Table of Contents

Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza njengesisekelo sobulungisa emphakathini wanamuhla, sinikeza izakhamuzi uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle lokuxazulula izimpikiswano, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokugcina umthetho. Kuzakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo kanye nesivikelo esingokomthetho akuzona ulwazi lwemfundo kuphela olubalulekile olungase luthinte ukuphila kwazo phakathi nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zibhekene neziphakamiso zobugebengu, zifuna ukuzwa inqubo yokwahlulela, izakhamuzi zizuza kakhulu ekuqondeni isimiso senkantolo namalungelo azo ayisisekelo phakathi kwayo.

Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Senkantolo YaseMelika

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso senkantolo ezimbili eziyingqayizivele, lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni nezifunda ngasinye sinemithetho yaso siqu nezimiso zenkantolo. Lesi sakhiwo sibonisa izimiso zobuzwe isizwe esasungulwa kuzo, sidala uhlelo lokwahlulela oluyinkimbinkimbi kodwa olubanzi olukhonza izigidi zamaMelika nsuku zonke.

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinamazinga amathathu ayinhloko: izinkantolo zesifunda (inkantolo yamacala), izinkantolo zesifunda eziyizinga lokuqala lokudlulisa amacala, neNkantolo ePhakeme eUnited States, izinga lokugcina lokudlulisa icala esimisweni sikahulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo sezikhulu siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala angabukezwa ngamazinga amaningi, anikeze izinhlolo nezilinganiso ngaphakathi kwegatsha lokwahlulela ngokwalo.

Esisekelweni sesimiso sikahulumeni kunezinkantolo zesifunda. Izinkantolo zesifunda noma zamacala ezingu-94 zesizwe zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda sase-U.S. izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Lezi zinkantolo zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu kahulumeni, asebenza njengendawo yokungena enkantolo kahulumeni. Isifunda ngasinye sinezinkantolo zesifunda esisodwa, ezinezifunda ezinkulu ezihlukene ezihlukene zibe izigodi eziningi ukuze zisingathe amacala azo ngokushelelana.

Izinga eliphakathi lihlanganisa izinkantolo zezikhalo. Kunezinkantolo ezingu-13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo. Inkantolo edlulisa amacala isebenza kahle yini enkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala noma inxusa lezezomthetho. Lezi zinkantolo zesifunda azibuyiseli amacala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha; kunalokho, zibukeza izinqubo ezingokomthetho nezinqumo ezenziwa yizinkantolo eziphansi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokufanelekile yini enkantolo noma ehhovisi le-gunye.

Kunezifunda zikahulumeni eziyishumi nambili ezihlukanisa izwe zibe izifunda ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, iSifunda sesihlanu sihlanganisa izifunda zaseTexas, Louisiana, naseMississippi. Icala elivela ezinkantolo zesifunda zalezo zindawo lidluliswa eNkantolo yamacala e-United States yeSigodlphe se-Fource Yesihlanu, ekhungweni eliyinhloko eNew Orleans, eLouisiana. Lenhlangano yesifunda ivumela izinkantolo ze-appelta ukuba zithuthukise ulwazi ezindabeni ezingokomthetho olusezikhundleni zazo zezwe kuyilapho kugcinwa ukungaguquguquki kwesimiso somthetho womthetho.

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. sasungula iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sagunyaza uMkhandlu ukuba umise isimiso sezinkantolo eziphansi. INkantolo Ephakeme inegama lokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni nezomthetho - sisekelo, yenza izinqumo zayo zibophe zonke izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni lapho kuhileleke imibuzo kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo senkantolo kahulumeni, uKhongolo lusungule izinkantolo ezikhethekile zokusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Isifunda ngasinye sikahulumeni siphinde sibe nenkantolo ewile ngenxa yalezo zindaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkantolo zinegunya ezweni lonke lezindaba ezinjengentela (United States Taxis Court of Federal Ponties), ziphikisa uhulumeni (United States Court of Federal Epions), kanye nezentest (United States Court of International Trade). Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zivumela amajaji ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olunzulu ezinjwayekile, izifunda zobuchwepheshe zomthetho.

Izimiso Zenkantolo KaHulumeni

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo, nezingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba eziningi kakhulu ezingokomthetho eUnited States. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zizwa cishe u - 98% wokuqulwa kwecala, zizenza zibe inkundla eyinhloko yokwahlulela yamaMelika amaningi.

Cishe wonke umbuso unamacala amathathu, amacala aqulwayo amacala angase ahlolwe izinkantolo zecala, futhi ekugcineni inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Lesisakhiwo esinezingxenye ezintathu sibonakalisa isimiso sikahulumeni, nakuba amagama akhethekile nokuhlelwa kwezinkantolo kuhluka kakhulu kuye ngokwezwe.

Izinkantolo zecala zikahulumeni zilapho kuqalwa khona icala elingokomthetho. Lezinkantolo zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi, kuhlanganise nokumangalelwa kwecala lomthetho, ukumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi, ukuxabana komthetho womkhaya, ukuphambanisa izindaba zomkhaya, nokuphula umthetho wasemgwaqweni. Izizwe eziningi zihlela izinkantolo zazo zokuqulwa kwecala ezilawula imingcele elinganiselwe, ezisingatha izindaba ezincane, nezinkantolo ezisingatha amacala angathi sína kakhulu nalawo ahilela izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali.

Izinkantolo zezikhulu zikahulumeni zihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zamacala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zomthetho zilandelwa kahle futhi umthetho usetshenziswe ngokufanelekile. Izifundazwe eziningi zinenkantolo ephakathi okumelwe zizwe ukudluliswa kwezicelo njengendaba elungile, esho izikhulu eziqinisekisiwe ukuba icala lazo libukelwe okungenani kanye. Inkantolo ephakeme yamazwe inegunya elivamile lokunquma, okusho ukuthi ingakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe ahlolwe, ngokuvamile igxile emacaleni ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinqumo ezisenkantolo ephansi.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Zomphakathi NoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokulalela amacala amaningi aphakamisa izimpikiswano ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo noma kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwezindawo lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhethekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amacala amaningi ahilela imibuzo kahulumeni angazwakala enkantolo yesifundazwe noma kahulumeni, kuye ngezici ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa lokho amaqembu akhetha ukukwenza nezimfuneko ezithile zokulawula.

