Ukufuna Nokulinganisela Kwamandla: Isiqondiso Esinethonya

Ukuzigunyaza kungokunye kwemibuso elandela kakhulu enikezwa uMkhandlu ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Kusebenza njengendlela ebucayi yokugcina ukulinganisela kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa — ikakhulukazi umphathi — elinamandla kakhulu noma elisebenzisa kabi igunya lalo. Ukuqonda ukungagunya kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukunkimbitheka kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi waseMelika, njengoba kwembula ukushuba okwakhelwe esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo kanye namandla asesimweni sezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuvuselelwa kwenqubo yokungahloli lutho, izicelo ezingokomlando, nendima yaso ebalulekile phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Yini Engakufuni?

Ukuqashelwa yinqubo yomthetho-sisekelo iNdlu yabameleli ebeka ngayo umongameli ohleliyo, isekela likamongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni nge "umcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezinkulu namacala angafanele." Lombuso unikezwa ngokucacile eSigabeni II, Ingxenye 4 ye-U.S.Umthetho-sisekelo. Igama elithi "ubugebengu obukhulu kanye nezenzo ezingafanele" alidingi ukwephulwa komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wobugebengu; kunalokho, libhekisela ekuxhaphazweni okungathi sína kwegunya, ukukhashelwa komthetho obala umphakathi, noma izenzo eziphula umthetho womthetho. Abaholi baboleka umqondo ovela ekhondweni le-palamente, lapho ukungagunyazwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kwakusetshenziswa khona ukunikeza izikhulu icala lokuziphatha okubi.

Injongo yokujezisa akukhona ukujezisa kodwa ukususwa esikhundleni futhi, ngokuqondisisa kweSigele, ukususwa ekuthatheni isikhundla sesikhathi esizayo. Yikhambi lezombangazwe kunokuba libe ubugebengu, eliklanyelwe ukuvikela irepublic ezikhulwini eziye zabonisa ukungakufanelekeli ukuphatha. Njengoba uAlexander Hamilton achaza [[FL: 0]] uNo. 65, ukukhulumela "lawomacala abangelwa ukuziphatha okubi kwabantu, noma, ngamanye amazwi, ekuxhaphazeni noma ekukhohliseni ukwethenjwa komphakathi." Lokhu kuqondise zonke iziphakamiso eziqhubekayo emlandweni waseMelika."

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Inqubo yokungavumelani ivela ngezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene: okokuqala eNdlu yabameleli, bese kuba seSigele. Isigaba ngasinye sihlanganisa izinqubo ezithile ezibonisa inhloso yamaFramers yokulinganisela uphenyo oluphelele ngokucabangela kwezombangazwe.

I - “fase ”: Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu inamandla okusungula ukuphakamisa. Lenqubo iqala ngokuhlola okuvamile kweKomiti ye House Judicary, engase ilalele, imibhalo engaphansi kwe-poena, futhi ilalele ubufakazi. Ikomiti ivotela ukuthi ingatusa yini izihloko zokungagunyazi — iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho — eziphelele. Uma ikomiti itusa izihloko, izimpikiswano ze House nevoti esihlokweni ngasinye. Ivoti enkulu elula yanele ukuvuma isihloko sempoqo, ngaleyondlela "ifundisa" isikhulu. Uma i House isithi ayihlolile, indaba ihamba iya eSihlalweni secala sokuqungathwa.

Icala Lesibili: Inkantolo YeSigele

ISigele sisebenza njengenkantolo yokungagunyazi. UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba iSigele sizame konke ukujezisa, ngoMahluleli Oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme owengamele lapho umongameli equlwa. Indlu ikhetha "amanxusa" anikeza icala ngenxa yokuqiniseka. Isikhulu esiqulwayo singaphakamisa isivikelo, sibize ofakazi, futhi sifake ofakazi bokudlulisa iziphambano. Abaphathi bakhonza njengabakhokhisi kodwa njengabahluleli bomthetho nabeqiniso; bangabuza imibuzo phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Ngemva kokuzwa bonke ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, izikhalo namavoti. Ukuvuma kudinga ofakazi ababili abaphambili bezikhulu zamanje nabavotisi. Uma isikhulu siboshelwa, isikhulu sisuswa ngokushesha, futhi isikhulu singavota noma yiliphi isikhulu sehhovisi lesikhulu.

