ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo se-United States, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, singesinye sezici ezishintsha kakhulu zezincwadi ezisunguliwe zesizwe. Nakuba ekuqaleni sahloselwe ukuqinisekisa amalungelo ezigqila ezisanda kukhululwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, izinhlelo zaso ziye zavela ngalé kwaleyonjongo yokuqala. Namuhla, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwezakhamuzi, kusukela esikhathini ezizalwa ngaso zize zifike emsebenzini, esikoleni, enkantolo, nasebhokisini le-ballot. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kubuyiselwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kusho ukuthini ukuqaphela amalungelo abo, ukubekela inseleleka ngokungafanele, futhi zihlanganyele ngokugcwele emphakathini waseMelika. Lesi sihloko sihlola isivikelo esiyisisekelo se-andement, isivikelo sezenfacence, futhi siveza indlela evamile abantu abaphila ngayo.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi: Ubani Oyizakhamuzi?

Ingxenye yokuqala yeSichibiyelo se 14neth ithi: “Bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe e-United States, futhi abangaphansi kwegunya laso, bayizakhamuzi zase-United States naseHulumeni lapho behlala khona.” Lesi sigwebo esilula sagumbuqela i-Scott enedumela elibi sw. Sandford isinqumo sango-18557, esasikholelwa ukuthi akukho muntu wozalo lwase-Afrika ongaba yisizwe sase-U.S. isakhamuzi sakha ubuzibulo (osaziwa futhi ngokuthi []), i-andford [[FLT], i-antementstion iqinisekisa ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu ozalwe eMelika ngokuzenzekelayo ungaba isakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga, noma isikhundla sabazali babo.

Ukuzalwa Kwezakhamuzi Ngokufanelekile Kuyasetshenziswa

Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, i-Citizenshishic Claus iyisizathu sokuba babe izakhamuzi. Isebenza kubantwana abazalwa abafudukayo abangabhaliwe, izakhamuzi ezihlala njalo, izivakashi, nezisebenzi zesikhashana − uma bethola abazali ababona abezezezwe noma izitha ngesikhathi sempi. Lesi simiso sasekelwa enkantolo ewuphawu ka 1898 ePhakeme eUnited States v. Wong Kim Ark, eyaqinisekisa ukuthi umntwana ozalelwe eSan Francisco kubazali baseShayina ayeyizakhamuzi ezisemthethweni zase-U.S.

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, lezindaba uma ufaka isicelo se-passport, ubhalisa ukuba uvote, noma ubonise ukuthi unelungelo lemisebenzi edinga ukuba nesizwe. Futhi kunikeza isimo esisobala esingokomthetho esingenakuqedwa ngokushintsha kombono wezombangazwe. Nakuba kuye kwaba nezimpikiswano ngezikhathi ezithile zokuqeda ubuzibulo, umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo uhlala uqinile. Noma ubani ozalwe e-United States namuhla angaqiniseka ngelungelo lakhe lokuba isakhamuzi kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwesiqinisekiso sakhe sikhishwa.

Ukuzenza Imvelo Nezakhamuzi ZoMbuso

Izakhamuzi zezakhamuzi zihlanganisa futhi izakhamuzi ezingokwemvelo − abantu abathatha inqubo engokomthetho ukuze babe izakhamuzi zase-U.S. Lapho sebeyimvelo, bajabulela amalungelo afanayo nezakhamuzi zendabuko, ngaphandle kokufaneleka kwesikhundla sobumongameli. Isigaba siyaqhubeka sisho ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye siyizakhamuzi zikahulumeni lapho sihlala khona. Lengxenye yesibili isho ukuthi awekho amalungelo ezwe (njengamandla okuletha amacala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni) asekelwe ekutheni wazalelwephi noma uba isakhamuzi.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngomlando kanye nencazelo yamuva ye-Citizenshic Claus, bheka i- Consitution Antivity e-Library of Congress.

