Umqondo wentando yeningi usekelwe ekwakheni okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa. Phakathi kwezindawo ezibucayi kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kanye nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lezimiso, ezisekelwe ekukhanyiselweni, ziye zaguqula ukubusa kwanamuhla ngokusakaza igunya emagatsheni ahlukene futhi zenze ukuba kube nokuqondisana. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yayo, izimiso, nezinselele zamanje kubalulekile ukuze kuqashelwe ukuthi ivikela kanjani inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi iqinisekise ukulandisa kukahulumeni. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhloliswa okubanzi kwalemiqondo eyisisekelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nokusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Umsuka Wokwehlukana Kwamandla

Isisekelo Sokukhanyiselwa NeMontesquieu

Isisekelo sokuhlakanipha sokuhlukanisa amagunya savela phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi ngomsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi saseFrance [[FLT: 0] uBaron de Montesquieu. Kuso 1748 safunda Umoya woMthetho [[, uMMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe ifuna uhulumeni owenziwe ngendlela yokuthi akukho muntu noma inhlangano ekwazi ukusebenzisa kabi amandla. Wabhala, "Izikhundla kufanele zibe yi-ke amandla," ekusekeleni ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni kuyi-Genesticialg, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. Ukudweba kwesifundo sakhe seRiphabliki yamaRoma ne-British, Montequieua ehloselwe ukuba asebenze lemiqondo. [FFoctive] [5] ngaphansi kombuso we-British Union, uhulumeni wabheka amandla kakhulu [Fog.] [F]

Izenzakalo Zangaphambili: Iminikelo Yasendulo NeyangeNkathi Ephakathi

Nakuba iMontesquieu ivame ukunconywa njengomklami wemisebenzi yanamuhla yokuhlukanisa amagunya, ongqondongqondo nezinqubo zangaphambili banikela ekuthuthukeni kwayo. Endulo [[FLT: 0] i-demokratial , i-Assembly, i-Council, neNkantolo, nakuba yayinemisebenzi ehlukile, nakuba [[FLT:] iRiphabliki yase-Roma [[[FL]] [[FLT:]] [FLT]] exubene nezindundu, i-Gazene, kanye nemihlangano ethandwayo engahlolwa enye futhi engathandwa yizimboni kamuva. Phakathi kwekhulu nekhulu le-174] [F] [5], umqulu ohlukene wekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu leshumi nambili, [F] kodwa umqulu [11] kodwa umqulu ohlukene wekhulu lekhulu lesibili, umqulu [ikhulu] umqulu ohlukene:[5] kodwa umqulu walenyuka ku-An.[19]

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Ngemininingwane

Esimisweni esihlukile sama-odolescin, uhulumeni uhlelwe waba amagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo echazwe kahle. Nakuba umklamo othile uhluka ngokwezwe, imisebenzi eyisisekelo ayiguquguquki.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukunikeza Imithetho Nokulandisa

Igatsha lemithetho lisebenza ngokusebenza, ukuphikisana, nokumisa imithetho. Kuyintando yeningi, lendikimba ingumthetho noma i-rever[, ivame ukuhlukaniswa yaba amagumbi amabili (i-biataral) ukunikeza icebo lokuhlola nokumelela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. congresssss yakha iNd House of therecters ne Countractic. Ngalé komthetho, ukubeka imishado, ukulawula imali, ukumemezela impi, nokuqondisa kwegatsha ngekomiti ephetheyo nokulalela. Banamandla okungahlangani kwezikhulu eziphakeme, kuhlanganise nesikhulu. Ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zomthetho kuxhomeke ekukhankanye; kanjalo, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ezindaweni eziningi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Impoqo Nokuphathwa

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa futhi liphoqelele imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Liholwa inhloko yezwe noma uhulumeni − njenge- commenter noma umfundisi wezomthetho [[[FLT:]] futhi lihlanganisa izinhlangano zokuphatha eziphethe eziphethe izindawo ezifana nezokuvikela, izindaba zangaphandle, impilo yomphakathi, nemfundo. Ezimisweni zobumongameli, isikhulu sihlukene nendlu yomthetho, kuyilapho ezimisweni yephalamende zidonswa futhi zibhekene nemithetho. Imibuso yesihluthulelo ihlanganisa umthetho (ezinye izimiso), ukumisa, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, ukubusa, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, nokuqondisa izikhali. Nokho, izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezokubusa; ukubukelwa kwemithetho nokubusa.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokulingwa

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Ijaji elizimele liyitshe eliyisisekelo sokuhlukanisa amagunya, njengoba lingagadla imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula izimiso zomthetho-mthetho, `amandla awaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwemithetho [. Izinkantolo futhi zixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi, phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni, naphakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Ukulondoloza ukungakhetheli, abahluleli, ngokuvamile bamiswa ukuphila noma izintambo ezinde futhi abangenakususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Izinga lokulawula kwamandla okwahlulela kuyahlukahluka: eUnited States, iNkathi ehlonzeni engokomthetho, njengakwamanye amazwe, njengemingcele yombuso we-Union, imingcele yokwahlulela.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukuhlukana kwamandla kukodwa akwanele; igatsha ngalinye kumelwe libe nekhono lokulinganisela elinye ukuze kuvinjelwe noma ubani ekubuseni. Isimiso amasheke nezilinganiso [ sinikeza lezi zindlela, kuqinisekisa ukuqondisa nokulandisa.

