Ukulinganisela Kwamandla: Lapho Uhulumeni Ulawula

Idemokrasi yanamuhla isakaza amandla ezingqimba eziningi zikahulumeni − ngokwesiko lwesizwe, lwesifunda, nesendawo − ukuqinisekisa ukuphumelela, ukusabela, nokuhlola kwegunya. Lengxenye, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-constalism, iklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu. Nokho, imingcele phakathi kwala amazinga ayicacile, iholela ekuxabaneni lapho izimiso nengxabano ezingokomhlaba, uhulumeni, nohulumeni wendawo, imiphumela ingangena enkantolo, izinyunyana, nemiphakathi kweminyaka eminingi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuphikisana kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukubusa okusebenza ngayo ngempela nendlela izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezithinta ngayo ukulingana kwamandla.

Lezizingxabano zivame ukuvela lapho elinye izinga likahulumeni likholelwa ukuthi elinye liye leqa omunye umthetho-sisekelo walo noma igunya lomthetho-mthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi impikiswano iwumthetho ``umbuso) omelene nomthetho kahulumeni ogunyaza ukuthi ibheka njengengenangqondo. Ngezinye izikhathi kuyasebenza − uhulumeni wendawo omisa imithetho ephikisanayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelaphi, isinqumo salokhu kulwa ngokuvamile simisa izenzakalo ezibucayi ezichaza imingcele yobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni.

Indlela Igunya Likahulumeni Elihlotshaniswa Ngayo

Ngaphambi kokuhlola amacala angokoqobo, kubalulekile ukuqonda isimo esicatshangelwayo samazinga kahulumeni. E-United States, uhulumeni ubala imibuso ehlelwe ngokucacile eMthethweni, njengokuqondisa ezohwebo zesifundazwe, ukuqhuba isimiso sakwelinye izwe, nokukhokha imali. Amazwe ayaqhubeka elawula futhi. /alawo angaphathiswanga uhulumeni wamazwe − okuhlanganisa ukulawula imfundo, umthetho wobugebengu, nokusetshenziswa kwendawo. Ohulumeni bendawo, abakhiwe ngezifunda, banikwe kuphela yileyo mithetho yezomthetho, izakhiwo ezivamile, amapaki, amaphoyisa endawo, nesimiso sokuhlanza.

Lelikhekhe eliwungqimba alihlanzekile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wandisa ukufinyelela kwawo ngesimiso se-Chommerce Claus, iSiphendu se-Pallal Claus, neSichibiyelo se-14. Amazwe aye ahlehlisa, ephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ugcine izindawo ezithile zezimiso kuwo kuphela. Okwamanje, ngezinye izikhathi uzithola zibanjwa phakathi kwezimfuneko eziphikisanayo nohulumeni. Umphumela uyinqubo enamandla, ngokuvamile ephikisanayo, lapho izimpi ezingokomthetho zinquma imingcele yangempela yegunya.

Isimiso se ukukhululwa [ sisemqoka ekuxazululeni izingxabano ezinjalo. Ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho we-Supremacy Claus wase-U.S., umthetho kazwelonke ukhona uma ungqubuzana ngokuqondile nomthetho wezwe. Kodwa ukukhulula akuphelele; izigaba zigcina ukuzibusa okubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezilawulwa yizo ngokwesiko. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile kumelwe zinqume ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uhloselwe ukuba uhlale ensimini yonke noma ushiye igumbi lokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni.

Ukuchasana Kwezimpahla Zezwe Phakathi KukaHulumeni Kahulumeni Kazwelonke Nase - United States

E - Arizona v. United States (202): Ukuthutha eMbandleni

Zimbalwa izimpikiswano ezibangela ukushukuma kwezwe kufana nokufuduka. Ngo-2010, i-Arizona yamisa i-Servince Law Our Enithorcement and Saferences Act (S.B. 1070), eyayifuna ukuba umthetho kahulumeni ubeke imvume yokuthunyelwa kwabantu abame noma ababoshwe uma besola umuntu ngokunengqondo ngokungekho emthethweni. Umthetho futhi wazephula umthetho wabeka icala lokuphatha izincwadi zokubhalisa zikahulumeni futhi wayenza icala lomthetho lokufuna umsebenzi kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abangabhaliwe.

