Ilungelo lenqubo efanele yitshe lesisekelo lesimiso somthetho waseMelika, siqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele esimisweni sokwahlulela esivamile. Kuthathwe ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zoMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, lelilungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abancishiwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenazo izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezifanelekile. Kubafundisi nabafundi, inqubo efanele ibalulekile ngoba yakha isivikelo esingokomthetho ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho ezithathelwa indinganisweni, izinqumo zemisebenzi, nokusebenzelana kwansuku zonke nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucacishwa okubanzi kwenqubo efanelekile, izakhiwo zaso ezimbili eziyinhloko nezokusebenza okusemthethweni.

Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo elindelekile ingumqondo ongokomthetho odinga umbuso wokuhlonipha wonke amalungelo angokomthetho akweletwa umuntu. Isebenza njengesivikelo ekuncishweni kokuphila okungenasizathu, inkululeko, noma impahla nguhulumeni. Umqondo unezimpande zasendulo kodwa ugunyazwe ngokomthetho eMagna Carta (1215) futhi kamuva wasetshenziswa kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Namuhla, inqubo efanele ihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuhlukanisa i-procedtural ne-sensitude. Isigaba ngasinye sixoxa ngezici ezihlukene zobulungisa nezimiso ezihlukene zamalungelo.

Inkulumo ethi “inqubo esele yomthetho” ivela kukho kokubili iSichibiyelo sesihlanu (esithonyelwa uhulumeni) neSichibiyelo seshumi nane (sigunyaza ohulumeni bombuso). INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lezizigaba ukuba kufuneke noma yisiphi isenzo sikahulumeni esithinta amalungelo omuntu ayisisekelo siqhutshwe ngokungakhethi, ngokukhanyayo, nangokuhlonipheka ngenhlonipho ngesithunzi somuntu ngamunye. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, izindikimba zikahulumeni zingathatha isinyathelo ngokuzenzakalelayo, ziphuce izakhamuzi amalungelo azo ngaphandle kokuqaphela noma ukuqulwa.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile yokuhlela igxila ezindleleni nasezinqubweni ezisetshenziswa ezingokomthetho noma eziqondisweni zokuphatha. Iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bathola isaziso esifanelekile nethuba elibalulekile lokulalelwa ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo esingawaphazamisa kabi amalungelo abo. Loluhlobo lwenqubo efanelekile luvame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kobugebengu, ekuqulweni kwecala lokuphatha, nasezenzweni zokujezisa ezikoleni noma emsebenzini.

Izakhi eziyinhloko zenqubo yokuhlelwa kweprocedro zihlanganisa:

  • Izihloko zezenzakalo: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe baziswe ngamacala noma izenzo ezithathwayo ngendlela efike ngesikhathi.
  • [ I-Opportudit ezwakalayo: Ukuqulwa okulungile kumelwe kunikezelwe, kuvumele umuntu ukuba anikeze uhlangothi lwabo lwendaba.
  • Umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi: Umuntu noma umzimba onquma umphumela kumelwe ungathathi hlangothi futhi ungakhethi.
  • [[UMTL:0] ufanele ukumelelwa ngokomthetho: Ezimweni eziningi, abantu banelungelo lokumelelwa ummeli.
  • Isokudla ukunikeza ubufakazi nofakazi be-atramine: Umuntu angaletha ubufakazi obusekela icala lakhe futhi aphikise ubufakazi obuphikisayo.
  • [ Isinqumo esiqinile ngokucabanga: Isinqumo sokugcina kufanele sibhalwe phansi futhi sichaze isisekelo saso.

Izinga lenqubo yokulungisa inqubo edingekayo liyahlukahluka kuye ngomongo. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi obhekene nokukhishwa kwemithetho okufushane kungase kungadinge izinga elifanayo lenqubo njengothisha obhekene nokunqanyulwa. INkantolo Ephakeme ijongene nokunqamuka . AmaMathews v. IEldridge (19976) yasungula ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela ukuze kuthole ukuthi iyiphi inqubo efanele: izinkantolo zilinganisa isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa kwephutha ngaphansi kwezimiso ezikhona, kanye nenzalo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuthweswa kwemithetho engeziwe.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo, ngokuphambene, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani izinqubo. Ilinganisela lokho uhulumeni angakwenza, hhayi nje ukuthi ukwenza kanjani. Lomqondo wasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 20 futhi uye wasetshenziswa ukuze uvikele amalungelo ahlobene nezindaba zomuntu siqu, umshado, umkhaya, nokuzimela komzimba.

