Isingeniso: Umfutho Owenqabela Amandla Abuswayo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya kunoma igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni. Nokho, ngokomthetho, imingcele ayiphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma imibuso ihlangana, yenza amandla ayinkimbinkimbi abangela ukungezwani nokubambisana phakathi kwesikhulu, i-proclation, negatsha lokwahlulela. Ukuqonda lesi sigijimi sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani ngaphansi kokucindezelwa, indlela inqubo eklanywa ngayo, nendlela ukulandisa okuphoqelelwa ngayo.

Amandla okushaya amaza angaphezulu akuwona amaphutha kulesi simiso; kunalokho, ayisici esihlosiwe ngenhloso. Ngokwesibonelo, abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., bafaka imithwalo yemfanelo ehambisanayo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi alikho igatsha elingasebenza ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lokuhlola. Lamandla omklamo angenza ingxoxo, ukuyekethisa, nokucabangisisa. Nokho, angaholela futhi ekuvulekeni, ezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo, nasekudidekeni komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sichitha amandla amagatsha kahulumeni uma amagatsha ehlangene, sinikeza ukubheka okuningi ngezindlela, izibonelo zangempela, nangendima yozwela.

Amagatsha Amathathu: Ukuhlola Okujulile

Igatsha Eliphethe: I - Enighter Nomsunguli Wezimo

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umongameli noma undunankulu, ngokuyinhloko linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho. Leligatsha alihlanganisi nje kuphela umphathi kahulumeni kodwa futhi nezikhulu ezinkulu ze-pricity(impala, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano ezinikeza isimiso somphakathi. Nakuba umsebenzi oyinhloko womphathi uyisibulala, linethonya eliphawulekayo ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho nge-veto, iziyalezo zezikhulu, kanye nokwenza ukubusa.

Isiyalo esiphethe sivumela umongameli ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume engokomthetho. Lemiyalo iye yasetshenziselwa ukumisa isimiso sokufuduka, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, ingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela futhi ingagumbuqelwa ngokomthetho uma uMkhandlu ukhetha ukwenza okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Education 906 (uMthetho weSilawuli seMpi Yezwe II) waholela ekuxhumani kwesinqumo saseJapane namaJapane .

Elinye igunya eliyinhloko ukumiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni namalungu ombuso, iSigele sinikeza “imvume nemvume.” Leligunya lokumisa lakha ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nokwahlulela, kubumba izinkantolo izizukulwane.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Labantu

Igatsha lemithetho − `Ikhonrefer' eUnited States, iPhalamende kwezinye izimiso" lisebenza ngemithetho eqanjwe ngobuciko, imeleli, nokulawula izintambo zezikhwama zemali. Amandla ayo okukhokha intela, ukuchitha, nokumemezela impi ayinika igunya elikhulu. Kodwa futhi i-patrol yenze imisebenzi yokuqondisa okugxekayo: ukuphatha izimemezelo, ukuhlola, nokuthonya imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe izikhwama.

Impoqo yenzeka lapho i-Congress izama ukuphatha izinhlangano eziphethe imicromania ngomthetho noma lapho isebenzisa amandla ayo okukhipha izikhulu eziphethe. Ukugunyaza, nakuba kungavamile ukusetshenziswa, kumelela ukuhlola kokugcina ekuziphatheni okubi kwezikhulu. Indlu yabameleli ingamqasha umongameli, futhi iSigele siqunge icala. Lenqubo iye yanxuswa kumongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump, isikhathi ngasinye sibangela izimpi ezinkulu zezombangazwe ezichithela ezinkundleni zomphakathi. Ikhono lendlu yomthetho yokulawula umongameli nenani elikhulu elingu-3 emagumbini omabili liphinde inqubo enziwayo ukuba umongameli axhumane noMkhandlu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKhongolose angakhipha imithetho ecindezela ukubusa, njenge - War Powers Resolution ka - 1973, evimbela ikhono likamongameli lokubeka amabutho ahlomile ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ukumiswa kwenhlangano.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: UArbiter Nomgadi

Ijaji lichaza imithetho, libukeza ukuxabana kwalo okungokomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, futhi lixazulule izingxabano. Ngamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela − ebekwe ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Marbury v. Madison (1803] [183])] (izikhonco zingashaya imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu noma izenzo ezithathwa umphathi owephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lo mbuso ubeka ijajiji elisendaweni ekhethekile yokuhlola amagatsha womabili amagatsha, kodwa futhi lisho ukuthi imithetho yokwahlulela ingamisa inqubo eqinile.