Isinqumo se-Obama saqunga isigwebo, siphikisa ngokuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuduka kuwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nokuthi i-S.B. 1070 iphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni. Icala lafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ngo-2012. Esinqumweni esingu-5-3, iNkantolo yakhipha ezintathu zalezi zilungiselelo ezine inselele, ibusa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni owenqabela ukuthunyelwa kwabantu uwenqatshelwa kusengaphambili ukuba bafake isijeziso esengeziwe. Ilungiselelo elifuna ukuba ukuhlolwa phakathi kokuma okungokomthetho kwavunyelwayo, nakuba lingase libekelwe inselele kamuva. Isinqumo sathi asikwazi ukumisa kabusha izinhlelo zabo zokugcinwa kokuthunyelwa kwezindawo kodwa singabambisana neziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Lokhu kulokhu kuyisibonelo esivelele sendlela umthetho ongokomthetho ongangqubuzana ngayo nendawo yomthetho omiswe ngomthetho. [[F.] [F:]

USebelius (2012): Umthetho we-Affordible Care Act noBusa bezwe

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA), eyasayinwa emthetho ngo-2010, yamelela ushintsho olubalulekile lwezokwelapha kuhulumeni emashumini eminyaka. Ukwanda kwe-Medicaid ukuze ihlanganise bonke abantu abadala ngeholo elifinyelela ku-888% lezinga lobumpofu likahulumeni kwakuyinhloko kumthetho. Uhulumeni wakhona wathembisa ukukhokha ikhulu elingu-100% lezindleko ekuqaleni, ukukhokha ku 90% ngo-2020. Amazwe enqaba ukwandisa i-Medicaid abhekana nokulahlekelwa yimali enzima ekhona ewumbuso we-Medicaid.

Izifundazwe ezingu-20-6 zabekela i-ACA inselele, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukwanda kweMedicaid kwahambisana nokuphoqelela futhi kwaphula iSichibiyelo seshumi. E-NFIB v. Sebelius, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yathi uhulumeni awunakusongela ukuqeda zonke izimali ezikhona ze-Medicaid ukuze ucindezele izikhundla. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi isijeziso esinjalo sasingalinganiswa nokuphoqelelwa, hhayi ukusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwamandla okusebenzisa imali. Njengomphumela, ukwanda kwaba yinkombano, futhi amazwe amaningi eRepublican ayizange avume ukuhlanganyela. Lokhu kugcizelela imingcele yokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni okusetshenziswa futhi ilondoloze indima ebalulekeyo yezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihlelwa umphakathi. [[FLD]

3. Ukuqashelwa Kwecala KukaMarijuana: Impi Eqondiswe Uhulumeni Nombuso

Ngo-2012, abavoti bagunyaza iSichibiyelo sango-64, begunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuzijabulisa, ukuba nempahla, nokuthengiselwa insangu abantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21, balandela lowo nyaka. I-Cannabis yasala ihlelwe njengesimiso sokulawula ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni oGunyaziswe i-Substances Act, ukwenza ukukhiqizwa, ukusakazwa, nokubekwa kwecala kukahulumeni. Lokhu kwabangela ingxabano eqondile: umthetho kahulumeni wavumela umsebenzi owawunqatshelwe umthetho kahulumeni.

I-Obama abaphathi bamukela isimiso sokungathathi hlangothi, sokukhipha izikweletu ze-okrain ezaqondisa abashushisi bakahulumeni ukuba bagxile ekuthengiseni ngesilinganiso esikhulu kunokusebenza kwe-stage. Ngaphansi kwesimiso sika-Trump, u-Attorney Jeff Sessions u-Admy Jeffy wasusa leyo misebenzi, kodwa kamuva uKhongolo-Sivumelwano lwahlanganisa iRhhbachbach-Morrater ezikwelers ezikweletini ze-imvume, ukuvimbela uMnyango Wezobulungisa ekusebenziseni izimali ekuphazamiseni imithetho yenkasangu. Ukuhlanganisa usuku, uhulumeni awuzange ubeke izivumelwano zezomthetho zezokuzinhlanganiso zeze, kodwa izingxabano ezingokomthetho zihlala zingaphenduli. Icalalo libonisa ukuthi ingxabano engokomthetho ingabekwa kanjani ngaphandle kokukhipha ukuvinjelwa kwe-mthetho.

4. Amadolobha Ahlanzekile: Izidingo Zohulumeni Bendawo Ezilawula Ukufuduka Komhlaba

Nakuba i-Arizona v. United States yayisebenzelana nemithetho yezinga lokufuduka kahulumeni, amadolobha angcwele amelela ukuphikisana kwebanga lendawo negunya likahulumeni. Izifungo ezinjengeSan Francisco, New York, Chicago, neLos Angeles ziye zathatha izimiso ezivimbela ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kukahulumeni. Lezinkambiso zivimbela amaphoyisa ukuba abuze ngesimo sokufuduka noma ukubopha abantu ngesisekelo sokuvaleka kwezakhamuzi.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Trump, wafuna ukujezisa amadolobha angcwele ngokugodla imali ethile. Ngo-2017, uMnyango Wezobulungisa wamemezela ukuthi ukuvumelana neCandelo 1373 lomthetho kahulumeni, okuvimbela imingcele yokuxhumana mayelana nokufuduka [1] kwakuyisivumelwano sokwamukela uEdward Byrne Memorial Justice Confict Grants. Amadolobha amaningana aququzelelwayo, futhi izinkantolo zisekela kakhulu amadolobha, zikhipha umthetho wokuthi uhulumeni awunakuhlanganisa izimo ezinjalo ngaphandle kwegunya elicacile. EDokity of Chicagov. (20.8), iSifunda seSifunda sesikhombisa sisekela umyalo omelene nezimo ze-DO J. Icala libonisa imingcele yamandla kahulumeni phezu komthetho wendawo, nokubaluleka kwe-Demiteticment information in formation in providential.

