Table of Contents

Ukunquma isimiso senkantolo yezwe kungakuqeda amandla, ikakhulukazi uma ungakaze uhileleke ekuqhubekeni ngokomthetho ngaphambili. Noma ufaka icala noma usabela koyedwa, ukuqonda inqubo elandelanayo kungakusiza ukuba ulungiselele lokho okungaphambili futhi wenze izinqumo ongazi lutho kulo lonke icala lakho. Izinkantolo zisingatha izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zomphakathi, ezimpikiswaneni zesivumelwano nasekuzilimazayo ezindabeni zomkhaya kanye nokungavumelani kwempahla. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zingahluka kancane kusuka esizweni kuya kwesinye, isisekelo esiyisisekelo sendlela icala elihamba ngayo ngesimiso senkantolo sihlala sivumelana kakhulu.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhamba ngesigaba ngasinye senqubo yenkantolo yezwe, kusukela ekususeni kokuqala isikhalo ngesinqumo sokugcina secala lakho. Ngokujwayelana nalezi zinqubo, uzoba ohlonyiselwe kangcono ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nommeli wakho, uhlangabezane nezinsuku ezibalulekile, futhi uqonde izinqumo ezisemqoka ezilawula icala lakho.

Ukuqonda Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Necala

Ngaphambi kokuba zingene ezinyathelweni ezingokomthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ziyini izinkantolo zikahulumeni nokuthi zihluke kanjani ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zimiswa yimithetho-mthetho kahulumeni nezishaya-mthetho ukuze zisingathe izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho e-United States. Lezi zinkantolo zinegunya elikhulu ezindabeni zomphakathi nezezigebengu ezivela ngaphansi komthetho wezwe.

Izifundazwe eziningi zinesimiso sokuqulwa kwecala esinezici ezimbili, nezinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo eziphakeme ezivame ukuba senkantolo eyodwa esifundeni ngasinye kodwa ziholwe abahluleli abahlukene. Izindawo ezihlukene zamacala phakathi kwalezinkantolo zixhomeke kakhulu emalini ephikisanayo. Izinkantolo ezinkulu zivame ukusingatha amacala omphakathi ahilela amacala ezephulamthetho angaphezu kukaR25 000 nonyunyana, kuyilapho izinkantolo zesifunda zisingatha amacala omphakathi ahilela amaRandi angu-5 000 noma ngaphansi, umkhaya namacala ezingane, ukuwaphula icala lobugebengu, kanye nezigebengo.

Ukuqonda ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo elinegunya ecaleni lakho kubucayi. Lapho ufaka isuti yakho kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana, kuhlanganise nalapho impikiswano yaqala khona nalapho izikhulu zihlala khona, namacala amancane okuthi kufanele alethwe esifundeni lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona. Ukugibela enkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni noma ekuthunyelweni, kubangele ukulibala nezindleko ezengeziwe.

Ukuqubuka Kokuqala: Ukuqala Icala Lakho Ngokukhononda

Uhambo oluya enkantolo yombuso luqala lapho elinye iqembu − i-atlantiff − linquma ukuqala ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho kwelinye iqembu(). Lenqubo iqala ngokulungisa nangokuvala isikhalo, okuyincwadi yesisekelo emisa lonke icala.

Siyini Isikhalo?

Ikhalo yihele eliyisikhalo eliyisimanga lokuqala icala, lisho lokho ummangalelwa akushoyo ukuthi ummangalelwa uyenze kanye nekhambi elicelwa ummangalelwa. Lencwadi ifeza imisebenzi eminingi enzima: iveza ummangalelwa wesenzo esingokomthetho, imisa isisekelo senkantolo, ihlela isisekelo esiyiqiniso salokho okushiwoyo, futhi isho ukuthi kufunwa ukukhululeka noma umonakalo.

Ukukhononda kwakho kumelwe kube nenkulumo ehambisana negama lenkantolo nesifunda, amacala aso kanye nesiqu sawo esinjenge-paltiff noma ummangalelwa, inombolo yecala uma unalo, kanye nesihloko sencwadi. Ngaphandle kwalezi zimfuneko zobuchwepheshe, isikhalo kumelwe sihlanganise amazwi amafushane nasobala okusho kwakho abonisa ukuthi unelungelo lokukhululeka, ukuveza amaqiniso anele ukuze uthole zonke izici ezidingekile zesicelo sosizo osiqinisekisayo.

Izimfuneko Ezikhohlisayo Nezimfashini

Icala elithile enkantolo yesifunda, iphepha lokuqala eligcinwe libizwa ngokuthi isikhalo noma isicelo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, kumelwe ukhokhe imali ethile lapho ufaka phansi iphepha eliqalayo. Imali yokubhalisa iyahluka ngokwezwe nangohlobo lwecala eligcinwayo, kodwa ngokuvamile isukela emakhulwini ambalwa amadollar kuya kwamakhulu ambalwa.

Uma ungenakukwazi ukukhokhela imali, ungakhetha. Umkhokhi ongakwazi ukukhokha imali angafaka isicelo sokuqhubeka e-foma pauperis, futhi uma isicelo sinikezwa, imali iyahoxiswa. Ukungakhokheli kuvame ukudinga iholo elingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu - 150 obumpofu bamanje obusekelwe enanini labantu abasekhaya futhi engenamali engaphezulu kukaR3 500 emalini ewuketshezi njengemali noma amabhange.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ukusivala isaziso enkantolo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje. Ukuqala inkantolo yomphakathi, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalo enkantolo futhi anikeze ikhophi yesikhalo kummangalelwa, echaza umonakalo noma ukulimala kommangalelwa, echaza indlela ummangalelwa abangela ngayo umonakalo, ebonisa ukuthi inkantolo inegunya, futhi ecela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ukukhululeka.

