Amapaki omakhelwane angaphezulu kakhulu kunamaqoqo otshani anezibhedlele ezimbalwa. Ayisisekelo esibalulekile sempilo yomphakathi, ukubambisana komphakathi, nokuzinza kwendawo. Kodwa amapaki esiwajabulelayo awavamile ngengozi. Ukuba khona kwawo, umklamo, nezinga eliphezulu kuklanywe kakhulu ngemithetho yendawo, izindinganiso zokwakha, imithetho yendawo, nezimiso zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lemithetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuba zibe abaxhasi abaphumelelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amapaki azo afeza izidingo zamanje futhi afanelane nezizukulwane ezizayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela ezithile ezikhethekile zokulawula ukuphila kwepaki, kusukela ekukhulelweni nasekulungiseni intuthuko yansuku zonke, futhi kunikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo kubantu abafuna ukubona izakhiwo eziluhlaza.

Indawo Ephakeme Ephakethe Yomakhelwane

Izimiso zendawo zinikeza uhlelo lwezimiso ezingokomthetho nezingokwendawo olunquma ukuthi amapaki abekwaphi, anani, nokuthi aphathwa kanjani.

Imithetho Eshintshashintshayo: Isisekelo Sendawo Yasepaki

Imithetho yokuhlukanisa umphakathi ube yizifunda futhi isho indawo evunyelwe ukuyisebenzisa. Amapaki, ukukhokha indawo kungasiza noma kunqande intuthuko. Omasipala abaningi bahlanganisa “izindawo zokuhlala kanye nokuzilibazisa” noma idinga indawo evulekile emiphakathini emincane ehlalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ogunyaza indawo ungagunyaza ukuba abakhi bezindawo ezithile zokuhlala zinikezelwe amapaki noma ukukhokha intela yokuxhasa indawo eluhlaza kwenye indawo. Ukuqonda amabalazwe nemithetho yokuhlobisa kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi kungani ipaki lazo likhulu noma lilincane nokuthi intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo isongela indawo evulekile.

Ezindaweni eziminyene kakhulu emadolobheni, ukuswelakala komhlaba ngokuvamile kuphoqelela amapaki ukuba abe yizindawo ezincane, eziminyene. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuvaleka kwezindawo zophahla kungavumela izixazululo ze-paki, njengamapaki asephakethe angasetshenziswanga kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, amapaki asemadolobheni angase ahlukanise imisebenzi yokuhlala nezentengiselwano, okuholela ekupaki okukhulu kude nezindlu eziningi. Abahlala endaweni ehlangene banikela izimali ezingcono kakhulu zezokulungisa izindlebe ze-"$rezone, uhlelo olubanzi lokushicisha/indawo yokupaka ye-/ibhucunga i-bhuquzelele futhi luqinisekise ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezizayo zepaki ezisezindaweni ezingaphandle. [[FLT:][FLD][1]

Imithetho Yokwakha Nezindinganiso Zokutholakala

Uma nje indawo ihlelwe ukuba ibe yipaki, ukwakhiwa kwezici ezinjengendawo yokudlala, izindlu zangasese, izindawo zokulala, nezindlela zokuhamba kumelwe zihambisane nezimiso zokwakha zendawo. Lemithetho ihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuphepha (isibonelo, indawo yokudlala engaphandle ehlangene nolwelwelwesi oluphezulu, ukwakhiwa) kanye nemithetho yokuthola imvume yamaMelika enoMthetho (ADA). Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-paki entsha kumelwe ibe nezindlela ezifinyele, iziteshi, kanye nezinto zokuthutha izinto ezihambisana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, izindlu zangasese kumelwe zibe nemingcele ekhululekile, futhi zidinge izindawo ezifanele zitholakale.

