Amasesha nama-ace nama-asting akuwona umqondo owenziwe ngencwadi yomphakathi, ziwukuvikela okusebenzayo, kwansuku zonke okugcina noma yimuphi umuntu noma iqembu lingasebenzisi amandla angalawuliwe e-United States. Kubantu, ukuqonda indlela lezi zinqubo ezisebenza ngayo zibalulekile ekuqapheleni uma izenzo zikahulumeni zingokomthetho, lapho zidlula, nokuthi zingahlanganyela kanjani ngokunenjongo ekubekeni abaholi ukuba balandise. Isimiso somthetho ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela singashekela ekubusweni kwempoqopheleli; umuntu onobunzima obuqinile uvikela inkululeko futhi ulondoloze umthetho. Lesi sihloko sichaza imiqondo eyisisekelo, imisebenzi yangempela yezwe, nezintambo zezakhamuzi zonke, zidweba ezisekelweni ezisekelweni ezingokomlando nasezisenzweni zanamuhla.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni alinganayo: ukumiswa kwemithetho (Conterrent), umphathi (umongameli nezinhlangano), kanye nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene, kodwa ngalinye linamathuluzi okulinganisela amanye. Lokhu kuhlelwa kokuvimbela ukubekwa kwegunya elihlupha imibuso yombuso nombuso wobushiqela. Isimiso sincike ekulweni kwesifiso sokuvelela, njengoba uJames Madison ebhala ku- Federalist No.[5][FLT: "Ukuba izingelosi bezingadingeka. Uma izingelosi bezingabusa abantu, noma ukulawula kwangaphandle kukahulumeni bekungadingekile.""Nhlolile futhi isilinganiso sangaphandle."

Umbono Wamagobolondo Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wangaphambi kokusungulwa kweMelika. Isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uMontesquieu, uMoya woMthetho (1748]), walwela ukuhlukanisa umthetho, umphathi, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko. Abasunguli bahlola umsebenzi wakhe futhi bazama imithetho kahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba basungule uhlelo lwezwe. Ku-Constituples Convention of the Convention of 1787, izihambeli zaphikisana ngobudlova obungamandla igatsha ngalinye elalinawo. Umphumela wawuyisimiso esingaphelele futhi sidinga ukubambisana nokuphikisana kwemisebenzi.

Amasesha nama-schecks namalinganiselo ahlukile ku- ukuhlukanisa amagunya , nakuba lemiqondo emibili isebenza ndawonye. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu anemisebenzi eyisisekelo ehlukile. Amasheke nezilinganiso zinikeza igatsha ngalinye ikhono lokuvimbela noma ukuthonya abanye. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo ngokomthetho ngevoti eyisithathu. INkanto ePhakathi engathi umemezele igatsha elingasenziwa ngokunye ngevoti ewumthetho, kodwa kuphela emongweni wendaba engokoqobo. Lezi zigunya ezihambayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elingasebenza ngokunye ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Izimiso ezintathu eziyinhloko ezisekela lesi simiso:

  • ukufezeka: Igatsha ngalinye kumele liphendule amanye, futhi, ngawo, kubantu.[
  • [[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Imithetho ezimeleyo ingenza amaphuzu amaningi adinga ukuhlehliswa nokwehlisa ijubane.[[FLT:][FLT:][FLT][10]] [FLT:]

    UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uyikhosha okuphelele: kokubili ngemibhalo yawo nangenqubo yokulungisa, edinga izikhulu ezinkulu eKhonsela nasezindaweni. ISigqebhezana samaLungelo siphinde sibeke imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zichaza leyomingcele. Kuzakhamuzi, ziqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo esiphilayo esidinga ukulinganisela njalo okusizayo ukuchaza ukuthi kungani izingxabano ezingokomthetho nezimpi zezombangazwe zivamile, hhayi izimpawu zokuhluleka kwesimiso.

