ISichibiyelo sesine kuMthetho-sisekelo we-United States singenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela abantu ngabanye nenkululeko. Sivikela wonke umuntu waseMelika ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeliyo kukahulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho awukwazi ukungena ekhaya lakho, emotweni yakho, imishini yakho yezobuchwepheshe, noma umuntu wakho ngaphandle kobulungisa obufanelekile. Kungenxa yokuthi wena nomkhaya wakho, ukuqonda lokhu kudinga ukwazi ukuthi ungakwenqaba nini ukuphenya, ukuthi yini ongayenza uma amaphoyisa efika emnyango wakho, nokuthi angawaqinisa kanjani amalungelo akho phakathi nokumisa izimoto noma okunye. Lesi sihloko sinweba ezimisweni eziyisisekelo, ukucwasana okukhulu, nezinyathelo eziwusizo ungathatha ukuvikela amalungelo omkhaya wakho okuphindiswa kwezentengiselwa-Owe nsuku zonke.

Umbhalo Nemvelaphi Engokomlando YeSichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine sifundeka kanje: “Ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenywa nangokuquleka okungacabangeki, aliyikwephulwa, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuphuma, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu, asekelwe u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe, nabantu noma izinto okumelwe ziphangwe.”

Lolu limi lwasungulwa ngenxa yolwazi lwamakoloni aseMelika ngemvume nezincwadi zosizo zeBrithani − ama-annankte avumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole noma yisiphi isakhiwo noma ibhizinisi nganoma isiphi isizathu. AmaFramers oMthetho-sisekelo ayefuna ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa okunjalo ngokufuna ukuba aphenye ngokunengqondo futhi, ezimweni eziningi, avunyelwe umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi ngokwesisekelo sobufakazi obuqondile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi ukuze yakha “indawo eyimfihlo” umuntu ngamunye ahambe nayo, nakuba imingcele eqondile iqhubeka nokuguquka enkathini yobuchwepheshe.

Imfuneko Eqaphile Nembangela Ephumelelayo

Esisekelweni seSichibiyelo sesine umthetho wokuthi umthetho kumelwe uthole isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ngaphambi kokuba uhlole ikhaya lakho, imoto yakho (ezimweni eziningi), noma izokuxhumana ngogesi. Imvume iwumyalo wenkantolo okumelwe uxhaswe yizimbangela ezingase zivele", nezimo ezingaholela umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubugebengu buyenziwa noma ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ukuze buphenyiswe. Isiqinisekiso kumelwe sichaze futhi ngokuchaza indawo ethile okumelwe iphendwe futhi kuthathwe izinto ezizothathwa.

Imbangela engcono kakhulu kunendinganiso kodwa ephansi kunobufakazi obudingekayo ukuze umuntu athole isiqinisekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sibona intuthu yensangu iphuma emotweni, okunganikeza isizathu esingase sifake imoto. Kodwa isiphakamiso esiyisikhala noma esingadumile sodwa asivamile ukwanele. Imfuneko esemthethweni iphoqelela ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi kumajaji, inikeze i-echekethiwe emathanjeni amaphoyisa.

Yini Ebaluleke Njengokufuna Noma Ukungawutholi Umlomo?

Akuyona yonke imibuthano yamaphoyisa ebangela iSichibiyelo sesine. Lokhu kulungisa kusebenza kuphela uma kukhona “ukuhlola” noma“isikhala” ngomakhalekhukhwini kahulumeni. Ukuhlolwa kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni engenela endaweni noma into lapho umuntu elindele khona“ ukuba wedwa okunengqondo.” Ngokwesibonelo, ulindele ukuba wedwa ekhaya lakho, egumbini labagibeli lemoto yakho (ngaphaya nje), futhi ekuquketheni kocingo lwakho lweselula. Ngokuvamile awukulindele ezindaweni ezibonakala emphakathini, njengejaji lakho elingaphambili emgwaqweni noma iphunga lempova yempova ephuma emotweni.