Ngaphandle kokuphepha okuyisisekelo, izinhlelo zokwakha zingasungula futhi umklamo omusha. Abanye omasipala baye bathatha “izimiso zokwakha eziluhlaza” zokwakha umphakathi, ezidinga ukukhanya okungasebenzi kahle, amapayipi ahamba ngesivinini esiphansi, noma izinto zokuvuselela. Amalungu omphakathi asekela umklamo angakhuthaza izinto ezifana nezingadi zezinzwa, imishini yokuzivikela yabantu abadala, kanye nendawo yokuhlala eklanywe emhlabeni wonke. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission’s Survice iziqondiso zokuphepha eMemovel inikeza isisekelo semithetho eminingi yendawo ehambisana nokuhlola. Ukwazi lezi zindinganiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi ipaki elihlongolelwayo lihlangabezana yini nezimfuneko zokuphepha nokufinyelela ukukhululeka.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile: Ukuvikela Imithombo Yemvelo

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile esendaweni, ezwe, nasezindaweni eziphethe i-odolo zithonya indlela amapaki asebenzelana ngayo nezimiso zemvelo. Izimiso zokulawula amanzi esiphepho zivame ukudinga ukuba amapaki amasha athathwe futhi asuswe ezindaweni ezinganakwayo njengezindawo zokupaka izimoto nezindlela. Lokhu kungaholela ezimweni ezikhangayo ezinjengezivande zemvula, i-bioswales, ne-wetland ekwazi ukuvikelwa. Imithetho yokuvikela ingavimbela ukukhula ezindaweni ezibucayi, ukulondoloza imvelo nendawo ezungezile yezilwane zasendle. Izimiso zokulondolozwa kwezihlahla zingadinga ukuba izihlahla ezikhona zivikelwe phakathi nokwakhiwa kwezihlahla ezintsha noma izihlahla ezithile ezintsha zitshalwe ngehektare ngalinye lepaki.

Lemithetho idala kokubili amathuba nemingcele. Isikhawu se-wetland singalinganisela indawo esebenziseka emasimini emidlalo kodwa sinikeze indawo ecebile yezinhlelo zemfundo ezisekelwe emvelweni. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo lemithetho zingasekela amasu entuthuko ephansi elawulayo ahlangabezana nezimfuneko zokulawula kuyilapho zithuthukisa ukuma kwe-paki nokusebenza kwayo. I-Environological Protection Agency’s Green Infrature effective imithombo yezehlakalo yezehlakalo [[] zinikeza izifundo zecala zendlela yendlela amapaki anezinqubo zokulungisa amanzi okuzimo eziphethukayo ezihlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo nezindawo zokuzijabulisa umphakathi.

Indlela Imithetho Elawula Ngayo Intuthuko Epaki

Ithonya lokulawula lisuka esigabeni sokuqala sokuhlela, ukwakhiwa, nokuvuselelwa. Ungqimba ngalunye lwesimiso lwenezela isithiyo kodwa lubeka indawo engcono. Ukuqaphela indlela le mithetho esebenza ngayo kusiza abantu ukuba baphumelele ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko.

Usayizi Wepaki Nokusakazwa Kwalo: Izindinganiso Namaqiniso

Omasipala abaningi bathatha izindinganiso zobukhulu bepaki nezomsebenzi ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni kweziqondiso zesizwe. Ifashoni evamile ingamahektare ayishumi epaki izakhamuzi eziyinkulungwane, namapaki omakhelwane abekwe kahle phakathi kwengxenye yendlela ehambayo emile emile yekhaya ngalinye. Lezizindinganiso zivame ukuvela emapulanini abanzi, emapulanini aphezulu epaki, noma emithetho ehlelelwe ukugcinwa. Uma kuqalwa, ukufinyelela lezi zisulu kungaba nzima ezindaweni ezithuthukisiwe lapho izwe libizayo noma selakhiwe khona kakade.