Izindawo ezihlukene zenza ukuba isikhulu sombuso othile sifake icala enkantolo kahulumeni lapho ummangalelwa esendaweni ehlukile. Ukuletha umthetho kahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke ama-paltiff kumelwe abekwe ezifundeni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi "ekuxabaneni" kumelwe kube ngaphezu kuka-R350 000. Lelungiselelo livumela amaqembu ukuba angene ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngisho nalapho ukuphikisana kwawo kuhilela umthetho wezwe kuphela, kusekelwe emfundisweni yokuthi i-athomo ye-omgavini ingaba engathathi hlangothi kakhulu uma amaqembu ehlukene.

Nokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni ungase ulethe ukuquliswa kwezigebengu enkantolo kahulumeni, kuyilapho amazwe eshaya umthetho kahulumeni wobugebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Angokomthetho Ezakhamuzi

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, ikakhulukazi ngeBhill of Rights nokulungisa okulandelayo, uqinisekisa izakhamuzi iqoqo eliqinile lesivikelo esingokomthetho. Lamalungelo asebenza njengezihlangu zokumelana nobuqili bukahulumeni futhi aqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ongase ahileleke emacaleni angokomthetho, kungaba njengommangalelwa, ummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma umgcini-jaji.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo sesithupha soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza isisekelo samalungelo afanele ecala ezigebengwini. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa abamangalelwa becala abahlukene abayisishiyagalombili, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelisobala yijaji elingakhethi elihlanganisa abahluleli abavela kuhulumeni nasesifundazweni lapho kuthiwa icala libekwe khona. Lezi zikhuselo zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala bathola ukwelashwa ngokufanele kuyo yonke inqubo engokomthetho.

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo lifeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, futhi ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seSihla sesithupha, libalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Kusiza ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungaqiniseki nokucindezeleka komangalelwa futhi kunciphise amathuba okuba ubufakazi bungabi nokwethenjelwa ngesikhathi. Ukulibala kungaholela ekushabalaleni izinkumbulo nobufakazi obulahlekile, obungathinta kakhulu ukulunga kwecala. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo ukuze zinqume ukuthi leli lungelo liye laphulwa, zicabangela izici ezifana nobude bokulibala, izizathu zalo, nokuthi ummangalelwa ugomela ilungelo labo lokuqulwa ngokushesha.

Imfuneko yokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi iqinisekisa ukuba sobala nokulandisa enqubeni yokwahlulela. Nakuba ukuqulwa kwecala kuvame ukuba sobala emphakathini nasemithonjeni yezindaba, ukuqulwa kwecala kungavalwa uma kubekwa uhulumeni uma kukhona "isithakazelo esikhulu esisekelwe ekutholeni ukuthi ukuvalwa kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe izindinganiso eziphakeme futhi kuhloselwe ngokulinganiselwe ukunikeza isithakazelo. Ukuvala okunjalo akuvamile futhi kudinga ukuthethelelwa okunamandla ukuze kunqotshwe umbono ovamile wokuthule.

Ilungelo Lobukhoma Obungakhethi

Isimiso sabahluleli simelela esinye sesivikelo esiyisisekelo kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika, nezimpande ezidlulela emuva emakhulwini eminyaka. Izimpande ezingokomlando zokuqulwa kobulungisa zingalandelelwa emuva ezincwadini ezinjengeMagna Carta, eyaqala isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala ngabahluleli ngo-1215, imisa ukuhlolwa okunenselele mayelana namandla angenazimiso esimisweni sobulungisa. Lesimiso sasendulo sisalokhu sibalulekile eMamerika.

Ngaphansi kwemfuneko yabahluleli abangakhethi, abahluleli kumelwe bangahlulwa, futhi abahluleli kumelwe babe nommeleli onqamule ingxenye yomphakathi. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi isahlulelo sibonakalisa isahlulelo somphakathi uwonke, hhayi ingxenye ekhethiwe yawo. Izinkantolo ziye zaqeda izinqubo zokukhetha abahluleli eziye zakhipha amaqembu aziwayo ngokulandelana kwenkonzo yamajaji, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukanisa okunjalo kululaza ukufaneleka nobulungisa benqubo yokwahlulela.

Ukuqinisekisa ijaji elingakhethi kusho ukuthi isinqumo sisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini obunikezwayo, hhayi emibonweni esungulwe kusengaphambili noma ebandlululo. Phakathi nokukhethwa kwabahluleli, abameli bazo zombili izinhlangothi banethuba lokungabaza abangaba abahluleli abangase babonise ubandlululo noma ukuhluleka ukuba abangakhethi.

Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho

Mhlawumbe alikho ilungelo elibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuqulwa kwecala okungcono kunelungelo lomthetho. ISichibiyelo seSithandathu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States siqinisekisa ilungelo leseluleko somthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ubekwa icala, unelungelo lokumelelwa ummeli kuyo yonke inqubo engokomthetho. Lelilungelo liqala ezingeni lokuqala lobugebengu phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala nokunxusa kokuqala.

Kulabo abangakwazi ukuqasha abameli bomuntu siqu, uhulumeni kumelwe unikeze incazelo. KuGideon uWainwright (1963) futhi kamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi umlweli womphakathi kumelwe anikezwe abamangalelwa bomphakathi abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli kuzo zonke izinkantolo lapho abamangalelwa bebhekene nethuba lokuboshwa. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo saqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko libalulekile ekuqulweni okulungile nokuthi isikhundla sezomnotho akufanele sinqume ukuthi umuntu uthola izimpawu ezingokomthetho ezifanele.