Inqubo efanelekile edinga ukuba imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni zibe nokulinganisela, zingazinqumeli, futhi zifeze injongo kahulumeni esemthethweni. Uma umthetho uphula ilungelo eliyisisekelo, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo nokuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “ukuhlola ngokuhluzekile.” Amalungelo angewona ayisisekelo, indinganiso ephansi yesisekelo esiyisisekelo” ayasebenza.

Izibonelo zamalungelo avikelwe ngaphansi kwenqubo efanele zihlanganisa:

  • [ Amathuba okufihla ukuthi ungene: Kuhlanganisa nezinqumo mayelana nokuvimbela inzalo, ukukhipha isisu, kanye nobuhlobo obuseduze.
  • [ Ukushada: Ukukhetha ukuthi ubani ongashada naye kuyinkululeko eyisisekelo.
  • [ Akwesokudla sokukhulisa abantwana:[ Abazali banelungelo lokwenza izinqumo mayelana nokukhuliswa kwezingane zabo nemfundo.
  • Amalungelo okwenqaba ukwelashwa: Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokwenza izinqumo zabo zokunakekela impilo (nemingcele ethile).
  • ngakwesokudla ukuhamba phakathi kwezwe: Ukuhamba kwe-Interstate kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo.

Inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko edinga ukugcinwa isenye yezindawo eziphikiswa kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo ziye zaphumelela ngokwenza amalungelo angabekwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni. Abasekeli bagomela ukuthi kubalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekushintsheni kwezindawo zikahulumeni.

Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Efaneleyo Emfundweni

Izimiso zemfundo ziwukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi emincane yomphakathi lapho amalungelo afanele efeza indima ebalulekile. Izikole ziyizinhlangano zikahulumeni (izikole zomphakathi) noma izinhlangano ezilawulwa kakhulu, futhi izenzo zazo zingakuthonya ngokuphawulekayo ukuphila kwabafundi nothisha. Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuyala zilungile, ukuthi izinqumo zemisebenzi ziyalunga, nokuthi bonke abantu banethuba lokuzivikela ekumangalelweni. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, izikole zingaxosha abafundi, othisha bomlilo, noma ziphoqe ezinye izijeziso ezinzima ezisekelwe ebufakazini obungenasisekelo noma ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinobandlululo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi abafundi “abawaqedi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo esangweni lesikole” ( Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1969). Nokho, izinga lenqubo efunekayo engokwemfundo ngokuvamile alikho ngokomthetho kunasezinkantolo zomthetho, lilinganisela isidingo sesikole sokugcina ukuhleleka nokuphepha kwelungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokulunga.

Intuthuko Efanele Ekuyaleni Kwabafundi

Lapho abafundi bebhekene nezenzo zokuyala ezinjengokuxoshwa, ukuxoshwa, noma ezinye izijeziso ezibalulekile, izikole kumelwe zinamathele ezindinganisweni ezifanele. Icala lesibonakaliso sezenzakalo Gos v. Lopez (1975) livumile ukuthi abafundi besikole somphakathi banelungelo elingokomthetho lemfundo yomphakathi futhi ngakho abanakuphucwa lokho kugunyazwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. INkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi ukusula izinyawo kuze kube yizinsuku eziyishumi, abafundi kumelwe bamukele:

  • [ral noma isaziso esibhaliwe samacala: Umfundi kumelwe azi ukuthi bamangalelwa ngani.
  • Incazelo yobufakazi: Uma umfundi ephika ukumangalela, isikole kumelwe sinikeze ukufingqa kobufakazi obumelene nabo.
  • [ Ithuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo: Lokhu kuzwa ngokwethukela kufanele kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba i-express iqale ukusebenza, ngaphandle kwezimo eziphuthumayo lapho umfundi eyingozi khona.
  • Ukwaziswa ngesinqumo nezizathu: Umfundi kufanele atshelwe ngomphumela nesisekelo sesinqumo.