ISigele simise imithetho yenqubo yokulingwa kokujeziswa, kodwa okucacile kungahluka. UMthetho-sisekelo unika iSigele amandla okuzama zonke iziphakamiso," uyinika inkululeko ebanzi yokumisa izinqubo zayo siqu, kuhlanganise nokuzwa ofakazi abaphilayo noma ukuthembela ezimisweni. Zombili izinqubo zendlu neSishaya-mthetho zingobezombangazwe ngokwemvelo, kodwa futhi zibuswa futhi ngezimfuneko zomthetho eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulunga nenqubo efanele.

Ukufuna Ukuphumelela Nokulinganisela Kwamandla

Amandla okuvimbela ayisisekelo sesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okubekwe eMthethweni. Abaqondisi, abaqaphile ngamandla amakhulu, badala amagatsha amathathu alinganayo anemithwalo yemfanelo ehlaliswayo nekhono lokuvimbelana. UJames Madison wabhala [[FL:0] Fedalist No. 51 ukuthi "ukulwa nesifiso kumelwe kwenziwe." I-ampeacation iyi-operation's i-chemestry egatsheni le-otimenment — futhi, endabeni yabahluleli bombuso, nasegatsheni lokwahlulela.

Ukulinganisela kwemibuso akuyona isilinganiso esiqinile kodwa ukucindezeleka okunamandla. Ukungavumelani kungabangelwa kuphela lapho iNdlu ibona ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu ngesikhulu; akulona ithuluzi lokungavumelani kwezimiso ezivamile. Nokho, ngoba indinganiso "yobugebengu obukhulu namaphutha" iye yachazwa kabanzi, ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe okungagwegwegwesiyo lapho kusetshenziswa khona futhi ngendlela engekho. Lokhu kulunga kwezombangazwe kungamasu: abaferamers balindele ukuthi ukungavumelani kungadinga kokubili ukwahlulela okungokomthetho nesibindi sezombangazwe, njengoba ibeka abameleli besendaweni yokwahlulela igatsha elilinganayo.

Amaphekula Okusetshenziswa Kabi Kwezidakamizwa

Isimiso siqukethe izixwayiso zokuvimbela ukunqanda ukukhishwa kwecala okungabalulekile. Okokuqala, indlu kumelwe ivote ukuthatha i-athon, okudinga amalungu ayo amaningi ukuvuma ukuthi amacala angathi sína ngokwanele ukuba agunyazwe ukuqulwa kwecala. Okwesibili, imfuneko enkulu yeSigele sokukholisa isakhiwo, ukuvikela ekususweni kwabameleli. Okwesithathu, isikhulu esiqeqeshiwe sigcina ilungelo lokuvikela ngokugcwele, kuhlanganise nomelo ngeseluleko nekhono lokubiza ofakazi. Okwesibili, umphakathi — ngokhetho nangemihlola imithombo yezindaba — ugcina bonke abahlanganyeli benecala ngezinqumo zabo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungagunyazi lutho kuhlala kuyikhambi lokuzindela okugcina.

Umlando Ophathelene Nezinguquko

I-applement iye yasetshenziswa kancane emlandweni waseMelika, ibonisa amandla ayo adonsela phansi. Bobathathu kuphela amongameli — uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump — abaye baphenywa yindlu. Abanye ababili, uRichard Nixon noJohn Tyler, babhekana nezinsongo ezingathi sína ezaholela ekuyekeni noma ekushintsheni ingcebo yabo yezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kwabefundisi, abahluleli bombuso abangaphezu kweshumi nambili baye bagcotshwa futhi basuswa, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokonakala noma ukuziphatha okubi ebhentshini. Lezi zibonisa ukuziphatha okungabangela ukudelela.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kwezindaba Eziphawulekayo Zomongameli

