Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokusetshenziswa Kwemali Esetshenziswa Edolobheni

Abaphathi bemizi emizini emincane nemikhulu babhekene nokucindezela okukhushuliwe kokunikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile kuyilapho belondoloza ukuqondisa kwezemali. Ukukhula kwenani labantu, izakhiwo ezigugile, ukushintsha kwenzuzo, kanye namathemba ezakhamuzi andayo konke kudinga izindlela ezisheshayo zezimali ezisemgceni. Ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokusetshenziswa kwemali yesiko, okumane kuqhubekele phambili izindleko zangaphambili ngokulungisa okuncane, akusahlangabezeki izidingo zikahulumeni wendawo yanamuhla. Abaphathi bedolobha-madolobheni kumelwe bathathe izindlela ezintsha ezithuthukisa ukubonakala, ukulandisa, nokuhleleka kwemigomo yomphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali okuphumelelayo akuyona nje indlela yokulinganisela izinombolo; kungokokuguqula izinto eziza kuqala zomphakathi zibe izimpahla ezisebenzayo. Noma kuphethwe idolobha elingu 5 000 noma idolobha elikhulu elinamakhulu amahlanu 000, izimiso eziyisisekelo zobuphathi bomsindo, i-quity, kanye nokugcinwa kwezikhathi ezinde. Nokho, isikali nokuyinkimbinkimbi kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Amadolobha amancane ngokuvamile antula izisebenzi ezikhethekile zezezimali futhi abhekene nezindleko ezinkulu, kuyilapho amadolobha amakhulu encintisana nemisebenzi e-intelliacratic instentia, izithakazelo eziningi eziphikisanayo, kanye nezimiso zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlela imali zingasiza zombili lezi zinselele eziyingqayizivele.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela ezintsha zokuhlela izindlela zokusebenzisa imali. Sihlanganisa izindlela zesisekelo ezifana ne-zero [“zero] qha kanye ne-screenshot translations, bese singena ezindleleni ezikhethekile ezihlotshaniswe ngezindawo ezincane nezinkulu. Ngokunweba ithuluzi elingaphezu kwendlela ejwayelekile yokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, abaholi bedolobha bangasebenzisa kangcono ngemiphumela, bahlanganise izilinganiso, futhi bakhe amasu aqinile ngokwezimali.

Izindlela Zokuhlela Izindawo Ezintsha Zokuba Umphathi Wedolobha

Ngaphambi kokwenza amasu afanelana nedolobha, kuyasiza ukuqonda izindlela eziyinhloko ezisekela izimali zikamasipala wanamuhla. Lezi zindlela zingaklanyelwa noma ikuphi indawo ezungezile futhi zakhe isisekelo semikhuba ethuthukile.

Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali (ZBB)

I-Trowāt project idinga izindleko zonke ukuze ifaneleke kusukela ku-zero-yonyaka ngamunye we-fiscal. Esikhundleni sokwamukela imali esetshenziswa unyaka ongaphambi kwenkathi, amamenenja edolobha kumelwe akhe uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ephansi, ahlole uhlelo ngalunye futhi athenge isizinda sesimiso sokudinga nokusebenza kwalo. Nakuba izindleko zokusetshenziswa kwemali zilungile, i-ZB ingaveza imisebenzi efinyele noma ephelelwe isikhathi futhi abeke izimali ezingeni eliphezulu. Amadolobha amancane angasebenzisa i-ZBB ngokukhethayo eminyango ethile noma izinhlelo ezithile kunenzuzo yayo yonke, anciphise umthwalo wokuphatha lapho esathola ulwazi. [[FLD:0] Izinhlangano zezemali (GFO) inikeza isiqondiso se-ZBFOFF] kuhulumeni wendawo esendaweni ebanzi.[1]

Ukuhlelwa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Ngokusekelwe (PBB)