Uzonikezwa izimemezelo nezikhalo kumuntu ngamunye, ibhizinisi, noma inhlangano kahulumeni ethi umangalela, okubizwa ngokuthi inkonzo noma amaphepha okukhonza, ukuzenza bazi ukuthi uyawamangalela enkantolo nokuthi anesikhathi sokuwaphendula. Inkonzo yenqubo efanele ibalulekile ."uma ummangalelwa engakhonzwa kahle, inkantolo ingaba negunya lokungenela izahlulelo kubo.

Inkonzo kumele yenziwe ngumuntu ongahlanganyeli kulelicala futhi oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18 ubudala. Uma ufake isicelo ukuba siqhubeke ngaphandle kokukhokhwa futhi uvunyelwe umahluleli, umsebenzi wenqubo uzakusetshenziswa kulowo nalowo ummangalelwa ngaphandle kwenkokhelo nge-United States Marshal, nakuba unomthwalo wokuqeda zonke izinhlobo ezifunwa umjekethi wenkonzo futhi uyothola iziyalezo kulendaba kumabhalane ngemva kokuba umahluleli evumele isicelo sakho.

Ukusabela Komlweli

Uma ummangalelwa eseye wasetshenziswa ngokufanelekile ngokukhononda nangokubizela, banesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokusabela. inkathi yokusabela iyahlukahluka ngegunya kodwa ngokuvamile iphakathi kwezinsuku ezingu - 20 no - 35 kusukela osukwini lwenkonzo.

Ukuphenya Impendulo

Uma uthola imemo yokumangalela, unezinsuku ezingu-35 zokuphendula, futhi ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, ungalahlekelwa icala ngokwahlulela okungahlulelwa. Ibhukwana eliyinhloko lommangalelwa eliphendulayo libizwa ngokuthi impendulo, eliphendula isikhalo ngasinye ekukhanseni.

Impendulo iwukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule ekumangalelweni ngakunye okushiwo ngokuvuma, ukuphika, noma ngokusho ukuthi abanakho ukwaziswa okwanele kokuvuma noma ukuphika ukumangalelwa. Impendulo ingaphakamisa futhi izikhali zokuvikela, funa kuvuswe (hholegal zizathu zokuba ummangalelwa angaphinde alulame ngisho noma izinsolo ziyiqiniso, njengokungathi umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki, noma ukungakwazi ukulawula.

Ama - “claim ” Ne - claims ”

Uma ufisa ukuphikisana nomphathi-cala, hlanganisa i-claim nempendulo yakho, futhi uma ufisa ukujoyina isudi nomunye ummangalelwa obizwa ngokuthi ummangalelwa, hlanganisa i-siphambano-claim. I-astam ivumela ummangalelwa ukuba aphikise ukuzisholo kwakhe siqu ngokumelene ne-thesttiff evela kuthengiselwayo noma esenzeka okufanayo. I-cros-claims zisetshenziswa uma kukhona abamangalelwa abaningi nommangalelwa ofuna ukuqinisa iziphakamiso zakhe komunye ummangalelwa.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nokuphathwa Kwecala Kwakuqala

Ngemva kokuba ukuncenga kokuqala sekuqalisiwe, kungaba yilowo nalowo othatha inqumbi ehlukene ukuxoxa ngezindaba ezingokwendawo noma ezicashile ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke. Le misebenzi yokuqala ingahlela indlela yokuzichaza.

Ukuzimisela Ukuxoshwa

Enye yezindlela ezivamile zokuthatha isinyathelo sasekuqaleni ukuxosha. Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla ukukhononda kubekela inselele ukuvumelana okungokomthetho kokusho komphathi. Ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuthi ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso ashiwo ekukhonondeni ayiqiniso, ummangaleli akashongo lutho olungokomthetho, inkantolo ayinagunya, icala labekwa endaweni engafanele, noma ummangalelwa wehluleka ukukhonza ngokufanele ummangalelwa.

Uma ukuhoxa kuvunywa, icala lingase lixoshwe ngokuphelele, noma umlindi anganikezwa ithuba lokubhala isikhalo esilungisa ukushiyeka. Uma ukunyakaza kwempi kunqatshelwa, udaba luqhubekela esigabeni esilandelayo.

Ezinye Izinyathelo Zokuqala

Ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo sokuxosha, amaqembu angase athathe ezinye izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo eziqondile (acela umphikisi ukuba acacise izinkulumo ezingacacile), ukuthatha isinyathelo sokushaya (efuna ukususa izinto ezingafanele noma ezingabalulekile ekuncengeni), noma ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze ahlulele izikhalo (eveza ukuthi ukuncenga ngokwako kubonisa ukuthi omunye unelungelo lokwahlulela).

Izinhlangothi zonke zingafaka izicelo noma zithathe izinyawo nenkantolo ifuna izahlulelo zokuthola ubufakazi noma izinqubo ezizolandelwa lapho kuqulwa icala. Inkantolo ivame ukuqulwa ngezenzo ezibalulekile, ivumele zombili izinhlangothi ukuba zikhulume izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuba umahluleli akhiphe isinqumo.