    Indlela Okusetshenziswa Ngayo Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Ekwenzeni

    Igatsha Elisemthethweni: Ukwenza Imithetho Ngamehlo Aqaphile

    UKhongolo lumisa imithetho, kodwa alukwazi ukwenza kanjalo kuphela. UMongameli kumele asayine isitifiketi sokuba ibe umthetho; uma uMongameli uvetoes, uMkhandlu udinga inani eliphindwe kabili emathathu emagumbini omabili. Lolomnyango ophakeme usho ukuba umongameli umane ungenakwethulwa. Kodwa, usongo nje lweveto lungaphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba ubeke umthetho olinganiselwe noma ulwenze ulwehluzeke.

    UKhongolo futhi lulawula uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali. Amandla esikhwama yisehlo esinamandla kumphathi wesikhwama: akukho mali engachithwa ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwemvume eMkhandlwini. Lokhu kuhlola kwakusenkabeni yokuvinjelwa kukahulumeni ka-2013 nokuchithwa kwemali eningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa kobumongameli (izikhulu ze-cabinet, amajaji aphethe, amanxusa) futhi kumelwe kugunyazwe izivumelwano ngevoti eyisithathu. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzwa namavoti kuyizivivinyo zasobala zezikhulu.

    Okunye ukuhlola okubalulekile kwemithetho kungu ukuphathwa kwabaphathi. AmaKomiti aphatha ukuthethwa, ukukhishwa kwecala, ukuphenywa kwezenzo zegatsha eliphethe igatsha, nokuphenya izenzo. Amandla okuphoqelela ubufakazi nezincwadi avumela uMkhandlu ukuba uvule ukungcola, ukukhohlisa, nokuxhaphaza. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ze-Watergate, kwaholela kuMongameli Nixon's. Muva nje, ukuphenya kwemithetho ye-cononication kungene ku-mhla ka-6, 2021,201, kanti i-Trump i-curce ibonise imikhawulo yamandla ombuso.

    Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukukhipha Imithetho Nezigigaba

    UMongameli uphoqelela umthetho kahulumeni, uyala inqubo yezempi, futhi wenza umthetho wakwamanye amazwe. Nokho wonke lawo mazwe ahlolwa. UMongameli usikisela uhlelo lwemali, kodwa uKhongolo uyayamukela. UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa uMongameli uyavuma. UMongameli angayala ukulwa, kodwa kuphela uMkhandlu ongakwazi ukumemezela impi − i-a amandla aye ahlolwa kaningi ngemva kwenkathi engu-9/11. Isinqumo se-War Powerssons sifuna umongameli ukuba azise iSishayamthetho phakathi namahora angu-48 okusebenza nemingcele ngaphandle kwemvume.

    UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Kodwa ukumiswa kwamahluleli ngakunye kumele kuwine isiqinisekiso seSigele. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaba nokuhlukanisa okukhulu: emashumini eminyaka amuva, abanye abanyundeli baye babhekana nokucusumbulwa okukhulu futhi ngisho nokunqotshwa. Ukwenqaba kuka 2016 ukuba namacala eMerrick Garland (umongameli ka-Obama's nominee) kanye nokuqinisekiswa okushesha kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020 kubonisa indlela iSigele esingayilawula ngayo igebedia emashumi eminyaka.

    UMongameli angakhipha iziyalo eziphethe zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa lemiyalo ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo noma incishiswe othatha indawo. Futhi ayinakwenza imithetho emisha noma izimali ezifanele. Izenzo zokuqondisa zibukwa ngokwahlulela, futhi ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha iziyalezo kuye kwawiswa phansi (ngokwesibonelo, umzamo kaMongameli Truman wokuthatha izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea (Intsha Comment le procept & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 1952).

    Umongameli oyisekela nomphathi weKhabhinethi nabo benza i-cheke ye-ace, nakuba bekhonza ngokwenjabulo kaMongameli. ISichibiyelo se-25 sinikeza indlela yokususa uMongameli ongakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi, edinga iningi leKhabhinethi noma i-ophonsi ekhethekile.

    Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Imithetho Ngokuzibusa

    Amajaji angokombuso asebenza ekuhlolweni ukuphila konke ngemva kokumiswa uMongameli kanye nokuqinisekiswa yiSigele. Avikelekile ekucindezeleni okuthandwayo, awavumela ukuba alawule ngokusekelwe emthethweni naseMthethweni ngisho nalapho engathandwa. Ukuhlola kwawo okuyinhloko kungu u-judicial [ amandla okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingagunyazi. Lamandla asungulwa ku Marbury v. Madison [183]] [183]) futhi akhulele esicini sikahulumeni waseMelika.

    Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingachitha izenzo zomthetho-mthetho (umz. zishaya izingxenye ze-Voing Rights Act ngo-2013) noma iziyalezo zezikhulu (umzk., ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba ngo-2017). Igama leNkantolo Ephakeme liyisiphetho emibuzweni engokomthetho, ngaphandle kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo uguqulwe. Kodwa iNkantolo ayikwazi ukuphoqelela imithetho yayo siqu; ithembele egatsheni lesikhulu ukuba iwathule. Ukwenqaba kukaMongameli ukupholi ukuphoqelela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kodwa ukumelana okunjalo akuvamile futhi akusebenzi isikhathi eside.

    Izinkantolo eziphansi nazo ziyahlola. Zikhipha imiyalo ngokumelene nezenzo zikahulumeni ezingekho emthethweni, futhi izinqumo zazo zingadluliswa. Inqubo ye-apellate ngokwayo iyi-sesho: akukho jaji elilodwa elingamisa isimiso sezwe lonke ngaphandle kokubukezwa. Izinkantolo futhi zinamandla okuchaza izahlulelo, ngokuvamile zigcwalisa amagebe emithethweni noma iziqondiso. Lowo mbuso uhlolwa yiKhomishane, engaqeda imithetho yokususa izincazelo zokwahlulela (kwangathi nje uMthetho-sisekelo uyavuma).

    Ukuquliswa kwezigebengu kungomunye umehluko wokuzimela kwecala lokwahlulela. UMongameli nabashushisi bakahulumeni banquma ukuthi ubani okufanele abekwe icala, kodwa abahluleli abakhulu kumelwe bakhiphe icala elingathi sína, futhi banqume icala. Abahluleli bamisa imisho, kodwa iziqondiso eziphoqelelwe zilinganisela imingcele. Amandla okuthethelela, acishe aphelele emacala kahulumeni, futhi ahlale kuMongameli .

    Okwenza Lokhu Kubaluleke Kuzo Zonke Izakhamuzi

    Ukuqonda amasheke nokulinganisa akuyona indlela yemfundo. Kunika izakhamuzi amathuluzi okuhlola izenzo zezombangazwe: Ingabe uMkhandlu wenza umsebenzi wawo wokwengamela? Ingabe uMongameli udlulela ngegunya lomthetho-sisekelo? Ingabe ijaji lizimele? Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuqaphela, abavoti bangathotyelwa ngenkulumo yokuthi umongameli unamandla "angenamkhawulo" noma ukuthi isinqumo senkantolo singu "ummeli" ngaphandle kwesisekelo.

    Amasheke nezilinganiso zixhomeke ekuthatheni isinyathelo somphakathi. Ukuhlola kwemithetho yokuvota kuyisisekelo esikhulu: uma izakhamuzi zingajabuli ngezenzo zombuso, zingavota. Kodwa okhetho lusebenza kuphela lapho abantu bevota, betshelwa, futhi bethola ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa. Ukucindezelelwa, ukulawulwa kwe-gerrymaning, nokudukiswa kwamanga kusongela i-evotor.

    Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuqondile ngokuxhumana nabameleli, zifakazele ekuqulweni kwecala, zihlanganyele ekukhulumeni komphakathi ngezimiso, futhi zisekele izinhlangano ezikhankasela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukuba sitholakale ngokunenzuzo, kodwa sikhululeke ukuthonya abantu abathembisene. Uma izakhamuzi zihlola uhulumeni wazo, ziqeda isigaba.