Nokho, iqiniso lezimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela ngokuvamile alifinyeleli emqondweni womthetho-sisekelo. Inkantolo eningi imisa abameli noma abavikeli bomphakathi, abameli abamsebenzi wabo ukumelela abamangalelwa abakhokhisi, basebenza ngokweqile futhi bakhokhelwa kancane. Lenkinga yesimiso ingahlehlisa izinga lokumelela elikhona kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko sangasese, badala ukwahlukana ebulungiseni obusekelwe esimweni sezomnotho.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

ISiphakamiso sika-Claus weSixter Reconsole sinikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli babo enkantolo. I-Renation’s Renace Claus inikeza abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi becala futhi banqamule i-astamine, kuyilapho i-CFrish Proce Clausle Procesme inikeza abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubiza ofakazi babo siqu futhi kwezinye izimo, iphoqelela ofakazi ukuba bafakazele. Le lungelo lifeza izinjongo eziningi: livumela abamangalelwa ukuba bavivinye ukuthembeka kofakazi ngokunqamula isiphambano, liqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi bunikezwa ngaphansi kwesifungo, futhi livumela abahluleli ukuba baqaphele ukulandisa kofakazi lapho befakaza.

Ukuhlola isiphambano sekukade kuqashelwa njengenye yamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu okuthola iqiniso emacaleni angokomthetho. Ngokuvumela abameli abavikelayo ukuba babuze ofakazi abamangalelayo, i-Breastation Claus isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkolelo zisekelwe ebufakazini obunokwethenjelwa kunokuba zisekelwe ekumangaleleni okungaqashelwanga.

Isivikelo Ekuzichayeni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ukuthi akukho muntu "ongaphoqelelwa kunoma yiliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ubufakazi kuye ngokwakhe." Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sikuvikela ekuzichaseni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akudingeki ukuba usho noma yini engasetshenziswa enkantolo. Lesivikelo asisebenzi ekuqulweni kwecala kuphela kodwa nalapho amaphoyisa ephenywa kanye nakweminye imikhankaso yokuphenya.

Isixwayiso esidumile se-Miranda esiqashelwa amaphoyisa ukuba anikeze abasoli bejele isisekelo salesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lapho izikhulu zomthetho zitshela abaqasheli ukuthi banelungelo labo lokuthula kanye nelungelo labo kummeli, bayavuma lezi zivikelo eziyisisekelo zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Noma yini ongayisho ingasetshenziswa kuwe. Ngokuvamile kungcono kakhulu ukuba uthule ucele ummeli. Lesi seluleko sibonisa iqiniso lokuthi ngisho nabantu abangenacala bangasho amazwi abashushisi kamuva.

Amalungelo Enqubo Afanele

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqondile esibalwe kuyi-Bill of Rights, iziHlanziso zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Inqubo ingumthetho oyisisekelo. Iqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle ngesimiso sokwahlulela. Inqubo efanelekile isho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ahloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho afanele kuwe. Lesi simiso esikhulu sihlanganisa kokubili ukubekwa ngokulunga okufanelekile komthetho kuyalandelwa, futhi kuvikelwe amalungelo athile ayisisekelo empazamweni kahulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyini.

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba abamangalelwa bathole isaziso sokumangalelwa kwabo, ithuba lokuzwakala, nesinqumo somenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Uma umangalelwa ngecala, unelungelo lokuqulwa icala ngokulunga. Nawe futhi unelungelo lokulalelwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungabeka icala lakho phambi komahluleli ongathathi hlangothi. Lezimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngokungakhethi futhi abantu banikwe amathuba anengqondo okuzivikela ekumangalelweni.

Ukunquma Izinqubo Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqonda isimo senkantolo namalungelo akho angokomthetho kumane kuyingxenye yezibalo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde futhi ukuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho zisebenza kanjani ekusebenziseni ngokuphumelelayo ukusebenzisa isimiso sobulungisa uma kudingekile.

Isigebengu Siyaqhubeka

Icala lezigebengu lilandela ukuhlolwa kwecala lokuqala kusukela ekuhlolweni kwesinqumo sokugcina. Lenqubo iqala lapho amaphoyisa ehlola izenzo zobugebengu ezicatshangelwayo. Uma amaphoyisa ekholelwa ukuthi anobufakazi obanele, angase aboshe umuntu osolwayo noma afune imvume yokuboshwa kumahluleli noma imantshi.

Ngemva kokuboshwa, abamangalelwa kumelwe balethwe phambi komahluleli ngokushesha ukuze kuvele ukuvela kokuqala. Kulokhu kuqulwa kwecala, umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngalamacala, ubayala ngamalungelo abo, futhi unqume izimo zokukhululwa noma ukuthi ummangalelwa kufanele abekwe ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuze kubekwe amacala angathi sína, imibuso eminingi idinga ukuqulwa kwamacala okusandulela noma ukumangalelwa okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubekele ecaleni.

Icala yile okuqalwa kulo lapho abamangalelwa befaka khona isikhalazo ngokusemthethweni kumacala − ngokuphawulekayo benecala, bengenacala, noma bengenamncintiswano. Icala lobugebengu lixazululwa ngokucela ukunxenxwa kunokuba liqulwe. Umthetho ogunyaza icala, hhayi ubumsulwa, futhi uhlanganisa ukuxoxa phakathi kwabashushisi nabameli ukuze bafinyelele isivumelwano lapho ummangalelwa enxusa ukuba anciphise amacala noma athole ukutusa okulula ukuze agweme ukuqulwa.

Uma amacala eqhubeka equlwa, balandela imithetho engokomthetho yobufakazi nenqubo eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ngokulunga. Ukushushisa kunomthwalo wokubonisa icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukukholelwa kulokhu kuqulwa kwecala nakho kwenqatshelwe ngaphandle kokuba zonke izici zobugebengu zivunywe ngokunengqondo yijaji elifanayo elingakhethi. Lendinganiso ephakeme yobufakazi ibonisa imiphumela engathi sína yokuqiniseka ngecala nesimiso sokuthi kungcono ngabantu abanecala ukuba bakhululeke kunabantu abangenacala ukuba babekwe icala ngokungafanele.

Ukuqhubeka Kwezakhamuzi

Icala lombango lihlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, kungaba abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izikhungo. Ngokungafani nezephulamthetho, izenzakalo zomphakathi azihileli ukuboshwa (ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile zokudelela) futhi zisebenzise umthwalo ophansi wobufakazi cishe "ukuqaphelisisa ubufakazi," okusho cishe kakhulu.

