphendulo ze-Reformation zokulunga e-United States kungaphezulu kakhulu kobungcweti bomlando; zingamathuluzi aphilayo aqhubeka ehlela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi wonke waseMelika. Kusukela kusiqinisekiso seSigqi se-Gawulayo samaLungelo sokuveza isimilo ngokukhululekile nenqubo elungile kuya ezithembisweni zokwakha i-Reconstrument zokulinganisa, nakusukela ekukhuleni kokuncishintshwa kwamandla kamongameli, ukulungiseka okubonisa ukumiswa kwelungelo lobumongameli, ukulungisa ngakunye kubonisa ukubopheka okuhlangene emphakathini wobulungisa nokukhululeka. Njengoba isizwe sibhekana nezinselele ezintsha zokuhlola isayensi yezemvelo, ukuqashwa, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, nokushintsha kwemibono yendlela yokuzibophaza, nokuchazwa kwendlela yokwahlulela kuyoba namathuluzi okubalulekile ukuze kuvikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ukuqonda lezi zibomboko akuzona nje izibo zokwazi amalungelo akho; ukuzihlanganisa nemisebenzi eMelikane.