Kuzo ukuxoshwa isikhathi eside, kungadingeka izinqubo ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokweluleka, ilungelo lokubiza ofakazi, nelungelo lokuzwa kahle. Izifunda eziningi ziye zasungula imithetho yokuyala enemininingwane ehlela lezi zinqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubonakala.

Izikole futhi kumelwe ziqaphele ukugwema inqubo yokuyala ngokwezentando yeningi. I-Office for Civil Rights (OCR) ihlola izikhalo zokuthi abafundi bayala ngokhahlo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, noma ekukhubazekeni. Inqubo yokufakwa kwamaqembu nalezimiso zokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, ifuna izikole zibonise ukuthi izinqumo zokuyala zisekelwe ezisekelwe ezizathwini ezingokomthetho, ezingekhonazo izigebengu.

Inqubo Efanele Othisha

Othisha nezinye izisebenzi zasesikoleni banamalungelo afanele enqubo, ikakhulukazi uma bebhekene nokuqedwa, okungabuye kuqalwe, noma ezinye izenzo zemisebenzi ezingezinhle. Othisha abakhokhelwe ngokuvamile banezivikelo eziqinile, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokulalela umthetho ngaphambi kokuxoshwa. Ngisho nothisha abangakhokhelwanga abangase babe namalungelo athile afanele uma bengabonisa ukulindela okungokomthetho umsebenzi oqhubekayo (isithakazelo esiqhubekayo”).

Icala eliphambili leNkantolo Ephakeme kulendaba iPicering v. Board of Education (1968), ekholelwa ukuthi othisha banelungelo lokukhuluma ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokukhuluma ezindabeni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuphindisela. Nokho, iNkantolo yaqaphela futhi ukuthi isifunda sesikole sinesithakazelo sokugcina impumelelo nokuzwana. Ukulinganisela lezizithakazelo, izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe. Uma uthisha enikezwa imvume yokukhuluma, banelungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi siyalo asiyona inqubo yokuziphindiselela.

Isihluthulelo senqubo edingekayo kubafundisi zihlanganisa:

  • Nothi lombono wamacala kanye nesenzo esihlongozwayo: Uthisha kumelwe athole isaziso esibhaliwe sezizathu zokunqandwa noma ukukhuzwa.
  • Uthisha unelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, abize ofakazi, kanye nezikhulu zesikole esiphambanayo.
  • Ilungelo lokumelela ngokomthetho: Izivumelwano nemithetho yombuso iqinisekisa ilungelo kummeli.
  • Ifaka ubufakazi: Uthisha kumelwe avunyelwe ukubukeza ubufakazi isikole esifuna ukubusebenzisa.
  • Amalungelo okudlulisa: Uma isinqumo sokuqala singesihle, uthisha angadlulisa isikhalo egunyeni eliphezulu noma enkantolo.
  • [ Ukuvikela ezinqumweni ezizenzekelayo noma eziguquguqukayo: Isinqumo kumele sisekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile futhi singasekelwe ekungabini nomqondo noma ubandlululo.

Ngaphezu kokuqeda, inqubo efanele iyasebenza nakwezinye izenzo eziphawulekayo zomsebenzi ezinjengokwehliswa kwesakhiwo, ukukhishwa kwemigede ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, noma ukuchithwa kwemithetho yokufundisa. Amabhodi esikole kumelwe alandele imithetho kahulumeni nezimiso zendawo ezibonisa lezi zinqubo. Ukwehluleka ukunikeza inqubo efanele kungaphumela ekubuyiselweni uthisha ngokukhokhelwa intela nengozi.

Uphawu Lwenkantolo Ephakeme Luyenza Inqubo Efaneleke Emfundweni

Amacala amaningana abalulekile eNkantolo Ephakeme aye achaza inqubo efanele yemfundo. Lezi zinqumo ziye zacacisa amalungelo abafundi nothisha futhi zamisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo okumelwe izikole zilandele.