Ukuhlanganisa izimali ezisekelwe ekuhlohlaneni kwemitapo kuhlangana ngqo nemiphumela ekhona. Amamenenja amadolobha achaza ngokucacile ukusebenza kwemitapo yohlelo ngalunye njengokungathi izikhathi zempendulo zezinkonzo eziphuthumayo, isilinganiso sezimo zomgwaqo, noma izinombolo zokujikeleza kwemitapo yezincwadi (nezimali ezisekelwe ekuphumeleleni kwalezo zikhombo. Lokhu kushukumisa ingxoxo esuka ku- “ukungakanani esikusebenzisayo” kulokhu“kuthola imali.” Ukuphepha komphakathi, imisebenzi yomphakathi, kanye neminyango yokuthuthukisa umphakathi ithengwa kakhulu yi-PBB. INTEROMED/GUMENTIST (ICMA) inikeza ukuhlolwa kwezehlakalo ezingenisweni zezindawo ezihlukahlukene.[FLD:1]

Uhlelo Olubalulekile Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Uhlelo olusekelwe ngokwezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali (okubizwa futhi ngokuthi imiphumela 2016 : "lokuqala") luyisimiso esihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kanye nezinto eziza kuqala emphakathini. Abaphathi bedolobha baveza izinhlelo eziyisisekelo nezinkonzo, babela izindleko, bese behlela intengo ehlangene nezinhlelo zomphakathi ezichazwe kusengaphambili (umz., ukulondeka komphakathi, amandla ezomnotho, ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile). Izinhlelo ezisebenza ngokuqondile ngemigomo ephezulu yemali esekelwe egcwele, kanti imisebenzi ephansi yokuhamba kwemiphakathi ingase inciphe noma iqeke. Lendlela ikhuthaza ukuhweba okucace kakhulu kwezindawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu futhi isiza amadolobha amaningi ukuba axhumane nezinquluko ezinzima.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukuhlanganisa uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali (PB) kuhilela izakhamuzi ngokuqondile ekunqumeni indlela yokusebenzisa ingxenye ethile yemali yedolobha. Ngokuvamile, izakhamuzi zisikisela imisebenzi, ziveza iziphakamiso, futhi zivote ukuthi zingafaka kuphi iziteshi zemali. IDolobha laseNew York, iChicago, nePortland iye yasebenzisa izinqubo zePB emikhankasweni emikhulu, ngokuvamile ezindaweni eziphansi ezingenisa imali. Iprojekthi yePB yakha ukuthembana, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi imali idinga izimali zomphakathi. Amadolobha amancane angashayela iPB ngetheku elincane lemali (inani elingu - $50 000) lentuthuko yendawo eseduze. [[FLT: 0] Ingxenye yokuhlela iprojective projective nezindaba zempumelelo ezivela kuwo wonke amaqoqo ezindawo. [FFF1].]

Izinyathelo Ezisetshenziswayo Zamadolobha Amancane

Amadolobha amancane avame ukusebenza ngezisebenzi ezivamile ezingaphansi kweshumi nambili nezilinganiselwe ezigciniwe zezimali. Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemali kumelwe kube okuwusizo, okuphansi, futhi kube lula ukunikeza. Amasu angezansi aklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa imithombo elinganiselwe futhi kwakhe ukusekela komphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Okucikizekayo Nokuhlanganyela Izinkonzo

Omasipala abancane bangafinyelela isilinganiso sezomnotho ngokubambisana namadolobha angomakhelwane, izilinganiso, noma izinhlangano zesifunda. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwamaphoyisa ahlangene, ukuhlanganyela ukuthengwa kwempahla yomgwaqo noma yehhovisi, ihlangene nezivumelwano zempahla elahlwayo, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi ezisezifundeni. Ukuhlelwa kwemali kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imali nezisebenzi ezikanye nezindleko ezihlangeneyo. Lendlela ayinciphisi nje kuphela izindleko ze-R6502, kodwa inganciphisa nemali noma iminikelo kahulumeni edinga ukubambisana komphakathi. Abaphathi bedolobha kufanele balinganise yonke imigqale futhi baqaphele leyo engenziwa ngokushela ngokubambisana. Iziteshi zakuqala zihlanganisa nokusayina i-memorm zokuqonda nokumisa ikomiti ekanye.