Amacala angaphakathi aqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele, eveza izikhalo zawo nokukhululeka abakufunayo. Ummangalelwa kumelwe abese ebhala impendulo ephendula izikhalo. Amaqembu athatha inqubo yokuthola, inqubo yokunikezana ukwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nalelicala. Ukuhlolwa kungahlanganisa imibuzo ebhaliwe (izikhulumi), izicelo zezincwadi, kanye nezimemezelo lapho ofakazi benikeza khona ubufakazi obufungelwe ngaphandle kwenkantolo.

Icala lomphakathi lixazululwa ngezingxoxo zokuxazulula iziphetho noma izindlela zokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezinjengezokukhipha izinqumo noma ukukhipha izinqumo. Lezi zinqubo zingabiza ngokushesha futhi zingabizi kakhulu kunecala, futhi zinikeza amacala amandla engeziwe ekulawuleni umphumela. Uma amacala eqhubeka, inqubo ifana nokuqulwa kwecala, ngamazwi okuvula, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nezimpikiswano zokuphetha, kulandelwa isinqumo esivela kumajaji noma kumajaji.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Lapho amaqembu ekholelwa ukuthi amaphutha enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala okwathinta umphumela, angase adlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo eziya ezinkantolo zesifunda ziqala ukuzwakala ngeqembu, elihlanganisa abahluleli abathathu benkantolo yesifunda. Amaparishi abhala phansi "amabharifu" enkantolo, ebuza ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo senkantolo kufanele sibe "siqiniseki" noma "sivulwe icala"" ngemva kokuba sekubekwe izikhangiso, inkantolo izohlela ukuthi kufike impikiswano enkantolo ezokweleta kuyo abameli ukuba benze izimpikiswano zabo futhi iphendule imibuzo yabahluleli.

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala aziwahloli amacala noma zicabangele ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, zibukeza umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zithole ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini afuna ukuguqulwa noma ukulungiswa kwesahlulelo. Izikhalo eziningi zigxila emibuzweni yomthetho − noma umahluleli wecala uchazwe kahle futhi asebenzise imithetho engokomthetho, kunemibuzo enikezwayo, ngokuvamile eshiyelwa esinqumweni senkantolo sokuqulwa.

Izifunda-ma 47 nohulumeni uvumela okungenani icala elilodwa lokwahlulela kokugcina ngenzuzo, okusho ukuthi inkantolo ethola isikhalo kumelwe inqume ukudluliswa kwecala ngemva kokuba selifushanisiwe futhi liphikiswane ngokufanelekile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu anethuba elilodwa lokuba icala lawo libukelwe inkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa ukudluliswa kwecala eliphakeme noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kungumthetho oqondisisiwe, okusho ukuthi lezonkantolo zingakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe aqulwe.

Ukufinyelela Ebulungiseni Nasemithonjeni Engokomthetho

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo uqinisekisa amalungelo abalulekile angokomthetho, ukusebenzisa lawo malungelo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthola usizo lomthetho nokwaziswa. Ukuqonda imithombo ekhona kungenza umehluko phakathi kokulawula isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo nokunqotshwa yiso.

Izinhlangano Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza izinkonzo zomthetho zamahhala noma ezisezingeni eliphansi kubantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli abazimele. Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukugxila ezindabeni zomthetho ezithinta abantu abathola imali ephansi, njengengxabano yezindlu, imithetho yomkhaya, izinkinga zabathengi, kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi. Nakuba izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zingenakusiza wonke umuntu ngenxa yemali elinganiselwe, zisebenza njengekhasi elibalulekile lokuphepha kubantu abaningi abasengozini.

Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho zinezimfuneko eziholelayo futhi zifaka phambili amacala ahilela izidingo eziyisisekelo zabantu njengendawo yokuhlala, ukuphepha, iholo, nokuzinza kwemikhaya. Eziningi futhi zinikeza izinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi ukuze zisize abantu baqonde amalungelo abo angokomthetho nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Amahhovisi Okuvikela Umphakathi

Amahhovisi omphakathi avikela umphakathi anikeza abamangalelwa abangemthetho abangakwazi ukuthenga abameli abazimele. La mahhovisi aqasha abameli abanikezelwe ukuvikela amakhasimende angenamthetho, nakuba ngokuvamile ebhekene nemingcele ephawulekayo. Abavikeli bomphakathi basingatha amacala asukela emacaleni amancane kuya emacaleni angathi sína, kuhlanganise namacala okubulawa kwezinye izikhulu.

Izinga lommeleli womphakathi owenzelwe ukuzivikela liyahlukahluka kakhulu ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Amanye amahhovisi avikela umphakathi anezikhundla eziphambili futhi anezimemezelo ezingochwepheshe ezinikeza ummeleli ongcono kakhulu. Abanye balwa nokuthwebula amacala amaningi kakhulu kanye nemithombo elinganiselwe, okwenza kube nzima ukunikeza izinga lokumelela uMthetho-sisekelo elidingekayo.

Izinkonzo Zezomthetho Ze - ProBono

Abameli abaningi abangabodwa banikela ngesikhathi sabo ukuze banikeze labo abaswele izinkonzo zomthetho ezingokomthetho. Izinkampani zamaBar ngokuvamile zihlela izinhlelo ze-probono ezihambisana nabameli bokuzithandela abadinga usizo. Lezinhlelo zigcwalisa amagebe ezinkonzweni ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi kubantu abahola imali ephakeme kakhulu ukuba bafanelekele ukukhokha imali engokomthetho kodwa ephansi kakhulu ukuba bakhokhele imali engokomthetho.

Izikole zomthetho ziphethe nemitholampilo engokomthetho lapho abafundi bezomthetho, abaqondiswa abameli abangomakad’ebona, benikeza izinkonzo ezingokomthetho emalungwini omphakathi. Lemitholampilo ifeza izinjongo ezimbili: inikeza ukuqeqeshwa okuwusizo kubameli besikhathi esizayo kuyilapho inikeza izinkonzo ezingokomthetho ezidingekayo kubantu abangaphansi kwenani eligciniwe.