Ukuvikelwa Okulinganayo Kwemithetho

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14th iyayala: “Awukho uMbuso... ozophika noma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwawo ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho.” Lenkulumo elula iye yaba isisekelo esingokomthetho sokulwa nobandlululo kuzo zonke izinhlobo. Kudinga ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu ngokufanayo abasendaweni efanayo, futhi ukuthi noma isiphi isilinganiso kumelwe sifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile.

Umsuka Wezinhlanga Nesizwe

I-Umeal Protection Claus yayihloselwe ukuvikela ama-Afrikan America ekuqaleni emithethweni yobandlululo. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, yaba yithuluzi eliyinhloko lokususa ubandlululo. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi izinhlanga zezikole zazingalingani, igumbuqedile imfundiso yezesizwe kodwa ezilinganayo”. V.. Leyo ebusayo yaguqula imfundo nokuphila komphakathi waseMelika. Namuhla, izaphula ukucwa kwezinhlanga ngokuvota, ngokukhetha izindlu, ngokukhetha, nangokuvula umsebenzi.

Ukuhlangana Kwezigebengu Nokuhlanganyela Ubulili

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngobuhlobo bobulili, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza isivikelo esifanayo futhi nesenqabela izinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo olusekelwe kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Imithetho ephatha amadoda nabesifazane ngendlela ehlukile ingaphansi “kokuhlola”"" kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kufeza injongo ebalulekile futhi kuhlobene kakhulu nalowo mgomo. Lendinganiso isetshenziselwa ukuqeda imithetho enikeza ukukhetha okuzenzekelayo kwabesilisa phezu kwabesifazane ezindaweni ezithile, noma leyo ekhipha abesifazane emisebenzini ethile.

Muva nje, i-Unicime Protection Claus yayiyisikhungo se- owell v. Hodges (2015), eyaqaphela umshado olinganayo wesixhumi njengomthetho-sisekelo welungelo. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ukunqabela izivumelwano zomshado zemibhangqwana ehlangene neyobulili kuya enqubeni yenzeka ngokufanele futhi yavikela ngendlela efanayo. Bostock v. County[[FLT:] [FLT] [20], iNkantolo yathi iSihlomo se-LeSivumelo samaLungelo Esihlangeneyo sivimbela ukucwasana ngesisekelo sokuziphatha noma isimo sokuziphatha ngokobulili, isinqumo esithola isivikelo esifanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-LGBTTTT ivikela ukucwabelana kwezindawo, nangaphansi komthetho womphakathi wezembutho, nangaphansi kwezemthetho womphakathi.

Ezinye Izigaba: Ubudala, Ukukhubazeka, Nengcebo

I-Umeal Protection Claus ayikuphathi ngokuzenzakalelayo konke ukungezwani kukahulumeni ngokulinganayo. Kumaqembu acatshangelwayo “amahlelo anezinqumo” (njengesizwe noma inkolo), izinkantolo zisebenzisa indinganiso elula ebizwa ngokuthi“isisekelo sokuhlola.” Imithetho ekhethayo esekelwe ebudalani, ukukhubazeka, noma ingcebo ivame ukusekelwa uma ihlangene ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ubandlululo olunjalo luvunyelwe njalo. Amacala anje Plyler v. Do [[FLT:] [198] [192] (ii-imithetho ephansi kweTexas e-Texas engavimbelanga izingane ezikoleni ezikoleni zomphakathi, ngokusebenzisa isimo esihluzelelwe kahle semfundo ngenxa yokuthi imfundo yayihilelekile futhi izingane zazingalawuli kakhulu. Kubhekise kakhulu, i-Crectalformations of the Trectionmentations of traption:[2]]

Uma umthetho noma umthetho ukuhlukanisa ngenxa yohlanga lwakho, ubulili, inkolo, noma indlela ozibheka ngayo ngokobulili, iSichibiyelo Se - 14 sikunika ilungelo elingokomthetho lokubekela leyo mpatho inselele.