Ukungalawuleki Kwe - Veto Nemithetho

Inhlolo eyisidlangala se-pal i-veto. E-United States, umongameli angagunyaza umthetho odluliswe yi-Congress, awubuyisele ngokuphikisa. Khona - ke uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa u-veto ngenani eliphindwe kathathu kuzo zombili izindlu, ubonisa indlela isishaya-mthetho esingamelana ngayo nokulahlwa kwezikhulu. Lamandla anamandla ayekelela: umphathi wesiteshi angakho nakanye ngaphandle kokubeka ingozi, futhi umentshisi womthetho wesigebengu kumelwe avume noma abe nokusekelwa okwanele kwesikhulu. Izimiso ezifanayo zikhona ezimisweni eziningi zikamongameli, nakuba izimiso zephalamende ngokuvamile zintula amandla okulawula ngenxa yokuthi umqondisi wenkampani useyingxenye yemithetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengomshini

Ukuhlola kokwahlulela mhlawumbe kuyi-arhente enamandla kakhulu kukho kokubili isishaya-mthetho nomphathi. Uma inkantolo imemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni, iyakuchitha imishado yemithetho `ifake isinqumo senkantolo sokubopha. Leligunya lamiswa ku- burybry v. Madison[[FL:1] [18] [18.03] [18] [18] [18.S.S., futhi liye lathathwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngemithetho esemthethweni. Ukubukezwa kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho-ogractial kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-Genegamentalism nezenzo ze-oraltive zivumelana nomthetho oyisisekelo, isivikelo amalungelo amancane nokwethembeka. Nokho, iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene mayelana nokucushela kwezomthetho `Inkantolo .[5]

Ukuphoqelela, Ukuqinisekisa, Neseluleko Nemvume

Indlu yomthetho ihlola isikhulu esiphethe nesenkantolo ngokuqinisekisa nangokukhipha izinqubo zokuhlela. E-U.S., iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli ekhabetheni, ejaji likahulumeni, namanye amahhovisi aphezulu. Le nqubo "imvume nemvume" ivumela iSigele ukuba senqabe abanyulwayo ababhekwa njengabangafaneleki noma abaqinisiwe, ukunikeza amakhekheli empathiswa. Ngokufanayo, i-patrone ingenza abaphathi-mthetho-mthetho bakhethe futhi basuse amongameli, ababusi becala, namajaji ngenxa "yobugebengu obuphakeme nabaqondisi abadukisi abadukile," le nqubo iqhubekela ngendlu (ukumiswa) neSigeqe. Nakuba ivela kancane, isebenza njengenhlala yomthetho ngokuxhaphaza izikhulu. Igatsha lihlola futhi lihlola abaphathi bemithetho ebusayo, futhi lihlola izikhulu zezokulawula, nabezomthetho, amajajinga, ezinye izimiso zezokuqondisa, ezinye izigwebo, futhi izikhulu.

Imiqondo Eqhathaniswayo: Izifanekiso Ezihlukene Ezinqamula Ezindaweni Ezihlukene

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zePhalamende

Ukwehlukana kwemibuso kunezimo ezihlukahlukene kuye ngokuthi izwe lisebenzisa isimiso sobumongameli noma sephalamende. ezimisweni ezithi zifane ne-United States, umphathi ukhethwa ngokwehlukana futhi akancikiswe kumthetho-mthetho, futhi uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa. udwendwe lwezimiso zemithetho yemithetho ye-politimente [ [[FLT]] [ingu -] njenge-United Kingdom noma i-Canada, isikhulu esiphethe (isikhonzi se-pardease ne-buth comparacy) sithathwa ngokukhetha ngokwesigeqe futhi singasuswa ngevoti ye-votimenti. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlangana kwemibuso kunokuba kuhlukaniswe kakhulu, nakuba kusekhona ngokubukezwa kwegumbi eliphezulu, i-bini elingaphezulu, izinhlangano zezimiso zomthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Izimiso ezingcono kakhulu ziveza ukuvunyenyiselwa kakhulu, nakuba kunamandla amakhulu, nakuba kungcono kakhulu, izinqubo ezilawulayo, uma kuveza ukusekela kakhulu.