    Enye inzuzo ewusizo: ukuqaphela izinhlolo-zilinganiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezisendabeni. Uma ijaji livala uhlelo lwezikhulu, okungekhona ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela ngokulandela izinqumo. Uma uKhongolo luhlola isikhulu sendlu emhlophe, okungekhona "ukuzingela"/ukuqondisa. Isimiso sisebenza ngokuxabana, futhi ingxabano ibangela impikiswano. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi akuyona i-projected elula ukuthatha i-magcodery.

    Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvikela amalungelo eqembu elincane. Ijaji, ikakhulukazi, lingavikela amaqembu angathandwayo kuphatho lwabaphathi. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme emshadweni ofanayo wobulili (] Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015) namalungelo omphakathi ([Brown v. ibhodi yezemfundo , 1954]) zazihlola imithetho yezwe eyayisekelekelelene neningi labantu. Ngaphandle kokwahlulela, amalungelo anjalo ayenganqotshwa umuzwa othandwayo.

    Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zamasheke Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

    Ngaphandle kwezibonelo ezivamile, nazi ezinye zezibonelo zanamuhla ezibonisa isimiso esisebenzayo:

    • IVito futhi ingananzi: uMongameli Trump waveza iNational Defense Ilbunernce Act ngo-2020 ngelungiselelo elifuna ukubizwa kweziseko ezibizwa ngegama le-Confederate. UKhongolo luthathe indawo yakhe yeveto/i-angle yokuqala ebekwe kude negama lakhe, sho i-scheme ephezulu.
    • Ukumisa Kwamajenali nokuqinisekisa: Lapho uMongameli u-Obama ethweswa uMerrick Garland eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2016, iSigele esilawulwa yiRepublican senqaba ukugcina ukugunyazwa, ngokuphumelelayo ukuvimbela ukumiswa cishe unyaka wonke. Isihlalo somthetho sikaSahluleli Scalia sahlala singenamuntu kwaze kwaba yilapho uMongameli uTrump's Trump's Gorfow eqinisekiswa ngo-2017. Lokhu kusetshenziswa (noma ukuxhaphaza) kwamandla omembuyiseli-kanye nokuthumela imvume kuphinde kuguqule izinga lesinqumo seNkanto yeNkanto.
    • Ukuhlola Ukuzwa Okungaqondakali: Ngo-2022], iNdlu kaJanuwari 6 yalalela izindlebe ezanikezwa ngethelevishini ezazinikeza ubufakazi bomzamo ohlangene wokugumbuqela ukhetho lomongameli lwama 2020. Igatsha lomphakathi laphoqelela igatsha eliphethe ukuba likhiqize izincwadi nofakazi, kuhlanganise nezinsiza zezindlu zabamhlophe.
    • Jodicial Review of Fizective Orders: Ngo-2017, umyalo kaMongameli uTrump olawulayo ovimbela ukuhamba emazweni amaningana amaSulumane anezingcingo waphekwa ngokushesha. INkantolo yesifunda yeSizwe yoMkhandlu wafaka imvume yokuvimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho, futhi ekugcineni iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumela inguqulo ebukeziwe. Izinkantolo zahlola amandla kaMongameli okulinganisela ukufuduka okusekelwe enkolweni.
    • Ukuhlolwa njengeNhlolo yezombangazwe: uMongameli uTrump waphakanyiswa kabili yindlu (ekugcineni) ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuphazamiseka kombuso (209) kanye ngenxa yokugqugquzelwa kokuvukela (202). ISigele samkhulula ngazo zombili izikhathi, ngoba umnyango wesithathu wokukholisa awuhlangananga. I-Impeatemp iyithuluzi elibukhali, kodwa icindezela ukuba kube nempikiswano yasobala kanye nokulandisa.

    Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela akuqanjiwe. Zidlala ngesikhathi sangempela, ngezinye izikhathi ngezigxobo eziphakeme. Zembula nokuthi lesi simiso sinamandla kuphela kunabantu abasisebenzisayo, kanye nezakhamuzi ezibukele.