Imithombo Ezisizayo

Izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza izikhungo zokuzisiza lapho abantu abazimelelayo bekwazi khona ukufinyelela amafomu, iziyalezo, nokwaziswa okuyisisekelo okungokomthetho. Lezi zikhungo ziyaqaphela ukuthi abantu abaningi abanamali futhi badinga usizo lwezinqubo zenkantolo zokuqondisa ngokwabo. Nakuba izisebenzi zesikhungo ezizimele zingenakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho noma zimelele abantu enkantolo, zingachaza izinqubo zenkantolo futhi zisize abantu ukuba baqede amaphepha adingekile.

Amawebhusayithi okwaziswa okungokomthetho anikeza izihloko, iziyalezo, kanye nokwaziswa okuvamile okuphathelene nezinqubo zenkantolo. Amawebhusayithi okwaziswa angokomthetho anikeza izihloko, iziqondiso, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amathuluzi okusiza abantu baqonde izindaba zomthetho nezinye izindlela. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokwaziswa okungokomthetho, okunganikezwa yilezi zindawo, futhi kunikezwa iseluleko esingokomthetho esivumelana nezimo ezithile, okudinga ukuxhumana nommeli ogunyaziwe.

Iziteshi Zokwaziswa Kwenkantolo

Izindawo eziningi zinamadeski okwaziswa noma izikhungo zosizo lapho izisebenzi zingaphendula khona imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nezinqubo zasenkantolo, izindawo zenkantolo, nendlela yokunikeza amarekhodi asenkantolo.

Amahhovisi omabhalane asenkantolo asebenza njengezinto ezibalulekile. OClerk balondoloza amarekhodi enkantolo, bamukele amashekethi, futhi bangachaza izimfuneko zokuhlela nokulinganisela isikhathi. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza nezisebenzi zasehhovisi lomabhalane kungaba balulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile enkantolo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umelelwe ummeli noma ummeli oqhubeka ipropice (ukuziveza).

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Enkantolo

Ngaphandle kwesimiso sezinqubo, ukucatshangelwa okuningana okukhethekile kuthinta indlela isimiso senkantolo esisebenza ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo naso.

I - Jurisdiction Ne - Venue

Juriscion ibhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo lokulalela icala elithile. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibe nakho kokubili ukubusa kwendaba (igunya phezu kohlobo lwecala) kanye nokubusa komuntu siqu (igunya phezu kwamaqembu) ukunquma icala. Ukuqonda igunya lokulawula kubalulekile ngoba ukuvala icala enkantolo engenakho ukuchitha isikhathi nemali.

UVenue ubhekisela endaweni lapho icala kufanele liqulwe khona. Ngisho noma izinkantolo eziningi zinegunya ecaleni, imithetho yezindawo inquma ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo efanelekile. IVenue isekelwe kakhulu endaweni ummangalelwa ahlala kuyo, lapho izenzakalo ezibangela icala zenzeka khona, noma indawo ephikisanayo ikhona.

Izilinganiso Zokulinganiselwa

Imithetho yokulinganiselwa ebekelwe isikhathi sokufaka izinketho ezingokomthetho. Lemingcele yesikhathi iyahluka kuye ngohlobo lwezimo nezindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulimala komuntu siqu kumelwe kugcinwe phakathi neminyaka emibili kuya kwemitha emithathu, kuyilapho izivumelwano zingaba nezikhawu ezithatha isikhathi eside. Izigebengu futhi zinezikhawu ezilinganiselwe, nakuba ubugebengu obungathi sína njengokubulala ngokuvamile bungenamkhawulo wesikhathi.

Ukungawutholi umthetho wokulinganiselwa isikhathi ngokuvamile kusho ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokuphishekela inzuzo kuze kube phakade, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inzuzo yayo.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Akuzona zonke izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho okumelwe zixazululwe ngecala elingokwesiko. Izindlela zokuxabana ezihlukile (ADR) zinikeza izindlela ezihlukene zokuxazulula izingxabano. Ukuqulwa kuhilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza abaxoxi ukuba bafinyelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo kodwa wenza kube lula ukukhulumisana nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu.

Uku-arbitation kungokomthetho kakhulu kunemvume yokukhipha futhi kuphumela esinqumweni esibophayo somphathi. Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa izigaba ezifuna izimpikiswano ezifuna ukuxazululwa ngokudluliswa esikhundleni sokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuthatha i-atribit kungashesha futhi kungabiza kancane kunezindaba zenkantolo, nakuba futhi kulinganisela amalungelo abantu okudlulisa izinqumo ezingalungile.

Izinkantolo zikhuthaza noma zifune ukuba amaqembu azame i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba aqulwe. Izindawo eziningi zinezinhlelo zenkantolo ezidluliselwe ephepheni lapho abahluleli bebhekisa amacala ezokuthethwa kwecala, futhi ezinye zifuna ukudingidwa kwezinye izimpikiswano ezinjengomthetho womkhaya.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izinkantolo eziningi ziye zamisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze zisingathe izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa zigxila ekwelashweni nasekuvuselweni kwabamangalelwa ngezindaba zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa esikhundleni sesijeziso esingokwesiko. Izinkantolo zezempilo zengqondo ngokufanayo zikhuluma ngezidingo zabamangalelwa ngezifo zengqondo, zibahlanganisa ngezinkonzo zokwelapha kuyilapho zibenza balandise ngezenzo zabo.

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile ziyazazi izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezibhekene namasosha angomakad ’ ebona futhi zinikeza izinkonzo ezikhethekile nezinketho zokwelapha. Izinkantolo zobudlova basekhaya zigxila ebuchwephesheni ekusingatheni amacala ahilela ubudlova babangane abaseduze.

Ukuqonda Izisebenzi Zasenkantolo Nendima Yazo

Ukuqonda ukuthi bangobani laba bantu nokuthi benzani kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukusingatha izinkantolo ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli baqondisa izinkantolo, benze izimemezelo ezindabeni zomthetho, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi amacala aqulwa ngokufanele ngokwemithetho. Ezinkantolo zasebhentshi (izinkantolo ngaphandle kwejaji), abahluleli futhi banquma amaqiniso futhi bakhiphe izinqumo. Abahluleli bamaPreferel bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqiniswa iSigele, bakhonza izibopho zokuphila konke ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi uzimele ngokwezokwahlulela. Abahluleli bahulumeni bangamiswa, bakhethwe, noma bakhethwe ngezimiso ezihlukahlukene zenhlanganisela-prigid kuxhomeke kuhulumeni.