I - project: Ukuqoqa Ubufakazi

Ukuvubukulwa kuvame ukuba yisigaba eside nesinzima kakhulu sokuthola inqubo yomphakathi. Ukuvubukula kuyingxenye yenqubo yangaphambi kwenkantolo lapho isigaba ngasinye singathola khona ubufakazi kwabanye abantu ngezindlela ezinjengokuphenya, izicelo zokwenziwa kwezincwadi, izicelo zokufakwa nokufakwa kwezincwadi. Lenqubo iklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukumangala lapho kuqulwa inkantolo nokukhuthaza ukuhlalisana ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu womabili ayakwazi ukufinyelela amaqiniso ahlobene.

Injongo Nokutholakala Kwayo

Ukuthola lokho kudinga ukuba ama - ligigion anikezene ukwaziswa ngaleli cala, njengokuthi obani ofakazi namakhophi anoma yiziphi izincwadi ezihlobene naleli cala, ngenjongo yokulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokufuna ukuba labo bantu bahlanganise ubufakazi babo futhi balungiselele ukubiza ofakazi.

Ukuvubukula kuyinqubo enkantolo evumela abantu ukuba bafune izincwadi ezingokomthetho kanye nokwaziswa okuhlobene nokumangalelwana ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe, kuvumele abantu ukuba bafunde okwengeziwe ngamaqiniso aleli cala futhi balindele ubufakazi obunganikezwa lapho kuqulwa icala. Ubufakazi bokuthola izinto ngokuvamile bubanzi kakhulu.

Ukungenela

Ukuphendulana kuyimibuzo ebhaliwe engase ivumela noma yimuphi omunye umuntu ukuba ayibhale phansi ngaphansi kwesifungo, enemibuzo ebhaliwe ethunyelwa kummeli omelela olunye uhlangothi futhi lowombango unenkathi yokuphendula.

Izingxoxo ziwuchungechunge lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ethunyelwa omunye umuntu enkantolo ephikisayo, futhi lemibuzo iyimibuzo engokomthetho edinga izimpendulo ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ngaphansi kweMiyalo Yezigwebo Zomphakathi, imingcele ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ikhiphe umyalo wezincwadi ezingu - 25 ezibhaliwe kuhlanganise neziphelo ezibhaliwe ezihlanganisa zonke izingxenye ezingaphansi kanye nezinsuku ezingu - 30 zokulungiselela nokunikeza izimpendulo.

Ukungenela kuwusizo kakhulu ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo okuyiqiniso, ofakazi abahlukanisayo namaphepha, nokuqonda izinkolelo-mbono zomthetho zombangi ophikisayo. Ukuphendula kungasetshenziselwa ukuthola ukwaziswa okuhlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namagama namakheli ofakazi, amaqiniso asekela ukuzisholo noma ukuzivikela, kanye nokulimala okufunwayo.

Izicelo Zokukhiqizwa Kwamadokhumende

Izicelo zomkhiqizo zivumela abantu ukuba bathole amakhophi ezincwadi ezifanele, ukwaziswa okugcinwe ngemishini, nezinto eziphathekayo, lokhu kungahlanganisa izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, imiyalezo, izithombe, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, amaphepha ngokwezimali, noma ezinye izinto ezivumelana naleli cala. Iqembu eliphendulayo kumelwe likhiphe izincwadi eziceliwe noma into ethile esekelwe ezisekelweni ezithile zomthetho.

Kulokhu kutholakaliswa kwanamuhla, imishini ye-electronic ibaluleke kakhulu. Ama-pariot angacela ukutholakala kwamafayela e-computer, ama-secomputer, ama-akhawunti ezokuxhumana, kanye nezinye izingosi zokwaziswa. Ububanzi nezindleko ze-e-ignorethi kungaba zinkulu, futhi ngokuvamile kudingeka kulinganiswe ukusebenza kokwaziswa ngokumelene nomthwalo wokukwenza.

Ukubekwa Kwezindawo

Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuthola ukuthi ikuphi ukuthatha izifungo, eziyisifungo esingakhokhwa yinoma yimuphi umuntu ohilelekile ecaleni okuzosetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala noma ekulungiseleleni ukuqulwa kwecala futhi kungase kube ngencwadi ebhaliwe, ikhasethi levideo, noma kokubili, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye ufakazi okhona ezifundeni eziningi.

Ukutholakala kwendaba kungase kuhlanganise nokuthola imali, okudinga ufakazi ukuze aphendule imibuzo ngecala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ufakazi ephendula imibuzo yommeli ofungele intatheli yenkantolo ekhipha irekhodi lezwi ebizwa ngokuthi i - CD.

Iziphakamiso zenza umuntu akwazi kusengaphambili ukuthi ufakazi uzothini lapho kuqulwa icala, futhi kungathathwa futhi ukuze kutholakale ubufakazi bofakazi ababalulekile abangeke bavele phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, lapho befunda khona ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubekwa kofakazi kuvame ukuthathwa ohlangothini oluphikisayo futhi kusetshenziswe ukulahla ubufakazi bobufakazi uma ubufakazi becala bungahluka ebufakazini obuthathwe phakathi nemali.

Izindawo zinikeza ithuba elikhethekile lokuhlola ukuthembeka, isimo, nekhono lokumelana nokuhlola okuphambana. Ngokungafani nabaphenyi, izicelo zivumela ukulandelelwa ngokushesha kwemibuzo futhi zingaveza ukungavumelani noma ubuthakathaka ebufakazini bofakazi.