Inqubo Yomthetho Efanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sinezinqubo ezimbili ze-'Uhlelo U-Claus's: esinye esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe (iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, esifakwa ngokumelene nezifundazwe ngenkathi yeshumi nane) kanye nesiqinisekiso esicacile kweyeshumi nane nenye ngokwaso: “Akunamunye uMbuso ongeke anciphe noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Inqubo engokomthetho inamagatsha amabili ayinhloko: i-produralture ne-se-drota.

Inqubo Efanele: Ukulunga Ngezenzo Zikahulumeni

Inqubo efanelekile yokuhlela idinga uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise izindlela ezilungile ngaphambi kokuthatha ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumelwe uqashelwe nganoma isiphi isenzo esimelene nawe nethuba lokuzwakala ngendlela enengqondo. Izibonelo zansuku zonke zihlanganisa:

  • Ngaphambi kokuba ilayisense yakho yokushayela incishiswe ukuze ungakhokheli ukusekela kwengane, kumelwe uthole isaziso nethuba lokuncintisana nemali ekweletwayo.
  • Uma uxoshwa ezindlini zomphakathi, unelungelo lokulalela lapho unganikeza khona.
  • Ezicabeni zobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ilungelo lommeli, ilungelo lokukhuluma nofakazi nelungelo lokuquliswa icala ngokungakhethi phambi komahluleli ongakhethi.

Izivikelo zemvelo zibuye zidlulele nakubantu abangaphumi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukususwa kwezindlebe zokufuduka (ukuthunyelwa) ngokuvamile kunikeza isaziso nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi. Izimfuneko eziqondile zixhomeke ekwakhekeni kwesithakazelo esisesigxotsheni (ukuthi ukuswela kukhulu, lapho inqubo kumelwe ibe lukhuni kakhulu.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko eyisisekelo umqondo wokuthi amanye amalungelo abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi uhulumeni akanakuphazamisa wona ngaphandle kokuba unesizathu esiphoqelelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo ilungile kangakanani. Lamalungelo awabalwanga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa abhekwa njengengxenye ye- “inkululeko” evikelwe ngenqubo efanele.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yawaqaphela amalungelo adingekayo enqubo:

  • [[QULT:0] Umshado (kuhlanganise ukushada ngokwezinhlanga ku-] ukuphuma v. Virginia kanye nomshado ofanayo wobulili ]
  • [[[QUL:0] iproficial nokuvimbela inzalo[ [Griswold v.Connecticut
  • [ ukukhulisa abantwana [ (amalungelo angokwengqondo, Pierce v.umphakathi kadade )
  • Privtacy (kuhlanganise nelungelo lokwenza izinqumo zokwelapha)
  • [[UMTL:0]Travel (ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezimo)

Enye yezindlela zokusebenza eziphikisa kakhulu zenqubo edinga ukukhishwa kwezisu. Roe v. Wade [1973]), iNkantolo yathola ukukhishwa kwesisu kuyingxenye yelungelo lokufihla inqubo eyimfihlo ngaphansi kwenqubo yokukhipha isisu. Lesinqumo sabekwa umthetho [[FLT:]] ku-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], eyayithi iSigqi se-Ganqu yamashumi amane nanthi ayiphakamisi kwesokudla ekukhipheni isisu. Umbuzo manje ushiyekile ezindaweni ezithile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inqubo efanelekile ayifanele i-"FLT] i-diactive project; izikhothamo ziyaqhubeka ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana

Ngaphambi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iBill of Rights yalinganisela kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni, hhayi imibuso. Ngochungechunge lwamacala ekhulwini lama-20 (elibizwa ngokuthi “ukukhethwa”), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa i-Cult Procesme Claus ukuze isebenzise ingxenye enkulu yeSimendo Samalungelo Amalungelo ezwe. Namuhla, ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, inkululeko yenkolo, ukuvikelwa ekufuneni okungacabangeli, futhi ukuqulwa kwejaji okungakho konke kusebenza kuhulumeni nasehulumenini ngenxa yeSiphendulo seshumi nane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ipho lamaphoyisa edolobheni lakho alinakuphula amalungelo akho eSiphakamiso Sokuqala seSiphendulo kunanoma isikhulu sikahulumeni.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo ahlanganisiwe, umsebenzi Oyez [ unikeza ukufingqa icala nezincazelo.