Abahluleli banegunya elikhulu lokuphatha izinkantolo zabo, kuhlanganise nokukhipha isinqumo ngezenzo, ukunquma ukuthi iziphi ubufakazi obunganikezwa, ukuyala abahluleli ngomthetho, nokuphoqa izigwebo emacaleni obugebengu. Izinqumo zabo ezindabeni ezingokomthetho zingadluliswa, kodwa lokho abakutholayo okuyiqiniso nesinqumo sabo esiwukwahlulela kuthathwa ngendiva ezinkantolo.

Abamangaleli

Abamangaleli bamelela uhulumeni emacaleni obugebengu. Abagwebi bamelela izikhulu zikahulumeni, ama-Attorney namasekela abo bamangalela uhulumeni. Ezingeni likahulumeni, izigqeqebhezana zesifunda, abameli, noma abashushisi bakahulumeni (amakhasi ahlukahluka ngokomthetho) basingatha izigebengu zikahulumeni. Abagwebi banesinqumo esiphawulekayo ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi iziphakamiso, ukuthi kufanele bafake iziphakamiso, nokuthi imiphi imigwebo okufanele ituswe.

Abamangaleli banesibopho sokuziphatha esingaphezu nje kokuwina amacala, kumelwe bafune ubulungisa, obuhlanganisa ukuveza ubufakazi obuhle kwabamangalelwa nokunqaba ukuquliswa kwamacala lapho bengenabo ubufakazi obanele bokufakazela icala ngokunengqondo.

Izinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Abameli bamabutho bamelela abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu noma amaqembu amacala asemthethweni. Emacaleni obugebengu, abameli bangagcinwa ngasese, bamiswe yinkantolo, noma baqashwe amahhovisi omphakathi okuvikela umphakathi. Indima yabo iwukusekela ngentshiseko amakhasimende abo phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho nezimiso zokuhlenga-mthetho, beqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wobufakazi nokuthi amalungelo omthetho womthetho womangalelwa avikelwa.

Izimpawu eziphumelelayo zokuvikela zihilela ukuhlola amaqiniso, ukucwaninga umthetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo esifanele, ukuxoxa nabashushisi, nokunikeza isivikelo esinamandla kakhulu uma kuqulwa icala lapho kudingekile. Abameli bamabutho kumelwe bagcine imfihlo yamakhasimende nokwethembeka, ngisho nalapho bemelela amakhasimende angathandwa noma bevikela amacala angathi sína.

Abenzi Bezentengiselwano Nezisebenzi ZaseNkantolo

Omabhalane benkantolo nezisebenzi zabo bagcina amarekhodi enkantolo, ama-stem, ama-profile, ukuhlelwa kwecala, nokwenza imisebenzi eminingi yokuphatha ebaluleke kakhulu emikhankasweni yenkantolo. Basebenza njengephuzu eliyinhloko lokuthintana nabameli kanye nabaphathi abazimele abadinga ukubhala amarekhodi noma ukuthola ukwaziswa ngamacala.

Nakuba omabhalane bengenakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho, bangachaza izinqubo nezimfuneko zenkantolo. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nezisebenzi zasehhovisi lonobhala kungayidambisa kakhulu inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala lenkantolo lokuqondisa imikhumbi.

Izinsalela Nokulondeka Kwenkantolo

Abagawuli bagcina ukuhleleka nokulondeka ezinkantolo. Baphelezela izinkantolo, baphatha ubufakazi, futhi baqinisekisa ukulondeka kwamajaji, abameli, nabo bonke abahlanganyeli basenkantolo. Izikhulu zezenkantolo zihlola abantu abangena ezindlini zenkantolo futhi ziphendule ekusongweni. Ukuba khona kwabo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwenkantolo kungavela ngokuphephile nangaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Abalobeli Bezinkantolo Nezilandeli

Izintatheli zenkantolo zenza izinkulumo eziqinile zenkantolo, zinikeza umbhalo ongokomthetho ongasetshenziselwa ukudlulisa izikhalo nezinye izinjongo. Umsebenzi wazo ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni amarekhodi anembile alokho okwenzeka enkantolo.

Izinkantolo zinesibopho sokunikeza abahumushi imingcele yezilimi ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi abantu abangakwazi ukuqonda ukuthethwa kwezindaba noma amalungelo abo. Abahumushi abafanelekayo benkantolo akumelwe badlulisele ngokunembile amagama kuphela kodwa nangephimbo nencazelo yezilimi.

Amacebiso Awusizo Ekubukekeni Kwenkantolo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubonakala njengeqembu, ufakazi, noma ingqapheli, ukuzwa imithetho ehloniphekile yasenkantolo namathemba kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni okuhlangenwe nakho okushelelayo.

Ukulungiselela

Fika ngokushesha ukuze unikeze isikhathi sokuhlola ukulondeka nokuthola indawo elungile enkantolo. Yiza nazo zonke izincwadi ezifanele, kuhlanganise nanoma iziphi izimpawu noma izimemezelo ozitholile. Uma ungomunye walabo abanecala, hlola amaqiniso nanoma yibuphi ubufakazi kusengaphambili. Uma unommeli, hlangana nabo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze uxoxe ngalokho okufanele ukulindele nendlela yokukulungiselela.

Gqoka ngendlela efanele enkantolo. Nakuba imithetho ethile yokugqoka ihlukahluka, ngokuvamile imishado yebhizinisi noma yebhizinisi ifanelekile.

Ukuziphatha Kwasenkantolo

Yima lapho umahluleli engena noma ephuma enkantolo. Khuluma umahluleli njengethi "Udumo lwakho" futhi ukhulume ngenhlonipho kuzo zonke izisebenzi zasenkantolo; cima omakhalekhukhwini nezinye izinsimbi zobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokuba ungene enkantolo. Ungadli, uphuze, noma uhlafune insini enkantolo.