Imithetho egunyaza ukunikezelwa kwepaki lemiphakathi yentuthuko entsha isiza ukutshala izimiso zayo zokupaka ngokutsha. Nokho, uma izindlela zokunikezela zingasho ushintsho lwenani labantu noma ukuvela kwendlela yokuzilibazisa (umz., ngaphandle kwe-leash zindawo zezinja, izingadi zomphakathi), amapaki angase angahlangani ngokugcwele nezidingo zomphakathi. Abahlali bangahlola izinga lepaki labo futhi baziqhathanise nokusebenzisa amathuluzi angempela anjenge I- Trust for the Public Land Parkssre, index, elingana namadolobha ekungeneni komphakathi epaki, ishendeni, umkhiwo wokulondoloza izimali, nemisebenzi. Lokhu kuhlola kokwaziswa kungaqinisa ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso sezindinganiso eziphelelwe isikhathi.

Izimiso Zokuhleleka Nezindinganiso

Izimiso zendawo zinquma futhi ukuthi zingahlanganiswa kanjani emapakini nokuthi ahlelwe kanjani. Izindinganiso zomklamo zingasho izithiyo ezimbalwa ezibangelwa izakhiwo zokuhlala (ukunciphisa umsindo noma ukukhanya), zidinga izitshalo zesikhashana, noma indawo ephezulu kakhulu yezakhiwo ezinjengemithunzi. Imvume ivame ukudingeka ukuze kubekwe izici ezikhethekile ezinjengezithili ezicwebezelayo, amapaki ashibilikayo, noma iziteshi zokudlala ngaphandle, izihloko eziqonde ekuphepheni nakusebenza.

Ukwenezelwa komphakathi kuyagxeka phakathi nenkathi yokuklama, kodwa imithetho ingalinganisela okungenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, i-compatement ingavimbela umsebenzi wezentengiselwano emapaki, ikhiphela amaloli okudla noma ama-kiosk abathengi. Okunye, amanye ama-omasipala aye athatha imithetho evumela izenzakalo zokudweba ze-pop-top noma izifakelwa zesikhashana. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lemithetho zingaveza ezinye izindlela zokwakha − ezifana nemvume yomphakathi engasebenzi ngenzuzo − ehambisana nalapho isanezela i-amensk ethandekayo. Ukuhlela kusengaphambili ngezisebenzi zokuhlela kungasiza ekuboneni izindlela zokulungisa i-papp noma ukufakwa kwesikhashana.

Ukuphatha Nokunakekela Okuqhubekayo

Uma seyakhiwe, amapaki adinga ukunakekelwa okungaguquguquki ukuze ahlale ephephile, ekhanga futhi esebenza.

Imithombo Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Neyokusekela

Ohulumeni bendawo bahlela izimali zokulungisa amapaki ngezimali zokusebenza zaminyaka yonke, amapulani okuthuthukisa izimali, nemifudlana yemali enikezelwe. Abanye omasipala banezindawo zamapaki ezinegunya lokukhokha intela mahhala, kanti abanye bathembele ezinkokhelweni zezimali ezivamile ezincintisana nokuphepha komphakathi, izikole, nemigwaqo. Izimali zokuthuthukisa intuthuko entsha zingabangela inhloko yezindawo ezintsha kodwa akuvamile ukuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezintsha kodwa akugubuzeli intela ekhethekile (isib., indawo yokukhokha intela enikezelwe emapakini) zingamathuluzi avamile okusekela ukuvuselela noma ukwandisa intela.

Ukuqonda umjikelezo wemali yendawo kanye nendlela imali esetshenziswa epaki ebonakala ngayo elayinini kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukusekela izimali ezihlelwayo. Bangaya ezindaweni ezizosetshenziswa ukuze bacele ukuba kuxhaswe ukunakekelwa kwepaki noma ingxenye yentela yokuthuthukisa igcinelwe ukugcinwa kwepaki elikhona. i-National Reficution and Park Association (NRPA) ikhipha imibiko ephawula ukuthi imiphakathi yontanga ifaka kanjani izinhlelo zayo zepaki, inikeza i-pakicrate ye-evice ye-octal.