Indlela Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Esikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Nansi izindlela eziqondile okungakuthinta ngazo imisebenzi yakho yansuku zonke.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokushisekela Imisebenzi

Ingxenye 2 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ekuqaleni yanikeza isijeziso sezifundazwe ezazingavumelani nokuvota kwabesilisa (kwanciphisa ukumelelwa kwabo eSihlalweni soMkhandlu). Nakuba leyongxenye imbozwe kakhulu iziHlungo ze-Diateatence ne-199, i-Flimate Protection Clauslee isetshenziselwa ukubekela phansi imithetho ye-Id yokuvota, i-gerrymaning, nemithetho yokuvota kwasekuqaleni. Ngokwesibonelo, [Shelby County v. Raker[FLT:] [2013], iNkanto ethatha ingxenye ye-Votting Rights Act, kodwa i-Combiclotle Claus ihlala ikhona kubantu abathiwe umthetho wokuvota ngamabomuhlanga noma iqembu lezombangazwe. Uma ufulathiwe ekuhlolweni kwesizathu sokukhohliswa kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho we-Genetic.

Imfundo Yomphakathi

Ingane ngayinye eMelika inelungelo lokuya esikoleni somphakathi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhona yini indawo yokufuduka ( Plyler v. Doe). Abafundi futhi banamalungelo afunekayo enqubo lapho bebhekene nokuthunjwa noma ukuxoshwa: kumelwe banikezwe isaziso nethuba lokuchaza uhlangothi lwabo ngaphambi kokuba basuswe izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezimbalwa. I-Ecult Protect Claus inqabela izikole zomphakathi ukuba zingaphenduliswa ngesisekelo sohlanga, izenzo zokweluleka, noma ukufinyelela ezimisweni.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seMithetho yeMithetho yeSiphakamiso se-14 sisebenza kuphela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni (hhayi abaqashi abazimele), abaqashi abaningi bahlanganiswa imithetho emelene nobandlululo ebekwe ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni yokulungisa izigwegwegwe (ukuphothula 5). Ngokwesibonelo, iSihlo se-VII soMthetho Welungelo Lomphakathi ka-1966 sivimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ohlalweni lobuhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, kanye nemvelaphi yobuzwe. Ingxenye ye-Politiki yamaLuganda Act ka-R36 ivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe izivumelwano zobuhlanga, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano zemisebenzi. Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinamalungelo engeziwe: azinakuxoshwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa izingxoxo zenkululeko noma ukusebenzisa inkolo yazo, futhi zinezinhlelo ezifanele uma benenzuzo yempahla emsebenzini (njengesivumelwano noma izivumelwano eziyishumi).

Ukutholakala Kwezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Uma usebenzisa umtapo womphakathi, ipaki, isibhedlela, noma isimiso sokuhamba, i-Uncimel Protection Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi awunakukhishwa ngaphandle ngenxa yegama lakho. Izwe lingase lingazinqabe izinkonzo zezinga-ngakhonzi ngaphandle kokuba kunesici esinamandla (futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi, izinkonzo ezithile (njengezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo noma imfundo yomphakathi) ziqinisekisiwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinjani izimo zokufuduka. Inqubo yokuhamba efanelekile iyasebenza futhi uma uhulumeni ezama ukuthatha izinzuzo ezinjengezitembu zokudla, iMedicaid, noma ukukhokha izimali zokukhubazeka) unelungelo lokulalela ngaphambi kokuba lezo zinqandwe.