Izicelo Zokuthunjwa

Izicelo zokungenwa zibhalwe komunye umuntu ezicela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso athile noma izinsolo, njengoba lowo osabelayo edinga ukuvuma noma ukuphika isicelo noma ukuthi akanakho ukwaziswa okwanele kokuba enze kanjalo, futhi uma lowo ophendulayo ehluleka ukuphendula isicelo ngesikhathi esifanele, lowo ocelayo angase akwazi ukusebenzisa lokho kwehluleka njengobufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala.

Izicelo zokuvuma ziyizindlela zokumisa impikiswano ngokuthola amaphuzu avumelanayo, angenza ukuba ukuphikisa kube okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe ngokulinganisela ubufakazi obunikezwa lapho kuqulwa impikiswano eqotho. Amaqiniso avunywa ngezicelo zokuvuma abhekwa njengezizathu zecala futhi awadingi ukuqinisekiswa lapho kuqulwa icala.

Ukuthola Izingxabano Nokuphoqelelwa

Ukuvubukula akuqhubeki kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izindawo zingamelana nokuthola izicelo ezibanzi, eziwumthwalo ongafanele, ukufuna ukwaziswa okukhethekile, noma ukungaqiniswanga ngokunengqondo ukuze kuholele ebufakazini obungakholeki. Uma isicelo sokuthola siphikiswa, umceli angase afune usizo lwenkantolo ngokuhlela ukuzama ukuphoqelela ukutholwa, futhi ngokuphambene, iqembu elithile noma elingamelani nokuthola okuthile kungafuna usizo lwenkantolo ngokufaka isikhala sendlela yokuvikela.

Isenzo sokuphoqelela ukutholakala kwezincwadi sicela inkantolo ukuba iyale umkhandlu ophikisayo ukuba uphendule izicelo eziye zenqaba ukuphendula. Izinkantolo zinegunya elikhulu lokuxazulula izimpikiswano zokutholwa futhi zinganikeza izijeziso embangweni ohlulekayo ukuvumelana nezibopho zokuthola okuthile, kuhlanganise nezijeziso zemali, izinqumo ezisobala, noma ngisho nokuxoshwa kweziphakamiso noma izikhuselo.

Ukuxazulula Impikiswano Nezimpikiswano Ezihlukile

Kuyo yonke inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuthola lokho kuye kwembula amandla nobuthakathaka becala ngalinye, amaqembu avame ukuxoxa ngezingxoxo. Ukuze agweme izindleko nokwephuza ukuqulwa kwecala, amajaji akhuthaza abaqondisi ukuba bazame ukuxazulula ukuphikisana kwabo.

Isiphazamiso

Ngaphambi kwenkantolo, bobabili cishe bayobhekiselwa enqubweni yesinqumo ephikisanayo, umahluleli noma noma yimuphi umuntu ekwazi ukucela isinqumo esiphikisanayo futhi kwezinye izimo umahluleli umisa uhlelo lwesinqumo sokuphikisana, nezinhlelo ezivame kakhulu ziwukuxhumana komphakathi nokukhipha imvume, futhi ekuxazululeni iqembu lesithathu elingathathi - hlangothi lisiza bobabili abantu ukuba bafinyelele ukubhekana nemibandela yabo.

Ukuxhumana kuyinqubo yokuzithandela, eyimfihlo lapho umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi esiza ukukhulumisana phakathi kwamaqembu futhi azame izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga. Umlamuleli akakhi noma abeke izixazululo kodwa kunalokho usiza abahilelekile ukuba bathole isisekelo esifanayo futhi bafinyelele isinqumo esamukelekayo. Ukuxhumana kungaba ngcono kakhulu ngoba kuvumela ukuba amaqembu asebenzise izixazululo zokusungula ukuze inkantolo ingakwazi ukuhleleka.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-Arbitration iyinqubo yokunquma esemthethweni yokungavumelani nenqubo yesinqumo esemthethweni lapho ummisi (noma iqembu labahlaziyi abangathathi-mfakela) ezwa khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili futhi anikeze isinqumo. I-Arbitration ingabopha (okusho isinqumo somsizi sigcina futhi siphoqelelwe njengesahlulelo senkantolo) noma ukungabopheki (ukusho ukuthi noma yiliphi iqembu lingase lilahle isinqumo futhi liqhubeke liqule ecaleni).

Izinhlelo zokulawula ezihlelwe yinkantolo zivamile ezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi emacaleni ahilela izilinganiso ezincane eziphikisanayo. Lezinhlelo zivame ukusebenzisa ukuhlanganisa okungabopheki njengendlela yokukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa lapho ulondoloza ilungelo lamalungu ekuqulweni uma enganelisekile ngomphumela wokuzinza.

Imihlangano Yokuhlala Kulo Mhlalandawo

Izinkantolo eziningi zihlela izingqungquthela zokusingatha izingqungquthela noma izingqungquthela zangaphambi kwecala lapho ijaji lihlangana khona namaqembu kanye nabameli balo ukuze lixoxe ngethuba lokuxazululwa. Umahluleli angase anikeze ukuhlolwa kwamandla nobuthakathaka baleli cala futhi akhuthaze amacala ukuba afinyelele isinqumo. Nakuba amajaji engenakuphoqelela amacala ukuba axazululwe, umbono wawo ungaba usizo ekusizeni amaqembu ukuba ahlole ukuma kwawo ngendlela engokoqobo.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuhlolwa Nokulungiselelwa Kwecala

Njengoba icala lisondela, abantu bangase bathathe izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze bamise izimpikiswano, bakhiphe ubufakazi obuthile, noma baxazulule icala ngaphandle kokulingwa.