Isimiso Sempisi Nesemi - Presiteries

Ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi ihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izibalo. ezimisweni eziphethe izakhiwo zangaphandle njengeFrance], kunomongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile ohlanganyela amandla ombuso nondunankulu onomthwalo wemfanelo epalamente. Lomphathi ohlangene angadala amandla ayinkimbinkimbi: umongameli angase alawule isimiso sangaphandle, kuyilapho undunankulu esingatha izindaba zasekhaya. Lapho umongameli nomphathi omkhulu bevela emaqenjini ahlukene (ukuhlala), imishini nezilinganiso zivela kakhulu. Amanye amalungiselelo e-protheni ahlanganisa i-feal [FLT]] isakhiwo esihlukanisa amandla anyuke kakhulu phakathi kwesizwe nohulumeni besifunda, ukwenezela esinye isingqi sezindawo. Izwezwe elifana ne-Australia i-Australia i-expluexptions.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ukuhlukana okukhulayo kwezinhlangano zomthetho kuye kwaphazamisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukuhlahlela okukhulu kuye kwaholela ekuvinjelweni njalo kukahulumeni, ukuqiniswa kwemithetho, nokuqiniswa kwemithetho. Uma amaqembu enqaba ukuyekelela, ikhono lomthetho womthetho womthetho wokumisa noma ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa linqanyulwa, futhi umphathi angase asebenzise izenzo zobumpoqo (imiyalelo enqabile) ukuze ashaye amaKhongolo. Nakuba lemithetho ingaphansi kokubukezwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela nemithetho, ukukhula kwawo kungaphazamisa ukulinganisela okuhlolwayo. Ngokufanayo, ezimisweni zephalamende ezihlukene kakhulu, amaqembu angakwazi ukuvimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho eqinile, noma ukwenqabela ukwakha izinhlangano eziqinile. Inselele ukulondoloza imishano emishayo ngaphandle kokuzinziswa ukubusa okuqinile.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esiphezulu Nokungaqhubeki Kwezinyathelo

Inkathalo eqhubekayo iphambanisiwe, lapho umongameli noma undunankulu enza khona ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo noma igunya lomthetho. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa iziyalezo ezinqumayo ngokuphumelelayo, ezilawulwa ngamandla aphuthumayo, angakwazi ukuhlolwa, noma ngokuhlelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho. Emazweni athile, izikhulu ziye zandisa amandla azo ngaphansi kwendlela yokuvikela izwe noma amandla okulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, izimemezelo zezehlakalo eziphuthumayo zingamisa ukuqondisa okuvamile kwemithetho yemithetho, njengoba kubonakala emazweni ahlukahlukene. Amajaji azimele azimele abalulekile ekunqandeni ukukhomba ukukhomba, kodwa lapho elinye igatsha lilawulwa yiqembu elifanayo, njengoba kuhlola izikhulu, kunganciphisa ukubaluleka komphakathi, izakhamuzi, izikhulu zezokuxhumana, nokuhlola kwezena.

Ukuzimela Kwezokwahlulela Kumelene Nezenzo

Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni eziphikisanayo njengokukhipha isisu, kodwa kungabangela ukumangalelwa kwezenzo zomthetho .]

Ukuqinisa Izisekelo Zentando Yeningi Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukwehlukana kwemibuso kanye nokuhlola nokulinganisela akumi ndawonye; kuyashintsha njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha. Ukuze ilondoloze ukuphumelela kwayo, idemokrasi kumelwe ibhekane ngokukhuthele nokucindezeleka kwamanje. Izinguquko ezingokwezimo zomphakathi [ njengezingacacile izikhawu zamandla angokomthetho aphuthumayo, zithuthukisa ukubonakala kokuqondisa komthetho, futhi isivikelo sokuzimela kokwahlulela kungasiza ukubuyisela ukuhleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundo yezenhlalakahle ezisa izakhamuzi ngezimiso ibalulekile, njengoba ukukhomba okuqinisekisiwe komphakathi kusekusebenzeni komphakathi. Ukwanda kwesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi yemvelo kuletha izinselele ezintsha, njengokususa ukuhlelwa kombono womphakathi nokwenziwa komthetho wokulawula umbono womphakathi okudinga ukusabela okunengqondo ngaphandle kokulimaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa kwesimiso sokubusa kwesimiso sokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi kuxhomeke ekuzisekeni kanye nezimiso zezakhamuzi.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuhlukanisa amagunya nokuhlola nokulinganisela akuzona nje izakhiwo ezicatshangelwayo; ziyizivikelo ezisebenzayo eziye zasiza imibuso ebusa ngempumelelo ngokuvimbela ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kusuka ekukhanyeni kwazo ngokuzivumelanisa kwanamuhla, lezizimiso ziye zabonisa ukubaluleka kwazo ekunikezeleni amandla nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa. Nakuba izinselele zamanje ezinjengokuhlukanisa izakhiwo, ukukhomba kwezikhulu, nokusebenza kokwahlulela kusongela ukuphumelela kwazo, ukuzinikezela okuvusemqophelweni wokubusa nokuthembisa komphakathi kungaziqinisa. Ukuqonda lezizisekelo kuhlobisa izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele izinsongoso futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ekulawuleni idemokhrasi. Njengoba ukuzimisela kwezombangazwe kulokhu kuseyinsika ehlala isisekelo esiqinile semiphakathi kwezizwe ezikhululekile. Ngokuhlola nokuvikela lezizimiso, sisiza ukuba imibuso ebusayo imibuso ebusayo iqhubeke ilungele ukufinyelela imibuso.

Uqhubekeko lokufunda ngomklamo womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., vakashela i- Communist shicement yesizwe[.[