Ukuxabana Phakathi KoMbuso Nohulumeni Bendawo

Izimpi zesifundazwe zithatha izihloko zezihloko, kodwa izimpi zikahulumeni wendawo zilandela iziphumo ezifanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni, abanakho ubukhosi obuzuzwe njengefa. Nokho amadolobha amaningi nezindawo ezibalayo zimisa amandla okubusa ekhaya anikezwa imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni noma imithetho, eziwavumela ukuba adlulise imithetho ezindabeni zendawo. Lapho amazwe emisa imithetho elahla izenzo zendawo qha uma kuqhathaniswa nezindaba ezinjengomholo olinganiselwe, ukulawula izibhamu, noma imithetho yendawo ezungezile.

1. Ukukhululwa Kwemithetho Yendawo Encane

Eminyakeni yamuva, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho enqabela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba babeke iholo labo eliphansi kunezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2016, iMissouri yadlulisa umthetho ovimbela amadolobha ekuphakamiseni iholo elilinganiselwe. Idolobha laseSt. Louis lase ligunyazile kakade iholo elingu-R9, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni wawuyiphoqelele ukuba ibuyele ezingeni likahulumeni lemali engu-R2,70. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho kazwe wawase-2018, iqinisekisa ukuthi isikhululo hulumeni sasinegunya lokulinganisela imithetho yendawo. Le nqubo iphinde yaphindaphindeka emazweni anjenge-Alaba, iFlorida, ne-Sliversical, lapho ihlukanisa khona izimpi zomthetho zeze-mthetho ezindaweni zendawo.

2. Ukulawulwa Kwezibhamu Nokwehliswa Umbuso

Abameleli bamalungelo ezikhali baye bawalwela ngempumelelo imithetho yombuso evimbela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bamise imithetho yezibhamu eqinile kunomthetho kahulumeni. ICalifornia ne-New York banamandla okulawula indawo, kodwa izifundazwe eziningi − kuhlanganise neTexas, iFlorida, neColorado(ezinemithetho enjalo yokukhulula). EColorado, umthetho kahulumeni uvimbela amadolobha anjenge Denver ekuvimbeleni izibhamu ezakhiweni zomphakathi noma ukubeka imingcele engcono kakhulu. Ngo-2021, idolobha laseLouisville, eKentucky ladlulisa umthetho owe yi-mthetho wokuvingqhwebela izikhali, kodwa kamuva lowo nyaka wadlula ngokululaza. Lokhu kuveza ukungezwani phakathi kwesinqumo sombuso sombuso kanye nesifiso sombuso wezwe lonke.

3. Indawo ezungezile iOrdinance v. Igunya likaHulumeni

Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukwenza izivikelo zendawo ezungezile ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni, njengokuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki eyodwa, ukuvinjelwa kwezindawo ezisebenzayo, noma izindinganiso zokukhipha intuthu eziqinile. Isifunda saseTexas siye sazisula ngokuphindaphindiwe izivimbelelo zendawo, neNkantolo ePhakeme yaseTexas ngo-2018 enqumayo ukuthi umthetho wezwe uvala imithetho yedolobha ezama ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukubola. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2019, i-Ohio wadlulisela umthetho ovimbela imiphakathi yendawo ukuba ivimbele izikhwama zepulasitiki. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho abavoti bendawo besekela imingcele yemvelo, iziphakaliso zesifundazwe zingayisusa ngokusebenzisa amandla okuvimbela ukubola.