Ukuhamba Kwesinqumo Esifingqiwe

Impindezelo yokwahlulela ngokufingqa ingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthatha phambili kwezomthetho. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi azikho izimpikiswano zangempela zeqiniso elingokwezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi lowo othuthayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho esekelwe emaqinisweni angaphikiswa. Izenzo zokwahlulela ezifingqiwe zisekelwa kakhulu ama-affidavits, ubufakazi obugciniwe, izincwadi, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuqoqwe phakathi nokutholwa.

Uma kunikezwa ukuthatha ukwahlulela okufingqiwe, icala (noma okuqondile ngaphakathi ecaleni) liyaxazululwa ngaphandle kokulingwa. Uma linqatshwa, icala liqhubekela ekuqulweni kwecala. Isahlulelo esicatshangelweyo singanikezwa kwezinye izimpikiswano lapho sishiya ezinye ziyoqulwa, okungasho inqubo yokulingwa.

Izinyathelo ELimine

Intshukumo emalimine iyizenzo zangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ezicela inkantolo ukuba yenze izinqumo ezisobala ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala. Le zenzo ngokuvamile zifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi bokuthi umcimbi othuthayo ukholelwa ukuthi akakholeki, uyacwasa, noma akasebenzi. Ngokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezisobala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ukuthatha isinyathelo esisemqoka kuqinisekisa inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala futhi kuvimbele abagcini bamajaji ukuba bangachashelwa ebufakazini obungafanele.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zihlela ingqungquthela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kwenkantolo yokuxoxa ngezindaba zokuphatha nokuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala. Phakathi nalemihlangano, amajaji nabameli baxoxa ngesimiso sokuqulwa kwecala, uhlu lofakazi, izinhlu zokubonisa, iziyalezo zomthetho, nanoma iziphi izihloko ezisele. Inkantolo inganikeza umyalo wangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala futhi ibophe amaqembu ezikhundleni ezithile noma ezikhundleni ezithile.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokulungisa noma ngokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulisa icala, liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Ukuqulwa kwecala enkantolo yombuso kungaqulwa phambi komahluleli kuphela (ukuqulwa kwecala) noma phambi kwejaji, kuye ngokuthi icala elinjani noma ikhethelwa yiliphi icala.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ezimweni lapho icala lejaji liceliwe khona, lenqubo iqala ngokukhethwa kwamajaji, futhi okubizwa ngokuthi ivoir ash. Abangamele bahluleli baphenywa amajaji nabameli ukuze banqume ukuthi bangakhetha yini futhi bangakhetha. Ama-athorney angabekela inselele abangase babe abahluleli benjongo (uma kunesizathu esiqondile abangenakukhetha) noma ngezinselele zokuzisola (okuvumela ukususwa kwenani elilinganiselwe labasebenzi bejaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, uma kucatshangelwa imingcele engokomthetho).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Uma ijaji selikhethiwe futhi lifungwe, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izitatimende zokuvula. Izinkulumo zokuvula azibonakali kodwa kunalokho ziyindlela yokuba ummeli ngamunye achaze lokho alindele ukuba ubufakazi bubonise futhi anikeze abahluleli imapu yomgwaqo ukuze baliqonde icala. Ummeli we-Foltiff unikeza kuqala, kulandelwa ummeli wommangalelwa.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uqala ngokuveza icala lakhe, ebiza ofakazi futhi efakaza izincwadi kanye nobufakazi obuthile. Ngokusebenzisa imithetho yobufakazi, umahluleli unquma ukuthi yikuphi ukwaziswa okungase kunikezwe enkantolo, futhi ukuze ofakazi bakhulume ngokwabo futhi bangashicileli indaba yabo ngokusekelwe kulokho omunye ufakazi akushoyo, bagcinwa ngaphandle kwenkantolo kuze kube yilapho befakaza, intatheli yenkantolo igcina umbhalo wecala nomphathi wenkantolo egcina umbhalo womuntu ngamunye ofakazelayo nanoma yiziphi izincwadi, izithombe, noma ezinye izinto ezifakazelwa ubufakazi.

Ummeli ophikisayo angaphika uma ubuza ufakazi ukuba asho okuthile okungasekelwe olwazini lofakazi, okungafanelekile, noma okungabalulekile ecaleni, futhi ngokuvamile umahluleli ulawula noma asekele ukuphikisa, ufakazi engawuphenduli umbuzo uma ukuphikisa kusekelwa futhi ummeli kumelwe aqhubekele phambili embuzweni olandelayo.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa eqede icala lakhe, unikeza ubufakazi babo, abize ofakazi nokwethula imibukiso. Icala lommangalelwa lingahlanganisa uvuma izivikelo nobufakazi obuphikisa lokho okushiwo ummangalelwa. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunethuba lokuwela ofakazi bolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile okuyingxenye ebucayi yenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuzwa ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha. Ngokungafani nezinkulumo zokuvula, izimpikiswano zokuphetha zivumela abameli ukuba baphikisane ngalokho ubufakazi obukuboniseyo nokusekela isikhundla samakhasimende abo. Ama-Atttorney afingqa ubufakazi, aqokomisa ubufakazi obuhle, aveza ubuthakathaka ecaleni elimelene nalo, futhi achaze ukuthi kungani ikhasi labo lifanele linqobe.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ecaleni labahluleli, ijaji lizochaza umthetho ovumelana naleli cala futhi izinqumo okudingeka abahluleli bazenze, futhi ngokuvamile abahluleli bacela ukuba kutholakale ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala yini lokulimaza ummangalelwa ngandlela - thile bese kunqunywa ukuthi ingakanani izindleko ummangalelwa ayodingeka alikhokhise.