    Izinselele Nokucindezeleka Kwesimiso Sezinto

    Alukho uhlelo oluphelele. Amasethi nama-scheal angaholela ekuvulekeni lapho amagatsha elawulwa amaqembu ahlukene. Ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, ukuqiniswa, nokukhubazeka kwemithetho kuyizimpawu. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sesiqinile kakhulu, sivimbela isinyathelo esidingekile ezindabeni ezinjengo ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ushintsho olungokomoya. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi uMongameli, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, uye wanqwabelana kakhulu ngeziphetho ezinganele.

    Ukuthatha indawo eyodwa kungalulaza ukuqondisa: uma iSishaya-mthetho neNdlu yabamhlophe bebomunye umkhakha, uphenyo lungase lungabi nonya kakhulu, futhi amavetose angaqabukela.

    Ukuphakama kwezikhulu nezenzo zezikhulu nakho kuye kwashintsha amandla kumongameli. Abameli bazo zombili baye basebenzisa iziqondiso ezingadibeneyo ukuze bashiye iSishaya-mthetho esivalelwe. Nakuba izinkantolo zingabalulaza ukuphamba, izenzo eziningi zezikhulu ziyasinda ngoba zingaphansi komthetho okhona. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi inhloso engokomthetho yokwenza umthetho ngokuthatha i-conationalism nokuveza izenzakalo akuyona into engokoqobo ngaso sonke isikhathi.

    Okunye ukungezwani ukumiswa komthetho. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa ziye zaqala ukuphikisana, futhi abanye abahluleli bamiswa belindele ukuthi bazovota ngokwemibono eqinisekile. Lokhu kungasongela umbono wokuzimela kokwahlulela. Isimiso sokuqinisekisa ngokwaso siyisehlo, kodwa uma sisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela abameleli abasekelwe embonweni kuphela, singaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi.

    Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isisekelo siye sahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 230. Abasunguli babelindele ingxabano futhi baklama isimiso esizodinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo. Njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis aphawula, "Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yathathwa yi-Convention ka-1787, hhayi ukuthuthukisa impumelelo kodwa ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omthetho ozimele" izakhamuzi ezigcina leyo njongo engqondweni zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukwahlulela ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani.

    Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Ekulinganiseleni

    Amasheke nama-ace nama-ace ayiwona umdlalo oqashelwayo. Kudingeka ukuba izakhamuzi ziqaphele ukuthi zisebenze kahle. Ukubhalisa kuyi-check eqondile kakhulu . [1] Zonke izinyuko zinikeza ithuba lokuthatha indawo yabamisi-mthetho, noma uMongameli, noma abameli abaqinisekisa abahluleli. Kodwa ukuvota kukodwa akwanele. Izakhamuzi futhi kumelwe zigcine abameleli bazo phakathi kokhetho, ukulandela intuthuko engokomthetho nezombangazwe, kanye nokusekela izinhlangano zenza imishini ekhululekile kanye ne-jadiciary − ezizenzela imishini yazo siqu ebusayo.

    Izimiso zezomthetho zivikela inkululeko, kodwa aziziqedi. Zixhomeke ekuthembeni nasekuthembeni umphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi amagatsha asebenzelana kanjani, zingaqaphela lapho isimiso sincishiswa futhi sifunwa. Ukwazi lezizimiso kukhuthaza ukubekezela: uhulumeni uhamba kancane kancane ngokuklanywa, futhi ukuthi ukulibala kuyisici esivelele, hhayi igciwane.

    Ukuze bafunde okwengeziwe ngemisuka yefilosofi nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo, abafundi bangahlola iNational Archives's Online yezincwadi eziyinhloko zemithombo. Ikhonsonsitution [[ inikeza ukuhlaziywa okungacaciwe kwemiyalo yegatsha ngalinye. Izingxoxo zamanje, i-[FLT:]Project project [[[FLT:]]OYEZ] inikeza iziphetho ezifinyekayo zezindaba zeNkanto ezicaciswe yiNkanto yeNkanto echaza izilinganiso nezilinganiselo.

    Ekugcineni, amasheke namaqiniso afana nesimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zonke zinomgoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi akukho gatsha(/) futhi akukho mholi oyedwa — eliba namandla kakhulu. Ngokuqonda nangokuhlanganyela, usekela ukulinganisela okuvikela inkululeko yethu.