Kuphakama ukudlula lapho izinkantolo zicelwa ukuba zichaze imithetho engaqondakaliyo noma zifushanise izimpikiswano phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nawabezomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2018, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba kweTrump, umthetho owasungulwa yi-optionalo lomthetho futhi waphoqelelwa ukuba umongameli avumelane nomthetho ophansi. Isinqumo seNkantolo saxazulula ukulwa kwegunya ngokulawula izikhulu ezimisweni ezithile. Ngokufanayo, amacala anjenge-[FLTY:0] United States v. Nixon [17]) umongameli waphoqelelwa ukuba avumelane nezimpondo ezingaphansi kwe-poena, sifaka istele indima ye-judiary ekuhloleni amandla empathi.

Amajaji angohulumeni amiswe ukuze aphile, awenza angachayekeki kakhulu ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kodwa futhi agxekwe lapho izinqumo zawo zigumbuqela umthetho othandwayo. Lenqubo ngokwayo iyisandulela: umongameli uthatha isinyathelo, kodwa iSigele sisho okokugcina, siguqula ukumiswa kokwahlulela kube yindawo yempi yezombangazwe engachaza isiqondiso somthetho amashumi eminyaka.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusendleleni: Akuwona Inkolelo - ze

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye linethonya elithile kwezinye. Nakuba izibonelo ezivamile ```voto,' zikhomba, ukubukeza kokwahlulela'''nezaziwa kahle, iqiniso licaciswe kakhulu. Nazi ezinye izindlela amagatsha axhumana ngazo futhi ahlangane:

  • I-veto e-egitorisiweyo: Eminye imithetho ivumela uMkhandlu ukuba wenze izenzo zesikhulu ngesinqumo esilula (kamuva wabusa ngokungemthetho INS v. Chadha[, 1983). Lokhu kubonisa indlela uMkhandlu ozama ngayo ukugcina ubuphathi ngemva kokuphathisa igunya.
  • Ilungelo lokufeza:[ umongameli angagodlela iziKhongolo noma izinkantolo ukwaziswa ukuze avikele imfihlo, kodwa lelilungelo aliphelele futhi alikenziwa kaningi.
  • [ Abameli:[ ngezinye izikhathi bayenqaba ukusebenzisa izimali ezifanele iziKhomishane, okuholela ezingxabanweni njengaleyo eyaphumela eMkhosini woLawulo lwe-Impoundment Act ka- 1974.
  • Isivumelwano sokuqinisekisa: Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zidinga imvume yesigele sesithathu sobuKhathene,] amandla anyenyezelayo angavala izivumelwano zezizwe zonke.

Lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela, kodwa zingaveza futhi i-interia. Uma amagatsha elawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene, i-gridlock ivamile, futhi umthetho omkhulu unganqamuka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma elinye iqembu lilawula kokubili amagatsha aphethe ne-propatition, amasheke angase anciphe, futhi ubucukubhene bunganciphi. Ijaji liba ikhambi lokugcina lokuvikela abacuphi.

Ukushaya Ihlombe Ngokweqile: Ukubambisana Nokuxabana

Imibuso eshaya ngamandla iqala lapho imithwalo yemfanelo yomthetho - sisekelo yamagatsha ehlangana, idala amathuba okubambisana nemithombo yokushuba. Okulandelayo yizindawo eziyinhloko lapho ukuhlangana kusobala khona kakhulu:

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Nokusabela Kwemithetho

Abaholi basebenzisa iziyalo eziphethe kakhulu ukuze badlulise i-paccicter Congress. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli u-Obama’s Deferered Action for Childen Appens (DACA) uhlelo lwasungulwa ngokuphelele ngesenzo sokuqondisa. Lapho uMongameli Trump ezama ukuyikhipha, ukumangalela kwalandelwa, futhi ekugcineni iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuba kube khona ngokusemthethweni kokubulala. Le nqo-futhi-ka ye-dated translates (DACA) ibonisa indlela ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukusabela, nokukhokha isigwebo.