  • Andrew Johnson (1868): Johnson wasolwa ngenxa yokuphula umthetho we-Tenure of Office Act ngokususa unobhala weWar Edwin Stanton ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigele. Icala lalinenkululeko enkulu, futhi uJohnson wakhululwa ngevoti elilodwa. Icala laphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kweSishaya-Mkhandlu nomongameli phakathi no-Reconstanton.
  • Richard Nixon (1974): IKomiti yeNdlu yeSifunda evunyelwe ukumelana noNixon ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kobulungisa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokudelelwa kweSishaya-mthetho okuhlobene nehlazo leWatergate. Ngaphambi kokuba indlu yonke ivote, uNixon ukhishwe. Ukuyeka kwakhe kuvame ukubhekwa njengokuvuma okuphelele kwecala nokugunyaza inqubo yokungagunyazi.
  • BRIL Clinton (1998: Clinton] Clinton wacetshiswa ngenxa yokujezisa nokuvimbela kobulungisa okuvela ebuhlotsheni bakhe nendlu emhlophe uMonica Lewinsky. ISigele samkhulula, futhi kwakungamukelwanga inani elivamile, ingasaphathwa eyokuqala efunekayo kabili 763. Icala laqokomisa ubunzima bokuchaza "ubugebengu obuphezulu kanye nezingahambi" nendima yokwethembeka kwabathathiwe abambalwa.
  • UDonald Trump (2029 no-2021): uTrump uwukuphela kukamongameli ozokhishwa kabili. Isehlulelo sokuqala samangalela ngokusebenzisa kabi amandla nokuphazamisa kweSishayamthetho (209) ngokucindezela i-Ukraine ukuba ihlole impi yezombangazwe. Isehlo sesibili (2021) sammangalela ngokukhuthaza ukuvukela uhulumeni ngemva kokuhlasela kweCapitol. Zombili izikhathi iSigebengu samkhulula, kodwa ukungemthetho wesibili waphumela ekutholeni inani eliphakeme kakhulu lemibandlu yegeve ukuba iboshele umongameli, kanye neziyisikhombisa zeRepublican Republics ukuhlangana nayo yonke iDemocrates.

Ngokuvamile umphumela uxhomeke ekwakhekeni kweSishaya - mthetho esihlukanisayo nasemibonweni eqinile yomphakathi.

Ukuzimisela KwabaHluleli Abase - Federal

Abahluleli bavame ukudedelwa kakhulu kunabameli, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba abahluleli babe "nokuziphatha okuhle" ukuba bathathe isikhundla, okusho ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi ngaphansi kwezinga lobugebengu kungathethelela ukususwa. Iziphakamiso eziqanjiwe zihlanganisa UMahluleli John Tecting (1883), osuswe ngenxa yokuntengantenga kwengqondo nokudakwa, u-Charry Colay [1986] [FLT], osuselwe ukukhokha intela; [[FLT] no-GOLT] IG.CThomagnum (2010], ngenxa yokufumba nokufumba.[FLT]], kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi umnyango u-Claytho nokwehla.[FLT] [196]] [irightight.6] [ix]

Indima Yombono Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Umbono womphakathi unamandla kunoma ikuphi ukuphikisana. Ngenxa yokuthi ukungavumelani kungokobuzwe, izikhulu ezikhethiwe eKhongoloni zivumelana kakhulu nendlela abameleli bazo ababheka ngayo isikhulu esimangalelwe namacala. Imithombo yezindaba inendima enzima ekulolongeni leyo mbono. Iphepha-zincwadi eligunyazayo lingaveza ubufakazi bobubi, njengakuyi Washington Post's ubika ngeWatergate. Ngokuphikisana, izikhangiso zezindaba zama-heast zingahlela izenzakalo ngezindlela ezisekela umphakathi noma ezilulayo.

Phakathi nokungagunyazi kwe-Clinton, ukuhlola komphakathi kwabonisa ukuphikiswa okukhulu kokususwa, ngisho noma amaMelika amaningi engakuvumeli ukuziphatha komuntu siqu. Lowomuzwa wathonya isigele ukuba sikhululeke futhi wanikela ekukhululweni. Phakathi ne-Trump epheancy, imibono yayihlukene kakhulu phakathi kwemidanti yeqembu, futhi ukusekela komphakathi ukuthonya okudingekayo ekucindezeleni abaqondisi beRepublic. Imiphumela yokudluliswa kwezezindaba ikhulunyelwa ikakhulukazi enkathini yanamuhla, lapho imithombo yezembubhiso yezeli idala khona iziphakamiso ezisheshayo ezingahlanganisa ukulandisa okungadlulisa.

Ukuqonda amandla phakathi kombono womphakathi nokungavumelani kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izinqubo ziphumelela nezinye zingaphumeleli. Abaqondisi babelindele ukuthi umongameli owayengasathenjwa abantu wayeyoba sengozini yokukhohliswa, nokuthi iSigele sasiyobonisa intando yezwe. Nokho, ukuphakama kokwethembeka okuqinile kwezinhlangano ngokuvamile kuye kwanciphisa lokho kulindele, kwenza ukuqiniseka kuncike kakhulu ekuhlelekeni komthetho kunasebungeni lobubi.