Endabeni yomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe aqinisekise abasizi bejaji ngokucabangisisa ngobufakazi, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu, ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala lokulimala okuye kwathinteka ummangalelwa. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi yobufakazi kunezinga elinengqondo "engaqiniseki" indinganiso esetshenziswa emacaleni obugebengu.

Ngemva kokuthola iziyalezo, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlalaphansi ekamelweni labasizi bejaji ngamabomu. Ijaji lixoxa ngobufakazi, lisebenzisa umthetho njengoba ufundiswa umahluleli, futhi lisebenzela ukufinyelela isinqumo. Ezindabeni eziningi zomphakathi, isinqumo akudingeki sihlangane, kodwa kumelwe sivumelane.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Uma icala liqulwa phambi kwejaji, elaziwa ngokuthi icala lejaji, umahluleli uyonquma ukuthi inkantolo ikhipha imvume noma ikhiphe usizo oluthile eqenjini elikhona. Inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo esisekelwe esinqumweni, okuthi kube umyalo wenkantolo ongokomthetho oxazulula leli cala.

Ukuhamba Nezingcingo Nezingcingo Zangemva Komshado

Ngisho nangemva kokuba sekukhishwe isinqumo, kungenzeka ukuthi impikiswano ayikapheli, futhi lowo olahlekelwayo unezinqumo eziningana zokubekela umphumela inselele.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Izindawo zingathatha izinyathelo zangemva kwecala njengendlela yokuthatha isahlulelo naphezu kwesinqumo (ukuvuma ukuthi akukho bahluleli abanengqondo ababengafinyelela isinqumo esikhishwe) noma ukuthatha icala elisha (ukuvuma ukuthi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala kudinga ukuqulwa okusha). Le mithetho kumelwe igcinwe esikhathini esifushane ngemva kwesinqumo, ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi kuya ku-30 kuye ngokuthi iphethe i-oversi.

Ukukhanga

Uma imikhankaso yangemva kwecala inqatshelwa noma uma umkhandlu ekhetha ukungawabhali, okulandelayo ukudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa icala akulona ikhambi elisha kodwa kunalokho ukubukeza ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenza amaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela. Inkantolo yenkantolo ibukeza umbhalo wenkantolo wokuqulwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nezingcaphuno, imiboniso, nemininingwane engokomthetho edluliswa amaqembu.

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo ngokuvamile zilalela amaqiniso atholwa yinkantolo futhi zigxile ezindabeni zomthetho. Inkantolo yokudlulisa icala ingasiqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo, sibuye sibuyisele icala enkantolo enkantolo ukuze kuqulwe ezinye izikhalo. Le nqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo ingathatha izinyanga eziningi noma ngisho neminyaka, futhi kwezinye izimo, amacala angase afune ukubukezwa okwengeziwe yinkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezahlulelo

Uma ummangalelwa ekhokha futhi ekhokhiswa impoqo, inselele elandelayo ingaba ukuqoqa isahlulelo. Ummangalelwa angase akhokhe ngokuzithandela, kodwa uma kungenjalo, kungase kudingeke asebenzise izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuphoqelela njengokukhokhela iholo, ukukhokha amashende asebhange, noma ukukhokha impahla. Izinqubo zokuphoqelelwa zihluka ngokwezwe futhi zingaba yinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi uma ummangalelwa enempahla elinganiselwe noma ezama ukugwema ukukhokha.

Ukunakekela Okukhethekile Nezeluleko Eziwusizo

Ukuzimelela (Isiqinisekiso Sokubekwa Kwezinsimbi)

Ungazimelela ezimweni eziningi, nabantu abazimelelayo abazibiza ngokuthi bazimelela bona noma abazivezayo ngesiLatini. Nokho, njengesazi selungelo elifana nelakho, ujabulela ilungelo ngalinye lakho ngaphansi komthetho, kodwa abaqondisi abaphambili kulindeleke ukuba balandele futhi balandele imithetho elawula ukwenziwa komthetho ezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi kufanele bajwayelane ne-Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Local Procedure and the Provilets of the Common Acre.

Uma uzimele ungasindisa izindleko zommeli, ufika nezinselele ezinkulu. Izinqubo zenkantolo ziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi amajaji asekela iziqondiso ezifanayo nezimeli. Uma ukhetha ukuzimelela, sebenzisa imithombo yemali yenkantolo yokuzisiza, funda ngokucophelela yonke imithetho neziqondiso, futhi uhlangabezane nayo yonke imikhawulo yesikhathi.