Ukumelana Nokuqondisa Nokuqondisa Okusemhlanganweni

UKhomishane unamandla okuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, kodwa umongameli angamelana nokufuna ilungelo lokuphatha noma ngokufaka inkolelo-lwazi yesikhulu, ephikisa ukulawula okunamandla komongameli egatsheni eliphethe ihhovisi. Ukungquzulana kwendlu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola kweNdlu ye-Water’s Weater ap kanye nemibuzo yamuva kakhulu ekusebenzelaneni kukaMongameli Trump ne-Ukraine. Lokhu kumelana kugcina kusenkantolo, lapho i-jadicariary kumelwe inqume ukuthi iliphi igatsha eliphethe umthetho owenziwe ngemithetho esemthethweni oqinile.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwezenzo Ezingokomthetho

INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukugumbuqela izingxenye zomthetho ezidluliswa yiKhongolo. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yisinqumo seNkantolo se-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), eyasekela umthetho we-Affordcable Care Act wesivumelwano somthetho womuntu ngamunye njengentela kodwa yaphula ilungiselelo eliphoqelelwe ukuba landise i-Medicaid. Lesi sinqumo sabonisa indlela i-jadicary engabuyisela ngayo futhi inqubo yezenhlalo enkulu, ngisho nalapho i-Hulumeni nomphathi (kulelicala, uMongameli Obama) besekela umthetho. Umnyango lapha ucacile: ilungiselelo lomthetho, iziphathi, neziphathi, kanye nezingathwali.

Amandla Ombono Womphakathi Nezigaba Zezombangazwe

Izikhulu eziqashelwe ziqaphela ukuthi izenzo zazo zingavuzwa noma zijeziswe enqulwini. Uma umphakathi usekela noma uphikisa isimiso esithile, ungashintsha ukulingana phakathi kwamagatsha:

  • Ukusekela okukhulu komphakathi ekulawuleni izibhamu ngemva kokudubulana kwenqwaba yabantu kungacindezela uMkhandlu ukuba umise umthetho, ngisho noma umphathi emanqikanqika.
  • Ngokuphambene, ukuthukuthelela umphakathi ngesinqumo sokwahlulela ngokukhipha isisu noma umshado ohilela ubulili obufanayo kungashukumisela uMkhandlu ukuba ucabangele izinguquko ezingokomthetho noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwenkantolo.
  • Ngokuvamile abaholi basebenzisa “ipulpiti eliqinile” ukuze basekele umphakathi ngalokho abakuhlelile, besebenzisa ukucindezela okungaqondile eziKhonsela nasezinkantolo.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayaqhubeka enza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqula ithonya. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili iWhite House neKhongolo, imibuso ehleliwe ingase isebenze ngokushelelayo, kodwa ukuphikiswa kungasebenzisa amandla ayo enkantolo ukuze kuphikiselwe umthetho. Uhulumeni ohlukene, okwamanje, uholela ekuhlolweni okukhulu, njengoba igatsha ngalinye lizama ukulinganisela ukufinyelela kwabanye. Ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji aPhakeme Court kuye kwaba yisithakathi sesifunda, futhi iqembu ngalinye lifuna ukuvala icebo ekwahluleleni kwamashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Lapho Kunamandla