Imisebenzi Ekhuthazayo Nokuzithandela

Amadolobha amancane ngokuvamile awazinaki izimali ezimbili ezinamandla: izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezizinikelayo ezincintisanayo. Izimali ezivela kuhulumeni, umbuso, noma isisekelo zingafakwa ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yenhloko- dolobha, ubuchwepheshe, noma izinhlelo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokucindezela isikhwama esivamile. Ukunikezela ngezisebenzi noma ochwepheshe bangazikhokhela ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokuzithandela zenzakalelayo cishe njengezindawo ezihlanzekile ze-“souniaup, ukugcinwa kwengadi yengadi, noma ukususwa kweqhwa kunganciphisa isidingo semisebenzi ekhokhelwayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela kunciphisa isikhathi esilinganiselwe sezisebenzi zokuhlanganisa izisebenzi zezisebenzi zezisebenzi ezingosi -⁠67272, njengeminikelo efana nenkokheli. Amanye amadolobha aye asungula“ amadolonti abathengi bemida futhi abikela inani lemisebenzi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezobuchwepheshe Ngezindlela Ezincane Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zanamuhla akudingi i-software ebizayo. Amadolobha amancane angathatha amapulatifomu ahlelelwe ukuhlelwa kwemali ahloselwe ukulingana kwawo, ngokuvamile engxenyeni yezindleko zezimiso ze-ERP ezinkulu. Amaningi alamathuluzi anikeza amasilinganisi e-rom à quitem, uhlelo, kanye namafomethi emali ehlelwayo, kanye namabhodi e-albhathiwe elula okubika. Ngisho nohlelo oluyisisekelo lwe-spreaddip lungaqiniswa ngokungena kolwazi oluhleliwe, ukulawula inguquko, kanye namathebula ajikelezayo ukuze kusekelwe izincazelo zemininingwane ezingaguquki (umz. g. g. c. c. c. c. c. inombolo yemali esetshenziswayo ingahlelwa kalula futhi iqhanwe ngonyaka. [[FLD:]]GOA ihlanganisa izilungiselelo zemali ezikhululekile kanye nezisetshenziswayo ezisiza amadolobha amancane [FFOB]]]]

Amakomiti Okuhlela Uhlelo Lwezakhamuzi

Elinye isu eliphansi kodwa eliphumelela kakhulu lamadolobha amancane ukusungula ikomiti yokuhlela imali. Ikomiti `ihlanganisa ububanzi bezakhamuzi, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nabaholi bomphakathi] njalo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wemali wokuhlola iziphakamiso, ukunikeza izinto ezihlongozwayo, nokusikisela izinto eziza kuqala. Le ndlela ilingisa uhlelo lwemali lwezakhamuzi ezilinganiswe ngesilinganiso esincane futhi yakha umuzwa wokuba nesabelo esihlangene ezinqumweni ezingokwezimali. Abaphathi bedolobha bangasebenzisa isiqinisekiso sekomiti sokuqondisa inzuzo ngaphandle kokwenza inqubo ye-PB ye-scareen. Ikomiti isebenza futhi njengendlela yokuchaza intengiselwano eqinile yezentengiselwano-[6]

Izinyathelo Ezikhokhelwa Amadolobha Amakhulu

Amadolobha amakhulu ancintisana neminyango eminingi, amashumi ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi, kanye nezindleko zemali eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 766.

Ukunquma Kwama - alpharia Nokubikezela

Amadolobha amakhulu akhiqiza izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane esebenzayo (kusukela ku 311 izingcingo zokusebenza), amarekhodi amaphoyisa okuthumela, ama-oda omphakathi, ama-odayst, namabhuloho entela. Ama-alytic angaguqula le mininingwane ibe ukubikezela kusengaphambili. Imishini yokubikezela inzuzo yemali, izakhiwo zokulungisa izakhiwo zezezimali, ngisho nezikhungo zobugebengu, okwenza kube nezinguquko zemali ezisheshayo. Izibalo ziveza izinhlelo zokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ye-San Francisco ukuze kutholakale izingcingo zomphakathi phakathi neziphepho, inciphise izindleko ezithe xaxa. Izikhulu zasedolobheni kufanele zifake imali entweni enikezelwe inzuzo noma ezindaweni zokucwaninga zaseyunivesithi ukuze zakhe lezi zimoye. Iziqondiso zemininingwane ngokuqondile ziqapheli izibalo: uma imininingwane ethile ikhipha inani eliyindidathayo lokuphepha, imali ingaqondiswa lapho izimali.