Ukusebenza Ne - Attorney

Kumacala amaningi omphakathi, ikakhulukazi lawo ahilela izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali noma izindaba zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyatuswa. Ummeli onolwazi angasebenzisa izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, athuthukise inqubo engokomthetho, athole izinto eziphumelelayo, axoxe, ahlale, futhi amele izikhululo lapho kuqulwa icala. Lapho ekhetha ummeli, cabangela okuhlangenwe nakho kwawo namacala afana nawenu, indlela yokuxhumana, indlela yokukhokha, kanye nemiphumela yabo.

Ukuqonda Kubangela Izindleko Nezinkinga

Ukuqamba imilomo kungabiza. Ngaphezu kwezindleko zokukhokha izindleko, izindleko zingahlanganisa ukukhokha izindleko zenqubo, izindleko zobufakazi, izindleko zobufakazi, izindleko zezintatheli zasenkantolo, izindleko zokukopisha nokukhipha amabhukwana, kanye nenkokhelo yommeli. Ukuqonda izindleko ezingase zikhokhwe futhi uxoxe ngamalungiselelo emali nommeli wakho kungakusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezibonisa ukuthi ungaziphishekela yini noma uvikele icala.

Amalungiselelo emali ekhokhwayo ayahlukahluka. Abanye abameli bakhokhela amazinga ngamahora, kuyilapho abanye besebenzela ekutholeni isilinganiso sanoma ikuphi ukululama (ukuthatha amaphesenti athile, ngokuvamile ezimweni zokulimala komuntu). Amanye amacala angase ahlanganise izindleko eziyisicaba noma amalungiselelo axubile. Qiniseka ukuthi uyasiqonda isivumelwano sakho semali futhi ubhale.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Lonke uhlobo lweziphakamiso ezingokomthetho lunemingcele elinganiselwe .a isikhathi okumelwe ubhalise ngaso amacala akho. Le mithetho yezikhathi iyahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesiqu nombuso. Ukungawutholi umthetho wokulinganiselwa kusho ukuthi ulahlekelwa ilungelo lokuphishekela icebo lakho phakade, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi icala lakho lingaba namandla kangakanani. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi unento engokomthetho, thintana nommeli ngokushesha ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi awuphuthi imikhawulo ebucayi.

Ukulondoloza Nenhlangano Yesandla

Kusukela ngesikhathi kuphakama impikiswano, londoloza zonke izincwadi ezihambelanayo nezokuxhumana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, imiyalezo ye-message, izithombe, ama-ligister, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezingase zifanelane nawe. Hlela lezizinto ngokulandelana kwezikhathi futhi ugcine kokubili amakhophi angokoqobo nawamanani. Ukulahla noma ukushintsha izincwadi ngemva kokuphikisana kungaphumela emiphumeleni engathi sína, kuhlanganise nezijeziso nezingathandeki lapho uqulwa.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zecala Lenkantolo KaHulumeni

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Amacala ahlanganisa ukumangalelwa ngokuthi omunye umuntu akakwazi ukufeza izibopho zakhe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano. Lamacala adinga ubufakazi besivumelwano esisemthethweni, ukuphulwa kwaleso sivumelwano, nokulimala okubangelwa ukuphuka kwesivumelwano. Izingxabano zingahlanganisa izivumelwano zebhizinisi, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, ukuthengiselwana kwezindawo, noma izivumelwano zabathengi.

Ukuzisholo Ngokwakho Ukulimala

Izingozi zomuntu zifuna imbuyiselo ngokulimala okubangelwa ukunganaki komunye umuntu noma ukuziphatha kwakhe ngenhloso. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa izingozi zemoto, ukushelela nokuwa, ukungasebenza kahle kwezokwelapha, nokuzifaka engozini yemikhiqizo. Lokhu kudinga ubufakazi bokusebenza, ukwephulwa komsebenzi, ukulahlekelwa, nokulimala.

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Izindawo zingahlanganisa izimpikiswano zomngcele, izimpikiswano zokunciphisa, izingxabano ezithatha indawo yendawo, noma izinselele zokuba nendawo. Lezi zimo ngokuvamile zidinga ukuhlolisiswa kwezenzo, ukuhlola, nemibhalo yempahla, futhi zingahlanganisa izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene namalungelo empahla.

Umthetho Womkhaya Ubalulekile

Izehlukaniso zomthetho womkhaya zihlanganisa isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekelwa, ukusekelana kwabazali, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya. Lezi zimo zihlanganisa imithetho ekhethekile yendabuko nokucabangela, kuhlanganise nokulawula okuphoqelelwe ezindaweni eziningi kanye nezivikelo ezikhethekile zezithakazelo zezingane.

Ukubaluleka Kwemithetho Yabafileyo Nenkantolo

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu senkantolo kahulumeni yokuqondisa imikhumbi ukuqonda nezinsuku ezimisiwe. Izinkantolo zisebenza ngezikhathi eziqinile, futhi ukulahlekelwa isikhathi esingakafinyelelwa kungaba nemiphumela enzima, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwecala lakho, ukungena kwesahlulelo esiphelele kuwe, noma ukuwachitha amalungelo abalulekile.

Imithetho yonke elawulayo inemithetho yendawo enezela emithethweni evamile yenqubo yomphakathi. Lemithetho yendawo ingathintana nezinqubo ezihlelwayo, ukuguqula izimfuneko, ukwenziwa kwentshukumo, i-protocol, kanye nezinqubo zokuqulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho. Zijwayeze kokubili imithetho evamile nemithetho yendawo yenkantolo yakho ethile.