Ububonisi Nobuphathi Bomphakathi

Amadolobha amaningi amisa amabhodi okulungisa amapaki noma amakhomishane ezokuzijabulisa abukeza isimiso, izinhlelo, nemisebenzi yenhloko- dolobha. Lamabhodi asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho echazwa umthetho wendawo, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise namalungu ezakhamuzi amiswe izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ukujoyina ibhodi elinjalo kunikeza izakhamuzi iphimbo eliqondile ekuchazeni incazelo engokomthetho nakuhlela isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, “amaqembu epaki” angangena ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho nomasipala ukuba aphathe imisebenzi yesiqhelo enjengethilolishi elingcolile, ingadi, ingadi, noma ukulungisa okuncane. Imithetho yendawo inikeza imingcele evimbela imingcele, imvume, nokubika izimfuneko zalezinhlangano zezisebenzi zokuzithandela.

Ezinye izikhulu ziye zamukela izinhlelo zokutholwa kwabantwana basepaki ezivumela amabhizinisi, izikole, noma izinkampani zomphakathi ukuba zixhase izindawo ezithile. Imithetho ecacile mayelana nokusayinwa, izindinganiso zokulungisa, kanye nokuvunyelwa kwezimiso iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki. Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo ekuqaleni iqembu elinjalo kufanele zihlole iziqondiso zokuzithandela zedolobha lakubo nezimiso ezibeke isibopho sokwakha isimiso esiqinile nesivumelanayo.

Ukuba Abaphathi Bendawo Ezungezile Ngokubambisana Nezimiso

Ukunakekelwa kwepaki kumelwe futhi kunamathele ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-pesticide kanye ne-curecide kunganqandwa eduze kwemibhoshongo yamanzi noma ezindaweni ezisetshenziswa izingane. Abanye omasipala badinga amasu ahlangene okulawula izinambuzane anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali. Ukugunda, ukunisela, nokunisela ngenkasa kungalawulwa ngemithetho yokulondoloza amanzi phakathi nezikhathi zesomiso. Ukuthenwa kwemithi kungadinga ukulandela izindinganiso ze-arboricultus ukuze kuvinjelwe izinhlobo zezilwane ezivikelekile.

Lemithetho ivikela impilo yomphakathi nemithombo yemvelo, kodwa ingabekwa futhi njengamathuba emfundo yomphakathi. Amapaki abonisa izitshalo zomdabu, izingadi zemvula, kanye nokulungisa isomiso kuba yizindawo zokuhlalisa izisekelo eziqinile. Izakhamuzi eziqonda imithetho yendawo ezungezile zingasekela imikhuba yokulungisa ehambisana nezindinganiso zomphakathi, njengaleyo yokuphatha i-turf noma izinhlelo zokuthutha impova ngobuhlobo.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwepaki Ngaphansi Kwemithetho Yendawo

Ukwazi indawo elawulayo kuyingxenye yempi. Ukuguqula lolulwazi ngempumelelo kudinga ukuhunyushelwa ekusebenzeni: ukuvumela izinqubo, ukwakha imifelandawonye, nokuhlela isikhathi eside.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Sakho Sendawo: Isinyathelo Sokuqala Esiwusizo

Qala ngokuthola i-inthanethi yedolobha lakho noma yesifundazwe. Funa izahluko ezihlobene namapaki, ukuzilibazisa, indawo yokwakha, nendawo ezungezile. Bheka amagama ayinhloko afana ne- “parkland,”“ ukuvula isikhala,” “ingadi ze-community,” kanye“ nokwakha umhlaba,” no-“mklamo okhona.” Qaphela noma yiziphi izinhlelo ezilinganiselwe, izinqubo zohlelo, kanye nokulungisa kwamuva. Amawebhusayithi amaningi kamasipala nawo akhona axhumana namapulani asemapaki noma izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa inhloko, ezinikeza umongo wendlela yokusebenza.