Phendula imibuzo ngokwethembeka nangokuphelele, kodwa ungazimisele ukunikeza ukwaziswa okungaphezu kwalokho okubuzwayo. Uma ungaqondi umbuzo, buza ukuba ucacise. Uma ungazi impendulo yombuzo, sho lokho kunokuba uqagele.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kungacindezela futhi kubangele intukuthelo, kodwa ukuthukuthela kungalilimaza icala lakho futhi kungase kubangele ukweyisa amacala asenkantolo. Uma ufuna ikhefu, cela ummeli wakho ukuba acele umahluleli.

Ukusebenza Nendawo Ohlala Kuyo

Uma unezikhombo ezingokomthetho, gcina ukukhulumisana okukhululekile nokuqotho nommeli wakho. Zinikeze konke ukwaziswa okuhlobene nakho, ngisho noma ucabanga ukuthi kungaba yingozi kuwe. Ilungelo eliphezulu elihambisana ne-athorney livikela ukuxhumana kwakho, futhi ummeli wakho udinga ukwaziswa okuphelele ukuze akumelele ngokuphumelelayo.

Landela iseluleko sommeli wakho mayelana nokuthi yini okufanele uyisho futhi uyenze enkantolo. Baqonda izinqubo zenkantolo necebo ngezindlela abangewona amacala abangavumelani nazo. Uma ungavumelani nokutusa kommeli wakho, xoxa nabo ngezinto ezikukhathazayo, kodwa khumbula ukuthi banolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe nezibopho zokuziphatha eziqondisa iseluleko sabo.

Icala lithatha kancane kakhulu kunalokho abantu abakulindele, uma kuqhubeka futhi kubambezeleka.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ukuqonda izimo zamanje nezinselele ezikhona kunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo namuhla.

Ubuchwepheshe Ezinkantolo

Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi ukuze zithuthukise ukusebenza nokuthola ubulungisa. Izimiso zemishini zivumela abameli namaqembu ukuba bafake amabhukwana kuyi-intanethi kunokuba bawafake ngokoqobo. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza ukwaziswa okungaqulwanga nge-inthanethi kanye namaphepha, zivule amathuba okubonana nokusebenziseka.

Isifo se-COVOID-19d esithathelwa phambili ukuthatha izikhalo ezikude, nezinkantolo eziningi ezisingatha amacala ngengqungquthela yamavidiyo. Nakuba ama-prompeson aphinde aqalwa kakhulu, izinkantolo eziningi ziyaqhubeka zinikeza izindlela ezikude zokukhetha izinhlobo ezithile zezindaba, ikakhulukazi lezo ezingabudingi ubufakazi obuphilayo. Lobu buchwepheshe bungandisa ukutholakala kwabantu ababhekene nezinselele zokuhamba noma zokuhlela, nakuba buphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuqinisekisa inqubo efanele nokugcinwa kwecala.

Ukubhekana Nezinselele Zobulungisa

Naphezu kwesiqinisekiso somthetho-mthetho samalungelo angokomthetho, imingcele ephawulekayo ivimbela abantu abaningi ekungeneni ngokuphumelelayo kwesimiso sobulungisa. Izindleko zokumelelwa komthetho ziseyisithiyo kubantu abaningi abathola imali ephakathi ukuba bafanelekele usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile kodwa abakwazi ukukhokha izindleko zezimali zezimali ezisemthethweni.

Imingcele yezwe ithonya nokuthola ubulungisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni lapho izinkantolo nezinkonzo ezingokomthetho zingaba kude nalapho abantu behlala khona. Imingcele yezilimi ingavimbela izikhulumi ezingaxutshiwe ukuba ziqonde ngokugcwele futhi zihlanganyele emicimbini, ngisho nalapho kunikezwa abahumushi.

Imizamo yokuxazulula lezi zinselele ihlanganisa ukwandisa izinhlelo ze - probono, ukwenza izinqubo zasenkantolo zibe lula, ukunikeza imithombo engcono yokuzisiza, nokuhlola izifekethiso ezisanda kumiswa njengemishini ewumbukiso elinganiselwe lapho abameli besiza khona ngezici ezithile zecala kunokuba basize ngemininingwane ephelele.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Ukuqashelwa kokwehluka ngokwezinhlanga nezomnotho esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu kuye kwakhuthaza imizamo yokuguqula izivumelwano emikhakheni eminingi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ibheyili yokunciphisa ukuboshwa kwabantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela ibheyili, ukugweba inguquko ukuze kuncishiswe imigwebo elinganiselwe ebotshelelwe futhi kunikeze ukwahlulela okwengeziwe, nemizamo yokunciphisa ukuboshwa ngenxa yezenzo zobugebengu ezingenabudlova.

Abashushisi kwezinye izifunda baye bamukela izimiso eziye zanqabela ukuqulwa kwamacala athile aphansi, ukuphambukisa amacala ezinhlelo zokwelapha kunokuba abekwe isonto, nokubukeza izinkolelo zangesikhathi esidlule zezinkolelo ezingalungile noma izigwebo ezeqile. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuqonda okuthuthukisa ukuphepha nobulungisa bomphakathi.

Ukuzimela Nokwahlulela

Ukulondoloza ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi kumelwe kuqhubeke kuyinselele. Abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe ukuze benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni kunokuba benze imibono ethandwayo noma ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abahluleli kumelwe balandise ngokuziphatha okubi noma ukwehluleka ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngendlela efanele.

Izindlela zokwahlulela ezihlukahlukene `Ukwakha, ukukhetha, noma izimiso ze-project'' `ibonisa izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisela ukuzimela nokulandisa. Isimiso ngasinye sinezinzuzo nezingasizi, futhi izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka zifeza ubulungisa kangcono.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Isimiso senkantolo asizihlukanisi nomphakathi obanzi esiwukhonzayo.

Inkonzo YaseJury

Ukukhonza ejajini kuyilungelo nenkonzo yomphakathi.

Izakhamuzi ezicelwa ukuba zithathe lo msebenzi ngokungathi sína, inkonzo kaJury inikeza ithuba lokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezikanye nazo zithola ukuqulwa okungacinene. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwalendima kungasiza abahluleli ukuba bafinyelele inkonzo yabo ngendlela ewufanele.