Ukutholakala Kwamanzi: Imingcele Yamandla Aphakeme

Ihlazo leWatergate liyisibonelo sencwadi yezikhulu ezizimele eziholela enhlekeleleni yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngo-1971, izisebenzi ezisebenzela uMongameli uRichard Nixon waphinde wakhetha umkhankaso wokukhetha wangena endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee. Isembozo esandulelayo saholela engxabanweni phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe ne-propati. ISigele samisa ikomiti ekhethekile yokuhlola, kuyilapho iKomiti ye House Judicary yamisa izivumelwano zokuhlela. I-Nixon yacela ilungelo lokuvala itepiyuse-te ye-te-tepy ye-tepy-tepy. Inkantolo ephethe iveza ukuthi iNicommentsting yalahla United States v. [[FLT] [Flg 1]. Isinqumo seNkalelo-mthetho owembulwayo, esiphoqeshiswayo, esiphakathi kwe-mthetho.Pronsenti, i-Prole.Prole.Propo noM.Propolurvent.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakuyekelelwa: UMthetho Nokwahlulela

Ukudlula nokuzivikela kwe-Affordal Care Act (ACA) ngaphansi kukaMongameli Obama kwahlanganisa wonke amagatsha amathathu. Umthetho wadluliselwa yi-Democratic Congress eyalawulwa ngo-2010, eyasayinwa nguMongameli Obama, futhi ngokushesha yaphikiswa enkantolo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi igunya leNhlangano yezentengiselwano lidlule amandla ezentengiselwano. INkantolo Ephakeme, [[FL:]NFIB v. Sebelius, yasekela umthetho ekwandiseni okungalawuleki kodwa elinganiselwe iMidedi. Eshumini elilandelayo, eRepublicss Congress Congress Acrourages, lapho iphinde yazama khona ukubuyisela amandla. I-Judiacka i-Flueat [2] futhi i-Flueccopt] i-Foctives.[2] Igatsha ngalinye liphinde livene amandla alolonga igatsha lapho liqala khona.[20]

Iziphakamiso Zomongameli UClinton NoTrump

Ukumiswa kukaMongameli kuyindlela yokugcina yokubonakaliswa kwamandla okulawula. Ngo-1998, uMongameli uBill Clinton wacetshiswa iNdlu yezentengiselwano zezezombangazwe ezihlobene nokumangalelwa okungokobulili. Nokho, iSigele, sisikhulule, sihluleka ukufinyelela izikhawu ezimbili ezithathu ezidingekayo. Inqubo eyadalulwayo yokuhlukana okujulile futhi yaqokomisa indlela amandla angekho emthethweni angasetshenziswa ngayo njengesikhali sezombangazwe. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uDonalden Tarmp wathathwa kabili (isiqalo sango-2019) ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuvinjelwa kwe-Congress Congress mayelana ne-Ukraine, futhi futhi ngo-201 ngokuphinda ngokugqugquzela ukuvukela kwemibhishosho yezombangazwe ngemva kwe-Owesi - 6 Capitol. Zombili izikhathi, zombili izikhathi zokuvota, kanye nezinhlangothi ezihlukene. Lezi zibonisa ukuthi, lapho kuthonyelwe kakhulu umthetho wezombangazwe, kuthonyelwe kakhulu, ukuhlolwa kwezombangazwe, futhi kusenelwe ukuvuzwa kakhulu, ukuvuzwa kwezezemthetho, futhi kumthetho, futhi

Isiphetho: Ukuhoxa

Ukuhlangana kwemibuso kahulumeni akusona isibatha noma uphawu lokungasebenzi kahle kwesimiso sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukushukuma phakathi kwamagatsha kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa ongabusa, kodwa kudinga ukuxoxisana okungapheli nokuhlehla. Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lamandla kusinika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunengqondo nenqubo yezombangazwe, kugcine abameleli bethu benesibopho sokulandisa, futhi basekele izinguquko eziqinisa imishini ngaphandle kokubangela ukukhubazeka.

Ukubheka phambili, izinselele ezintsha ezinjengokuphaphanyiswa kwesikhundla sombuso wokuphatha, indima ye-priciary ye-jadiary kuzoqhubeka kuhlola imingcele yemibuso ehlaziywayo. Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukuhlonipha izimbulunga ezingokomthetho zezinye kuyilapho zisunduza ekuphathweni. Abafundi nothisha, bahlola lokhu kusebenzelana akusona nje isisekelo semfundo yemfundo yemisebenzi, izakhamuzi ezilwaziswe kahle. Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningi, ungahlola [[[FLT:]].[FLT][5] [FK]].[5]