Ukuhlela Nokubikezela Okuvumelana Nezimo

Izimiso zokuhlela zaminyaka yonke ziba zimbi ngokushesha endaweni ezungezile entengantengayo. Amadolobha amakhulu athatha izindlela eziguquguqukayo zokuhlela uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali, ezihlanganisa ukubhula ngokufushaniswa kweminyaka eminingana, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezigciniwe. Izibikezelo zokuvala i-rollang zithathe umjikelezo wemali omisiwe weminyaka engu-886 ngonyaka ngenqubo eqhubekayo lapho i-chester (umz., izinyanga ezingu-12) iqhubekela phambili ikota ngayinye. Lokhu kuvumela abaphathi bedolobha ukuba bavumelane nokusebenzisa imali ekhokhwanywayo noma izicelo ezingalindelekile ngaphandle kokulinda umjikelezo wemali olandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma intela yentengo incipha phakathi nekota, umnyango wezimali ungabona ukuthi izimali ezingachithiwe ngokushesha. Amadolobha amaningi alondoloza futhi isimiso sokugcinwa kwemali egciniwe.[5][5]

Ubudlelwane Nomphakathi (Oma - P3)

I-P3 ivumela amadolobha amakhulu ukuba axhase futhi anikeze izakhiwo ezinkulu zenhloko- dolobha . njengokuthatha imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izakhiwo zokulayisha amanzi, ngisho nezindlu ezibizayo . Ngokuhlanganyela izindleko nezinhlangano ezizimele. Ama-consium, ukwakha, izimali, futhi ngokuvamile asebenzise inzuzo esikhathini esimisiweyo, ukuze kusungulwe izimali zomsebenzisi noma ukukhokhelwa izimali zedolobha. Lokhu kunciphisa inhloko yedolobha futhi kudluliselwe ngaphandle kwezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zebhizinisi nokuthumela izingozi ezithile engxenyeni eyimfihlo. Nokho, amaP3 adinga ukuhlelwa kwesivumelwano ukuze aqinisekise inzuzo yomphakathi futhi agweme izindleko eziphakeme zenkathi ephakeme. Izikhulu zedolobha kufanele zimise uhlelo lweP3 futhi zihlole umsebenzi ngamunye ngemigomo yayo ehlelelweni engokomthetho nangezimali. INhlangano yesizwe sama-Citys (NC) i-P3.

Izimiso ze-Entemprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Kumadolobha amakhulu, izimiso zokuhlukanisa uhlelo lwemali ezihlukene ziholela ekungeniseni amapulatifomu nangamaphutha. Amapulatifomu anamuhla e-ERP ahlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuthengwa, ukubhaliswa, ukubhaliswa, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kungenele isimiso esisodwa. Anikeza ukubonakala kwangempela kwesikhathi sokusebenza, ukusekela isikhundla, futhi avumela ukuba kukhululwe ngemishini emibangweni nasemabhodini omqondisi. Ukukhubazeka kubiza kakhulu, kodwa ukubuya kokutshala imali ngokwemisebenzi encishisiwe, ukuvumelana nezimiso ezisemthethweni. Izikhulu zedolobha kufanele zihole inqubo yokukhetha ehlanganisa ukufakwa kweminyango ezindaweni ezibanzi ezingokongaseselwayo, i-IT, i-IP, i-IT, i-octrobodium, kanye nemiklano yokusebenza, ukusekela umsebenzi owenziwe ngokuncishisiwe.