Yonke imihla efingqiwe ngokushesha futhi icwangcise izikhumbuzo kusengaphambili. Uma udinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokuqeda umsebenzi, faka isikhathi esibanzi ngaphambi kokuba isikhathi esimisiwe siphele. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zizimisele ukunikeza ukunwetshwa lapho ziceliwe kusengaphambili kunokuba kudlule isikhathi esimisiwe.

Ukundiza Ngemishini Nobuchwepheshe Benkantolo

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni manje zisebenzisa izimiso ze-electronic ezivumela amaqembu ukuba abhale amabhukwana kuyi-intanethi kunokuba abhale ngokoqobo. Ama-athorney kufanele afake amabhukwana amaningi asebenzisa izimiso ze-electronic ezigunyaziwe ezinkantolo zesifunda. I-electronic enikeza ukusiza nokusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi idinga ukujwayelana ne-tekthi ye-ecode-computer nemfuno yezobuchwepheshe.

Lapho usebenzisa i-electronic e-pall, qaphela izimfuneko zokuhlelwa kwamafayela, ukulinganiselwa kobukhulu, kanye nezikhathi ezimisiwe. Izinkantolo eziningi zibheka incwadi egcinwe lapho ifakwa nge-electronic, ngisho noma ifakwa ngasekupheleni kosuku, kodwa ezinye izinkantolo zinezikhathi ezikhethekile zokungaqondi. Qonda imithetho yenkantolo yakho ukugwema ukulahlekelwa yizikhawu zesikhathi ngenxa yezindaba zobuchwepheshe.

Ukucabangela Okuyimfihlo Nokucatshangelwa Kwabantu

Icala nezincwadi ngokuvamile ziyimibhalo yomphakathi, okusho ukuthi noma ubani angayithola. Nokho, izinhlobo ezithile zokwaziswa zingavikelwa ekwambulweni komphakathi, njengenombolo ye-Social Security, izinombolo zemali, kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nezingane. Izinkantolo eziningi zinemithetho efuna ukubuyiselwa kokwaziswa komuntu siqu okubucayi ezibhalweni ezigciniwe.

Uma icala lakho lihilela ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo kwezebhizinisi, izimfihlo zezohwebo, noma ezinye izinto ezibucayi, ungase ukwazi ukufuna uhlelo oluvikelayo oluvimbela ukutholakala kwezincwadi ezithile zomphakathi noma izenzakalo ezithile.

Imithombo Yokwaziswa Okungeziwe

Ukuqonda inqubo yenkantolo yombuso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekukhankasweni kwezindaba zomphakathi.

  • Amawebhusayithi enkantolo avame ukunikeza amafomu, iziyalezo, imithetho yendawo, nokwaziswa okuzisiza ngokwakho
  • Imitapo yezincwadi yomthetho, engokoqobo neyi - Internet, inikeza abantu ithuba lokuthola imithetho, imithetho yasenkantolo nezincwadi zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho
  • Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza usizo mahhala noma oluphansi ukuze kufaneleke abantu
  • Ngokuvamile ama - bat committee anezinkonzo zommeli nezinhlelo zemfundo
  • Amahhovisi omabhalane wenkantolo angaphendula imibuzo esekelwe ekuchazeni, nakuba engeke anikeze iseluleko esingokomthetho

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuningi ngenqubo yomphakathi, iwebhusayithi yase-U.S. inikeza ingcebo ewusizo yemfundo. American Bar Association futhi inikeza iziteshi zemfundo zomphakathi ezibanzi ngokuphathelene nendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yenkantolo yezwe ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi, kusukela ekuqulweni kwecala lokuqala ngokuthola inqubo, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokukhanga. Isigaba ngasinye sinezinqubo zaso, isikhathi esimisiwe, kanye nokucabangela okufanelekile. Nakuba le nqubo ingase ibonakale inzima, ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kungakusiza ukuba uqondise isimiso ngendlela ephumelelayo futhi wenze izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi ngecala lakho.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukumangalelana, usukhishwe isikhalo, noma usuhilelekile kakade ekumangalelweni, ulwazi ngenqubo yenkantolo lunika amandla. Kukuvumela ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo nommeli wakho, uqonde ukuthi yini okumelwe uyilindele esigabeni ngasinye, futhi uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezinqumweni ezithinta icala lakho.

Khumbula ukuthi nakuba lesi siqondiso sinikeza ukucaciswa okuvamile kwezinqubo zenkantolo, imithetho eqondile nemikhuba ehlukile ngokwezwe ngisho nangezinkantolo ngazinye ngaphakathi kwezwe. Ngaso sonke isikhathi hlola imithetho yenkantolo yendawo yakho futhi ucabangele ukufuna iseluleko kummeli ofanelekayo osebenza egunyeni lakho. Ngokulungiselela kahle, ukunaka, ukuqondisa okufanelekile, ungaqondisa isimiso senkantolo yezwe ngokuphumelelayo futhi usebenzele esinqumweni esihle secala lakho.

Isimiso somthetho sikhona ekuxazululeni izingxabano ngokungakhethi nangomthetho. Ngokuqonda indlela inqubo esebenza ngayo, ungawavikela kangcono amalungelo akho nezithakazelo kulo lonke uhambo lokuphikisana. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi icala lakho lisheshe lihlale, lixazululwe ngelinye icala, noma liqhubekela phambili ukuqulwa kwecala nokucelwa, ukutshelwa nokulungiselelwa kuzokukusiza kuzo zonke izinyathelo.