Abaqaphi bangachaza ukuthi umthetho othile uthinta kanjani isimo sasepaki lakho nokuthi ikhona yini indawo ehlukene. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nalezi zikhulu kungaba usizo olukhulu kakhulu emizamweni yesikhathi esizayo yokuqasha.

Izindawo Zokwakha Ithonya Ebanzi

Izwi elilodwa lihle; amazwi amaningi angcono. Ukuhlela noma ukujoyina inhlangano yomphakathi, iqembu labangane abasondelene nepaki, noma umfelandawo ebanzi epaki. Lezizinhlangano zingahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezihlukene zokuqondisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungu eliqeqeshwa ngokusemthethweni lingase lichaze ukuchaza izimpawu ze-conomist contific, kuyilapho umklami othathe umhlala-phansi ekwazi ukusebenzisa imithetho yokwakha. I-Coalitions zinobukhulu obukhulu bezombangazwe lapho likhuluma nomkhandlu wedolobha noma uhlela imihlangano ye-computer.

Ukubambisana nenzuzo yendawo egxile empilweni yomphakathi, ekuthutheni okusebenzayo, noma ekwahluleleni indawo ezungezile kungandisa ukusekela. Abaningi kulamaqembu banolwazi lokulawula futhi kungenzeka kakade banemininingwane noma ukuhlola okuqinisa izimpikiswano zakho. Imizamo ehlangene ingaveza ukulungisa okuzuzisa imiphakathi eminingi, njengokuvuselela izinqubo zokunikezelwa kwepaki ukuze kudinge indawo eluhlaza kakhulu ezindaweni ezigciniwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinqubweni Zokuhlela

Ohulumeni bendawo balungisa ngezikhathi ezithile amacebo abo abanzi, amapulani aphambili epaki, nezimiso zokulungisa indawo. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezindlebe zomphakathi, amashabhu, nobufakazi. Ukuba khona nobufakazi phakathi nalezi zigaba kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithonye uhlelo olulawulayo ngaphambi kokuba imisele ye-paki enqanda imisebenzi ethile. Faka izimpendulo ezibhaliwe, cela ukukhuluma, futhi ulethe izinsiza ukuveza okufana namabalazwe noma izithombe ukuze ufanekisa amaphuzu akho.

Uma kuhlongozwa intuthuko ethile yepaki, njengokuthi ipaki elisha, inja, noma ukuhlangana kwendlela ye-"dentint" kufanele kubukeze imvume nemvume edingekayo. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yangaphambi kohlelo phakathi komxhasi womsebenzi (kakhuluka) nezisebenzi zasedolobheni. Buza ngezikhathi, intengo yezindleko, nokuthi iziphi izintando zomphakathi ezilinganiswa ngokumelene nezimfuneko zokuzilawula. Le sivumelwano somphakathi singavimbela ukungaqondi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo wokugcina uveza izinto eziza kuqala emingceleni yomthetho wendawo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zendawo ezingabonakali zilawula isihlalo esimi ebhandeni ngalinye lezindawo ezizungezile, noma ngaphezulu. Zinquma ukuthi ipaki likhulu ngokwanele yini ukuze lingene enkundlani kanobhutshuzwayo noma lisebenza njengendawo eluhlaza kuphela. Zimisa ibhakede lokuphepha, ukutholakala, nokuphatha indawo ezungezile. Zilawula futhi zinqume ukuthi ubani ozohlala etafuleni lokwenza izinqumo. Kodwa lemithetho ayimiswanga ngokuzivumelanisa nesigaba sombuso wentando yeningi esinenzuzo evunyelweyo. Ngokufunda i-demodemocrali, ukusebenzelana nontanga, nokuhlela, izakhamuzi zingaguqula ulwazi oluhlelileyo lube ithonya loqobo. Imiphumela ayiyona nje izindawo zokuhlala ezingcono, kodwa enamandla kakhulu, lapho wonke umuntu ekwazi khona ukufinyelela izinzuzo ezinhlahleni.