Incazelo Yesithi “Ubugebengu Obuphakeme Nezigebengu Ezingalungile"

Omunye wemibuzo ephikiswana kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo incazelo eqondile yenkulumo ethi "ubugebengu obuphakeme kanye nesithiyo." UMthetho-sisekelo awuwuchazi, ushiyela incazelo kuKhongolo. Ngokomlando, leligama liye laqondwa njengehlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okungalawuleki okuphazamisa ukuhleleka komthetho-mthetho, njengokufumbathisa, ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa, nokuvukelwa kwemithetho eqinile. Ayidingi ukwephulwa komthetho wobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungagunyazi kuka-Andrew Johnson kwakusekelwe ekuphuleni umthetho ongokomthetho (Umthetho we-Ofirestry, kodwa izazi eziningi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi lomthetho ngokwawo wawungathembekile. Ngokungafani, izihloko ezimelene nomthetho owenziwe ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokwenziwayo kodwa azizange zisongelwe nanoma yisiphi isenzo sobugebengu esikhethekile kodwa ukuvikelwa kwesizwe.

Ububanzi "bobugebengu obukhulu namaphutha" bunikeza i-Congress latitude, kodwa futhi bubangela impikiswano yabashokobezi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amacala obugebengu asolwayo kuphela okufanele athethelele ukulahlwa; abanye bagomela ngokuthi ukujezisa kuyikhambi lezombangazwe lobugebengu bezombangazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yangahlanga kule mpikiswano, ibusa NCON v. United States (1993) ukuthi i-jajiary ayinandima ekubukeleni izinqubo zegelethi zegelethi, ngaleyondlela ishiya uMkhandlu njengowongameli wokwahlulela okuwukuphela kwecala elingahlangani.

Ukufuna Imali Nekusasa Lokulinganisela Kwamandla

Inqubo yokungagunyazi iye yahlolwa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokungagunyazi kukaMongameli Trump. Ezinye izingqapheli zikhathazekile ngokuthi ukunganaki sekuyisivikelo esivamile, kunciphisa ithonya laso lokuvimbela nokunciphisa ukulinganisela kwemibuso. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo iye yasebenza ngendlela eklanywe ngayo: Indlu iyakwazi ukugcina umphathi enecala, futhi iSigele sinikeza isivikelo esikhulu sokungalawuleki ekususweni okungenanzuzo.

Izimemo zenguquko ziye zavela, kuhlanganise nezihlongozo zokucacisa incazelo yamacala angavumelaniyo, ukunciphisa ikhono leSigele lokukhipha izihloko ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, noma ukwenza ikhomishane ezimele ukuze kuphenye izinsolo. Nokho, ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo kunzima ukudlula, futhi noma ikuphi ushintsho enqubeni yokungavumelani kungadinga ukuvumelana okukhulu — into engavamile kwezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Izifundo Ezitholwa Izakhamuzi Nabafundisi

Ukuqonda ukunganaki kubalulekile emfundweni yomphakathi. Kufundisa abafundi indlela uMthetho-sisekelo obangela ngayo ukulandisa, indlela inqubo yezombangazwe neyomthetho ehlangene ngayo, nendlela amandla adluliselwa ngayo e-U.N.Abafundisi bangasebenzisa ukuhlola okungokomlando ukuze babonise ukungezwani phakathi komthetho nezombangazwe, futhi basize abafundi bahlole izinqubo zokungathathi mandla nobuthakathaka benqubo yokungafundi. Imivuzo enjengale [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] ikopi yeZibonelo-U.S., [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [2]]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembisana kwasobala nenqubo yokungagunyazi kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni unegunya elisekelwe ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Njengoba uJames Madison aphawula ku- u-Federalist No. 51, "isithakazelo sangasese somuntu ngamunye singaba yisithunyeleli samalungelo omphakathi." Izakhamuzi eziqonda amandla alawulwayo zingagcina abameleli bazo benobuphini futhi ziqonde ukulingana okuchaza umthetho we-consic.

Isiphetho

Ukuhloma akuyona nje i-ipharry engokomlando noma ithuluzi lokulwa okuhlukanisayo; kuyisici esiyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Kunikeza indlela yokususa izikhulu eziye zakhahla ukwethenjwa komphakathi, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuqondene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngemfuneko yokuthatha i-bidameral nenqubo enkulu. Ukulinganisela kwemibuso eyaklanywa yi-Framers kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukusebenzisa imingcele yalo engokomthetho ngokusemthethweni. I-Iseastringments ihlala ingenye yemithwalo yemfanelo engathi sína kakhulu engayithatha, futhi iqonde umlando wayo, inqubo, futhi incazelo yayo ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isilinganiso esigcwele sentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka sithatha i-pointaltationstions, amandla okungaqondana, futhi lapho kudingeka, lapho siveza impikiswano. — Inkulumo. — Inkulumo