Ukuphila Komkhaya Nokuphila Komuntu Siqu

Inqubo efanelekile efanelekile yokushada ihlanganisa ilungelo lokushada nomuntu wohlanga oluhlukile noma ubulili obufanayo. Ilungelo lokuhlala nezingane zakho nokuzikhulisa livikelwe ekuphazanyisweni okungadingekile okungokombuso (ngokwesibonelo, izinkonzo zokuvikela izingane kumelwe zibe nomyalo wenkantolo wokususa umntwana ngaphandle kwemvume yakho, ngaphandle kokuba kube khona isimo esiphuthumayo. Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezifunda lisho ukuthi awunakujeziswa ngokuthuthela kwesinye isifunda ukuze uthole umsebenzi noma ungene esikoleni.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sineminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 150 ubudala, siseyisikhungo sezimpikiswano eziningi zezombangazwe nezingokomthetho.

Ukuhlolwa Kokuba Izakhamuzi Ngokufanelekile Kuyahlolwa

Abanye abezombangazwe baye bacela ukuba baqede ubuzibulo bezingane zabafuduki abangabhaliwe. Baphikisa ngokuthi inkulumo ethi “engaphansi kwegunya lalo” ikhipha labo abasezweni elingekho emthethweni. Izazi ezingokomthetho zivame ukungavumelani, zikhomba esinqumweni soMhume nomlando wesigebengu. Noma imuphi umzamo wokushintsha ubuzibulo ungadinga ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqula.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nesenzo Esiqinisayo

Ku Izifundiso ze-Fair Adgings v. Harvard [202], iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala izinqubo zokuvuma ezingazi lutho zohlanga emfundweni ephakeme, ikhipha umthetho wokuthi yaphula i-List Protection Claus Explane. Lokhu kuye kwashintsha indawo yamayunivesithi nabaqashi abafuna ukwandisa izinhlobonhlobo. Isinqumo asiqedi lonke ukucabangela uhlanga − alwahluleki ama-ademie nezinye izinhlelo zingase zisebenzise yona, kodwa kunikeza uphawu lokusondela okuqinile ezihlelweni zobuhlanga ngisho nalapho zihloselwe ukusiza amaqembu ahluphekayo.

Inqubo Efanele Enkathini Yezinombolo

Njengoba izinhlelo zikahulumeni zinwebeka, izimpikiswano zenqubo efanele ziphakama ezinqumweni ezizenzekelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isifundazwe sifushanisa ilayisense yomshayeli wakho ngephutha lekhomphyutha, unenqubo efanelekile yokulungisa lelophutha. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho enhlalakahleni yabantwana, ukugwetshwa kobugebengu, nokuzuza ukuphikisana okufanelekile mayelana nokuthi abantu bangamelana yini nalezo zinqumo. Izinkantolo zisasebenza ngendlela engokwesiko ekutholeni ulwazi lwemishini.

Amandla Aphoqelelwayo Ohulumeni

Ingxenye 5 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane inikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo awo ngomthetho. Lokhu kuyisisekelo semithetho eminingi ephawulayo, kuhlanganise noMthetho Wesizwe Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1965, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, kanye namaMelika anemithetho yokukhubazeka. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ilinganiselwe amandla eSigabeni 5 emacaleni anjengaye iDolobha lase Boerne v. Flores [1997], ifuna ukuba imithetho ibe “eqinile nelungele ukuphathana."

Isiphetho: Isisekelo Esiphilayo Samalungelo Osuku Lonke

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane asisona isikhawu esingokomlando esiwubhuqu; siyisihlangu esingokomthetho esisetshenziswa izakhamuzi nsuku zonke ukuze zivikele inkululeko yazo eyisisekelo. Kusukela eqinisweni elisobala lokuba isakhamuzi lapho sizalwa kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uyokuphatha ngokungakhethi nangokulinganayo, izimemezelo zawo zithinta umsebenzi, imfundo, umkhaya, ukuvota, nobulungisa.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kwale nqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwagomela. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ubukho bakho, isivikelo sakho, noma amalungelo enqubo aphulwe, ukubuza ummeli noma ukuxhumana nenhlangano yosizo olungokomthetho kungakusiza ukuba uqondise inqubo. UMthetho-sisekelo awuwona nje amagama esikhumba kuphela, kuyisithembiso esiphilayo sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ahloniphe isithunzi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.