Ukuthatheka komuntu kwenzeka lapho iphoyisa, ngempi engokomzimba noma ngokubukisa ngegunya, livimbela inkululeko yakho yokuhamba. Ukuthatheka kwempahla kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni ethatha into ethile. Ngisho nokuma kwesikhashana kwezimoto kuwukuphazanyiswa, futhi iSichibiyelo Sesine sidinga ukuba kube nokulinganisela okunengqondo, okusekelwe ekusolweni okunengqondo kokuphucwa izimoto noma isenzo sobugebengu.

Abavelele Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ukuqonda lokhu kukhetha kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kumelela izindlela ezivame kakhulu amaphoyisa angafuna ngazo ngokomthetho noma athathe ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma uvuma ngokuzithandela ukuphenya, iSichibiyelo sesine asiphulwa. Amaphoyisa avame ukubuza, “Uyathanda uma ngibheka?” Uma uthi yebo, bangafuna ngaphandle kwesizathu noma imvume. Nokho, unelungelo lokuthi cha. Ungayenqaba futhi noma nini. Kufanele uvume ngokuzithandela, ungaphoqelelwa ngempoqo noma ngesasasa. Uma isikhulu sithi uzothola imvume noma usongela ukukuvimbela, isiphi imvume singathathwa ngokuzenzakalela. Icebiso: Ngaso sonke isikhathi ungasho ngokucacile ukuthi “Angivumelani ukuphenywa” bese uthula.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni ethile (ngokwesibonelo, simi kuvulandi wangaphambili ngemva kokuba uvule umnyango) futhi sibone umphandle noma ubufakazi obusobala, singasithatha ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokufanayo, uma isikhulu sibuka efasiteleni lemoto futhi sibone isibhamu esihlalweni, esingase sithethelele ukuphenya okungenasiqinisekiso kwendawo lapho sikhona. Imfundiso esobala ayivumeli isikhulu ukuba sinyakazise izinto noma sivule izitsha ezivalekile ukuze sibheke ubufakazi obubonakalayo ngokushesha esikhaleni esingokomthetho.

Ukufuna Ithuba Lokuboshwa Ngokomthetho

Uma isikhulu sibopha ngokomthetho, bangase bafune umuntu oboshiwe nendawo eseduze komphathi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi “i-wingspan”) ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuthethelelwa ukuphepha kwesikhulu futhi kudinga ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu singabopha isiboshiwe futhi sifune ibhantshi elilele esihlalweni esiseduze kwabo. Kodwa lokhu kukhetha akukuvumeli ukuphenywa okuphelele kwendlu noma imoto yonke kuvele kuqedwe kulowo oboshiwe.

Izimo Ezibi

Uma kuvela izimo eziphuthumayo, izikhulu zingangena ekhaya noma zithathe imvume yokufuna. Izimo eziphuthumayo zihlanganisa ukuphishekela ngokuphuthumayo ukusolwa, ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi, noma isidingo sokunikeza usizo oluphuthumayo kothile ngaphakathi.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

Ngenxa yokuthi izimoto zihamba futhi zingaxoshwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi amaphoyisa angasesha imoto ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “ukuhamba ngemoto.” Lokhu kusebenza kuyo yonke imoto, kuhlanganise nebhuthi kanye nezitsha ezivaliweyo ngaphakathi, uma nje kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela ifinyelela kulezozindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sihogela insangu isuka emotweni, singasesha lonke igumbini labagibeli nebhuthi. Nokho, lokhu akuvumeli ukuseshwa kwempahla yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kokuba ikhona imbangela ezimele.