Ukubuka Nokubona Inkantolo

Icala livulekele umphakathi, livumele izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele indlela ukwahlulela okuphathwa ngayo. Qaphelisisa ukuqulwa kwecala njengengqapheli − kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo nokuthi sisebenza ngokulunga. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi zihlela izinhlelo zokuqapha izinhlelo ukuze zihlole indlela izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo amacala athile nokubona izindawo ezidinga inguquko.

Uma izinkantolo zisebenza phambi komphakathi, amajaji, abameli nabanye abahilelekile bayazi ukuthi izenzo zabo zihlolwa umphakathi, okungakhuthaza ukuba kwenziwe kangcono futhi kunamathele ezinqubweni ezifanele.

Ukuphikelela Nenguquko

Izakhamuzi ezibona izinkinga esimisweni sobulungisa zingasekela izinguquko ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukusekela izinhlangano zenguquko, ukuhlanganyela ekukhulumeni komphakathi ngezinguquko zemithetho ezihlongozwayo, nokuvota kwabazosekela isimiso sobulungisa konke kuthuthukisa ushintsho oluhle.

Izinguquko eziningi eziphawulekayo esimisweni sobulungisa ziye zabangelwa ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwabantu nezinhlangano ezibona ukungabi nabulungisa futhi ezisebenzela ukubhekana nabo.

Imicebo Eyengeziwe Yokufunda Okwengeziwe

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo isimiso senkantolo namalungelo angokomthetho, imithombo eminingi ikhona. I-United States Courts website inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesimiso senkantolo sezwe, kuhlanganise nezinto zokufundisa, izibalo zenkantolo, nezincazelo zezinqubo zenkantolo. Amawebhusayithi enkantolo anikeza ukwaziswa okufanayo ngezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nemithombo yezenzuzo kanye nezindlela zenkantolo.

I-American Bar Association inikeza imithombo yemfundo yomphakathi ngezihloko ezihlukene zomthetho futhi ingasiza ekuxhumanini abantu nezinkonzo zommeli. Ama-atbar endawo ngokuvamile anikeza imithombo efanayo engokomthetho nasezingeni lendawo, kuhlanganise nemitholampilo yamahhala nezinhlelo zemfundo.

Imitapo yezincwadi yomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlangene nezikole zomthetho noma isetshenziswa njengezinhlangano zomphakathi, inikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi ezingokomthetho futhi ngokuvamile inabaphathi bezincwadi abangasiza abantu ukuba bathole ukwaziswa okubalulekile.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zagxila emalungelo omphakathi, ekushintshweni kobulungisa, nasekutholeni ukwahlulela ngokulunga zinikeza izinto zokufundisa namathuba okuthola imvume yokubusa.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo semfundo engokomthetho engokomthetho, izikole eziningi zomthetho namakholiji omphakathi zinikeza izifundo zomthetho nezimiso zomthetho eziklanyelwe abangewona amamthetho. Lezizifundo zinganikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwezimiso zomthetho nezinqubo ngaphandle kokufuna ukubopheka ezingeni eligcwele lomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda isimiso senkantolo namalungelo angokomthetho kubalulekile kulezo zakhamuzi zonke. Nakuba isimiso somthetho singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sesabisa, sikhona ukukhonza umphakathi ngokuxazulula izimpikiswano, ngokuvikela amalungelo, nangokugcina umthetho. Izimiso zenkantolo ezimbaxa-mbili zenkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zinikeza izivumelwano eziningi zokusingatha izindaba zomthetho, kuyilapho isivikelo somthetho sinikeza isiqinisekiso sokuphatha bonke abeza phambi kwezinkantolo ngokulunga.

Izakhamuzi zinelungelo eliyisisekelo − kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile, ukumelelwa komthetho, inqubo yokukhetha, nefaneleyo, zenza isisekelo sobulungisa baseMelika. Lamalungelo awazona nje izimiso ezingabonakali kodwa ayizivikeli eziwusizo ezithinta abantu bangempela ababhekene nezinselele zangempela ezingokomthetho. Ukwazi lamalungelo nendlela yokuwasebenzisa kungawenza umehluko phakathi kobulungisa obufezweyo nobulungisa obunqanyuliwe.

Isimiso senkantolo sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo, kusukela ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela ubulungisa ngokulinganayo ukujwayela ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe ekubhekaneni nokungalingani kwezimiso. Ukuhlangabezana nalezi zinselele akudingi nje umsebenzi wamajaji, abameli, nezisebenzi zenkantolo kuphela kodwa futhi nokuthembisa kwezakhamuzi eziqonda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo futhi ezizimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi sisebenza ngayo wonke umuntu ngokulunga.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isebenza ejajini, ivela njengeqembu noma ufakazi, noma imane ifuna ukuqonda indlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo emphakathini wethu, izakhamuzi ziyazuza ekuqondeni isimo sesimiso senkantolo, izinqubo, nezimiso. Lolwazi lunika abantu amandla okuqondisa izimo ezingokomthetho ngokuphumelelayo, ukusekela intuthuko lapho kudingeka, nokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo kulenhlangano yentando yeningi edingekile.

Imithombo ekhona yokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde futhi zikwazi ukufinyelela isimiso sobulungisa iyaqhubeka yanda, kusukela ezinhlanganweni zosizo ezingokomthetho kuya ezikhungweni ezizisizayo kuya emithombo yokwaziswa kuyi-intanethi. Nakuba le mithombo ingeke ithathe indawo yezeluleko ezingochwepheshe zezomthetho uma kudingeka, ingasiza abantu baqonde ukukhetha kwabo futhi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokuthi bangaqhubeka kanjani nezindaba ezingokomthetho.

Ekugcineni, inkantolo yeyabantu eyisebenzisayo. Isazi sezakhamuzi esiqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, amalungelo anawo, nendlela yokunikeza ubulungisa uma kudingeka ukuze kugcinwe isimiso somthetho esilungile nesiphumelelayo. Ngokufunda ngesimiso senkantolo namalungelo angokomthetho, izakhamuzi zihlomisela ukuvikela izithakazelo zazo siqu nokunikela esimisweni sobulungisa esisiza wonke umuntu ngokulunga nangempumelelo.