Imishini Yokuxazulula Izingxabano Ezingezwani Nohulumeni

Lapho amazinga kahulumeni engqubuzana, leli zwi lesinqumo livame ukuvela ngenqubo eyodwa kwezintathu:

  • Jodicial Review: Izinkantolo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, necala ukuze kunqunywe isilinganiso segunya. INkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ingumphathi wokugcina ezimpikiswaneni ze-soshalizimu. Izinqumo ezifana [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez[FLT] [FLT] [95] [95] kanye [[FLT]] i-Primpz v. [FLT] i-United States [1997] iphinde yafaka imingcele emandleni kahulumeni, kanti [[FLT] u-Goza] v [FLT] [FFF:] [5] [200] [200] isekela igunya elisemdlaliyo phansi kwempompompo yensa.
  • Isenzo somthetho: IsiKhomishane singacacisa noma sisuse izenzo zikahulumeni ngomthetho omusha, njenge-REAL ID Act, ebeka izindinganiso zikahulumeni ze-stative-ixoxide. Ngokuphambene, izishaya umthetho zingahlehlisa ngokudlulisa izinqumo, amacala, noma imithetho evivinya imingcele kahulumeni.
  • I-Palitical Negotiation and Administrative Inflactment: Ngokuvamile, izingxabano zilawulwa ngengxoxo, ukuphambana, noma ukuqapha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wobulungisa ungakhetha ukungamangaleli imisebenzi ethile, noma imibuso ingafuna iziphakamiso ezimfunekweni zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengezempilo nenhlalakahle.

Izimpikiswano Zikahulumeni

Imiphumela yalezi zingxabano idlulela ngalé kwempikiswano engokomthetho esheshayo:

  • Imithetho ye-Predentes: izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme emacaleni e-socials zihlela ukusakazwa kwamandla ezizukulwaneni. Arizona v. United States[ yacacisa imingcele yokugcinwa kokuthunyelwa kwezindawo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho [[FLT:]NFIB v. Selius achaza kabusha izinga lokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni. Lezimiso ziqondisa ukubekwa kwesikhathi sesikhathi esizayo nokuhlelwa komthetho.
  • Ukwehlukana: Lapho amazwe noma izindawo zivunyelwa ukudweba indlela yazo, inkambiso ayilingani ezweni lonke. Lokhu kungadala ama-iniciencie, njengamabhizinisi ahamba ngemithetho ehlukahlukene, kodwa futhi kuvumela ukulinga kwezimiso `izindawo zentando yeningi'.
  • Ukuthembana okungokobuningi nokulawula: Izingxabano eziphindaphindiwe zingaqeda ukwethemba uhulumeni uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela i-griplock noma ukungavumelani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho ensangwini kuye kwaholela ekudidekeni phakathi kwabathengi, amabhizinisi, nokugcinwa komthetho. Ngokuhlukile, isinqumo esicacile sempi singabuyisela ukholo emakhonweni alesi simiso okusingatha ukungavumelani.
  • Imithombo yezindawo:[ Izimpi zikahulumeni zidinga imithombo ephawulekayo yomthetho neyokuphathwa. Izindleko ze-ligiga, imithwalo yokulalela, nesidingo sokubambisana kungacindezela ukuhlelwa kwemali kuzo zonke izigaba.

Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kobuhlobo Obuphakathi Kohulumeni

Izibonelo okuxoxwe ngazo azizona izenzakalo ezizodwa; ziyingxenye yenqubo eqhubekayo yokuxoxisana nokuvuselelwa. Njengoba kuphakama izimpikiswano ezintsha − njengokungafihli lutho, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulawulwa kokuhlakanipha okungesikho, nokusabela okusha okuwumshayabhuqe (impi ezintsha ezisemkhathini) ziyolandela ngokungenakugwenywa. Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 uqokomisa kokubili ukubambisana nokucindezeleka, kanye nezinye izifundazwe zifaka iziqondiso zikahulumeni inselele nezinye izimiso ezimelana neziqondiso zikahulumeni.

Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezi misebenzi kubalulekile. Ukuhlolwa kobuphekula akuyona indlela yemfundo; kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela imithetho evikelwa ngayo, indlela amalungelo avikelwa ngayo, nendlela izinkonzo zomphakathi ezinikezwa ngayo. Izenzakalo zangempela njengalezo ezixoxwe zinikeza izifundo eziqinile ngezinselele zokubusa isizwe esikhulu, esihlukene futhi esinezingxenye eziningi zegunya. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla akulungiseki unomphela.

Isiphetho

Uma amazinga empi kahulumeni, izigxobo ziphakeme. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkinga iwukufuduka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indlela yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa, noma imithetho yendawo, lezi zingxabano zembula ukucindezeleka okuyisisekelo okubekwe ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Izinqumo . "/" Ngezishayandlebe zenkantolo, ukuyekethisa kwemithetho, noma ukuphoqelela imibandela yezakhamuzi, noma ukulawula. Ngokufunda izimo zansuku zonke zezenhlalakahle. Arizora v. United States, [[FLT:]] [FLT]NFIB.[FLT] v. Sebelus , [[FLT]], izibalo ezingokomthetho [FFLT], nezindawo zezindawo ezisemthethweni, nezindawo ezisebenzayo ze-Melikanstmosmes.