Ukuhlola Imingcele

Emingceleni yomhlaba wonke nasezikhumulweni zezindiza, uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola abantu nempahla ngaphandle kwemvume noma ngisho kwesizathu. Lokhu kungayi ndawo kusekelwe esithakazelweni sikahulumeni sokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe nokuvimbela ukungena ezweni. Ukuhlola umngcele weRoutine kungahlanganisa imithwalo, izimoto, nemishini ye-electronic, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme isanda kuqala ukunikeza imingcele yokuhlola omakhalekhukhwini emngceleni. Emikhayeni ehamba kwamanye amazwe, qonda ukuthi isikhathi sakho sokwengasese sinciphile kakhulu emngceleni.

Ukuhlola Isikole

Ezikoleni, iSichibiyelo sesine siyasebenza kodwa sisebenza ngendinganiso ephansi. Izikhulu zesikole (izisebenzi zesikole zikahulumeni) zingase zifune abafundi uma beno “ukusola okunengqondo” ukuthi umfundi uphule umthetho wesikole noma umthetho. Lokhu kungumngcele ophansi kunesizathu esingalindelekile. Ukufuna kumelwe kube okunengqondo futhi kungagxambukisi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi wesikole angase afune isikhwama somfundi esisekelwe ekhonweni lokuthi umfundi ukagwayi, kodwa ukuseshwa kwemicu emfuculweni ngokuvamile kungadinga ukuthethelelwa okukhulu.

Ukubusa Okunganqamuki Nezinqubo

Kwenzekani uma uhulumeni ephula iSichibiyelo sesine? Ikhambi eliyinhloko umthetho owehliswayo: ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuseshwa noma ukuthunjwa okungekho emthethweni abunakusetshenziswa kuyisisulu ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu. Lomthetho wamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme v. United States [1914] futhi wasetshenziswa ezinkantolo zesifunda Mapp v. Ohio[ [1961]].]

Nokho, kunezinye izinto ezihlukile ezingekho emthethweni, noma uma amaphoyisa ayencike ngokukholeka okuqotho encwadini kamuva engasasebenzi, ubufakazi bungabe bukhona futhi uma ukuhlobana phakathi kokufuna okungekho emthethweni nobufakazi kugcwele, noma uma ubufakazi bungatholakala ngokungenakugwenywa, bungavunyelwa. Ukwazi ngomthetho oweqisayo kungakuqinisa: uma amalungelo akho ephulwa, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obungatholakala bungavinjelwa, ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela ekulahleni amacala. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukuba ummeli ovikela kahle uma uke wabekwa icala.

Indlela Isichibiyelo Sesine Esivikela Ngayo Umkhaya Wakho Ekhaya Nasobala

Ikhaya liyindawo evikeleke kakhulu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awakwazi ukungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe imvume. Lokhu kusho ukuthi unelungelo lokwenqaba ukungena ngisho noma isikhulu singqongqoza. Ungacela ukubona isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuba uvumele ukungena. Uma izikhulu zifuna isimo esiphuthumayo, ungacela ukuba zichaze. Ngomkhaya wakho, lokhu kusho ukuthi ungazizwa ulondekile ukuthi ikhaya lakho alikho ngaphansi kweminyango yamaphoyisa evamile.

Kwamphakathi, amalungelo akho alinganiselwe kakhulu kodwa asekhona. Phakathi nokuma kwezimoto, umshayeli nabagibeli bayabanjwa. Abagibeli abakhululekile ukuhamba, kodwa abakwazi ukuvele bafunyeke. Isikhulu singacela ukusesha imoto, kodwa ungancipha. Uma isikhulu sikhona isizathu, singase siphenye ngaphandle kwemvume yakho. Kodwa uma unqaba futhi uphenye, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obungatholakala bungabelwa inselele kamuva.