Umphumela Osekelwe Ekufunzweni Kwemali Ngokwesilinganiso

Amadolobha amakhulu angandisa inzuzo encishisiwe yokusetshenziswa kwemali ehlelekile kuyo yonke iminyango. Ngokwesibonelo, imali yomnyango wezempilo womphakathi ingahlanganiswa nokwehla kokuhambela emagumbini okuphuthumayo ngenxa yezimo ezingavinjelwa; izimali zomnyango wezokuthutha zingahlanganiswa nezikhathi zokuhamba ngesilinganiso se-asensi noma izimpawu zezimo zomgwaqo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali esekelwe ekuhleleni imali kudinga ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane eqinile kanye nokuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi. Kuguqula isiko “ukusebenzisa imali.” Amadolobha anjenge-Baltimorence neMineapolis asebenzisa izinguqulo zalendlela, kusetshenziswa izingqwembe zokusebenza ezibonisa izikhangiso zemali ezihambisana nemininingwane.

Ukulinganisa Impumelelo Nokwakha Ukubona Ingaphandle

Ukuhlelwa kwendlela entsha yokuhlela imali kungcono kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso ezisetshenziselwa ukulandelela nokuxhumana. Amamenenja asedolobheni kufanele alinganise ukusebenza kwemishini kusukela ekuqaleni, achaze izikhombo eziyinhloko zenqubo (KPI) kunoma iluphi uhlelo olukhulu. Umbiko wasikhathi sonke (inyanga ngayinye, ikota, kanye) kanye nonyaka (iziqinisekiso) zokuziphendulela futhi zivumela izijeziso zaphakathi kwe-1962 zokwenza i-international boards, ukufind, nokubhala phansi kwe-odola kwasobala kwamanani okusiza ukuba kwakhe ukwethembana nokuthethelela izinqumo ezinzima.

Amadolobha amancane angathatha i-spredfish esekelwe kwi-pasethi ~ ~ (umz., izindleko zesakhamuzi ngasinye sokugada kwamaphoyisa, amaphesenti emigwaqo esesimweni esingesihle). Amadolobha amakhulu angasebenzisa i-software yokuqondisa umsebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokukwazi ukubhoboza nokuhlanganisa ne-ERP. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikali, umgomo uwukwenza i-pasethi elikhuphukayo: imithombo yabelwa ngokusekelwe ebufakazini bemisebenzi, futhi kwenziwa ukulungisa njengoba kufike ukwaziswa okusha.

Ukulinganisela kufanele futhi kube nomthelela ekuphumeleleni. Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezizuzisa ngokungenakulinganiswa izindawo ezicebile noma ukunganaki ngokomlando okungalingani kwenani labantu kuqhubeke kubangela ukungalingani. Amamenenja amadolobha angasebenzisa izingqwembe eziqopha amaphuzu aphelele noma imiphumela yomphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimali zinikezwa ukulunga okuqhubekayo kanye nokuphumelela.

Isiphetho

Abaphathi bedolobha abahamba bedlula ngalé kohlelo lwezezimali olungokwesiko bevula ikhono lokwenza okwengeziwe ngesidingo esiphansi kakhulu (naphezu kokufuna okwengeziwe). Noma besebenzisa i-zero 2016 esekelwe ekusebenziseni uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali yomnyango omncane, beqala inqubo yokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela lokuhlela lokusebenzisa imali ukuze izakhamuzi zihlangane, noma bekhe izibikezelo zokubhula ngezindlela zokuhlela izakhiwo ezinkulu, isihluthulelo siwukufanelana necebo eliqondile lomphakathi. Amadolobha amancane azuzayo ngamalungiselelo asebenzisanayo, ukunikeza inzuzo, nobuchwepheshe obuphansi. Amadolobha amakhulu azuza eziminyathi zemininingwane, izibikezelo ezithambileyo, futhi aphumele izibonelo ezibonisa ukuthi amagelekeqe aphu aphu ngohlelo lwezezezezentengo.

Abaphathi bedolobha abaphumelela kakhulu babheka ukuhlelwa kwemali njengendlela yokusebenza yaminyaka yonke kodwa njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokuphatha. Bahlanganisa abafaki bemali, imiphumela, futhi bahlale bevuleleke ezindleleni ezintsha. Ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokuhlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, nangokuzisebenzisela izimo zendawo, abaholi bomkhuhlane bangakha ukuqina kwezimali, baqinise ukwethenjelwa komphakathi, futhi banikeze izinkonzo ezihlangabezana ngempela nezidingo zezakhamuzi zabo.