Imfihlo yezenzwele iye yaba yindawo enkulu. Ku- California [2014] (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokuhlola ucingo lwamakhalekhukhwini olubanjwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-cell phone anamuhla anenani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu. Ngokufanayo, ku-] i-Charbart v. United States[FLT] [[FLT]] [2017]], iNkantolo kahulumeni wakholelwa ukuthi udinga isiqinisekiso (esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekile) sokuthola imibhalo ye-makhalekhu okuhamba amaphoyisa. Lezi zinqumo zeNkanto zeNkantolo zibonisa ukuthi imvume yesine kumelwe ivumelane nenqubo entsha yobuchwepheshe. Imikhaya yakho isho ukuthi indawo yakho engaphansi kwe-data kanye ne-mfono yocingo evikelwe yizicine.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho ESichibiyelo Sesine

Nazi izinyathelo eningathatha ukuze nivikele amathuba enu ezindaba zomuntu siqu lapho nibhekene nokugcinwa komthetho:

  • Ungazibambi futhi uhloniphe. Ungagijimi, uphikise, noma umelane ngokomzimba, ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi isikhulu sinephutha. Ukwenqaba komzimba kungaholela ekumangaleleni okwengeziwe futhi akukusizi kamuva ukuphikisa ukuseshwa.
  • [ Buza uma ukhululekile ukuhamba. Uma ungaboshiwe futhi isikhulu sithi ukhululekile ukuhamba, ungahamba. Uma uvalelwe, buza ukuthi uboshiwe futhi ngani.
  • ngokuphazima kweso ukwenqaba ukuvuma ukuseshwa. Usho ngokucacile: “Angivumi ukusesha.” Uma isikhulu sisesha, singabavimbeli ngokoqobo. Bhala igama nenombolo yebheji lesikhulu futhi sikhulume nommeli kamuva.
  • Ungathuli. Unelungelo lokuthula ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, kodwa isichibiyeli sesine sikuvikela ekucindezelweni ukuba uzibuse. Ungathi, “Ngikhetha ukuhlala ngithule futhi ngingathanda ukukhuluma nommeli.” Ungaqambi amanga kumthetho ophoqelelwe, kodwa ungafaki ukwaziswa kokuzithandela.
  • Iqophe ukuhlangana. Ezizweni eziningi, unelungelo lokuqopha umsebenzi wamaphoyisa obala uma nje ungaphazamisi. Ukuqopha kungaba ubufakazi obukhulu uma amalungelo akho ephulwa.
  • [ Wazi amalungelo akho uma amaphoyisa efika emnyango wakho. Akumelwe uvule umnyango ngaphandle kokuba amaphoyisa abe nesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni. Uma ethi ayizimo, ungawacela ukuba alinde incwadi uma iphephile. Ungakhuluma ngaphandle kokuyivula.
  • [ fundisa abantwana bakho. chaza ukuthi uma amaphoyisa ebamisa, kufanele babe nesizotha, bacele ukushayela umzali ucingo, futhi bangavumi ukuphenya ngaphandle komzali (ngaphandle kokuba baboshwe).
  • Ummeli uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho ophuliwe. Ummeli angakusiza ukuba ubhale indlela yokucindezela ubufakazi noma uphishekele ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sesine siyisivikelo esinamandla emikhayeni yaseMelika. Kudingeka ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kube nokucabangela futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kusekelwe yimvume esekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka. Nakuba kunezizathu eziningi ezihlukile, ukuvuma, ukubheka okusobala, ukuphenya izimoto, nezinye, oku-_ezi) okungawaqedi amalungelo akho; kumane nje kuchaze imingcele. Ngokuqonda umbhalo olungisayo, umlando, nezicelo zanamuhla, ungahamba ngokuqiniseka ngokuxhumana nomthetho futhi uvikele imfihlo lomkhaya wakho. Ngaso sonke isikhathi khumbula: Unelungelo lokuthula, ungavumi ukuphenya, futhi ube nommeli okhona. Uma utshelwe ukuba uhlale uthule, uhlale uphethe, futhi usebenzise amalungelo akho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ogcwele weSichibiyelo sesine eNational Archives, ACLU’s sazi isiqondiso samalungelo akho, kanye nemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Karpital v. United States kanye [FLT] Riley v. California].