Gos v. Lopez [19975] — Umfundi u-Suspension

Njengoba kushiwo, Gos v. Lopez yicala lesisekelo lenqubo efanele yabafundi. Abafundi abayisishiyagalolunye eColumbus, eOhio, balengiswa izinsuku eziyishumi ngenxa yokuziphatha okuphazamisayo ngaphandle kokuthethwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi isikole siphule amalungelo aso enqubo yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. INkanto yakholelwa ukuthi imfundo iyinzalo yempahla evikelwe ngenqubo efanele, futhi ngisho naleyo mifushane idinga isaziso nokuzwa okuthile. Lelicala lamisa “indlela yokulalela ejwayelekile esetshenziswa izikole namuhla.

[[INTLA:0] Inraham v. Wright (1977]) — Isijeziso se-Corporal

I-Inram v. Wright , iNkantolo yakhuluma ukuthi isijeziso sekhorporal ezikoleni zomphakathi siphula umthetho weSichibiyelo seNguquko se-8 sonya nesobuqamama. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo seMiyalo seNkantolo seNyakatho Yesishiyagalombili asisebenzi esiyalweni sesikole, kodwa yaphawula ukuthi umthetho ovamile nomthetho wezwe unikeza isivikelo. INkantolo yasikisela nokuthi emacaleni esijeziso esidlulele, abafundi babengaba nenqubo efanelekile efanelekile. Nakuba leli cala lamacala lingamisanga amalungelo afanele afanele onke isijeziso, yaqokomisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa amandla emvelo kumelwe kube nokungabi nengqondo.

Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls (2002]) (Ukuhlola Izidakamizwa)

Lelicala laliphathelene nokuhlola komthetho-mthetho okungenaso iso lecala lokuhlola izidakamizwa okungasoleki kwabafundi abahlanganyela emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole. INkantolo yasekela lenkambiso, ithola ukuthi isithakazelo sesikole sokunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa sasidlula amathemba abafundi okungamelwe abebodwa. Lelicala alihilelanga ngokuqondile inqubo efanelekile, kodwa lathinta inqubo efanelekile edingayo, kodwa lathinta ilungelo lokuzifihla. INkantolo yafaka ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo futhi yaphetha ngokuthi isimiso sokuhlola sasinengqondo futhi sasingagodli ngandlela - thile, kanjalo sanelisa inqubo efanele.

Picking v. ibhodi yemfundo[ (1968) — Ilungelo lokufundisa

Saxoxa ngalelicala ngaphambili. Ukulinganisela kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kwaqinisekisa ukuthi othisha abalahlekelwa amalungelo abo okulungisa kokuqala lapho bengena ekilasini. Nokho, iNkantolo yaqaphela futhi ukuthi ibhodi yesikole inesithakazelo ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nempumelelo. Ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela [ku- Picking[ ihlala iyindinganiso yokuhlola izindaba zothisha ezikhulumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo efunekayo ezinqumweni zomsebenzi iqinisekisa ukuthi othisha abajeziswanga ngokusebenzisa amalungelo abo omthetho.

Ibhodi yemfundo v. Loudermill (1985) — I-Profecee Fource Teriniation

Nakuba lelicala lalihilela umlindi, hhayi uthisha, izimiso zalo zisebenza kubo bonke izisebenzi zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nothisha. INkantolo yathi izisebenzi zomphakathi ezinesithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini (njengothisha abakhokhelwe) zinelungelo lokulalela isikhathi sangaphambi kwecala. Ukuzwa akudingeki ukuba kucaciswe ngo-(ukuhlangana kwangahleliwe) nomenzi wesinqumo kunganele − kodwa kumelwe kuhlanganise ukuqaphela amacala kanye nethuba lokusabela. Ngemva kokuqeda, ukuzwa okwengeziwe okungokomthetho okungokonyaka kungadingeka. I-Livermill[

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yezikole

Ukuqonda inqubo efanele akuyona nje indlela yokuzivivinya yemfundo kuphela, kodwa kunemiphumela yangempela yezwe yendlela izikole ezisebenza ngayo. Abaphathi besikole kumelwe bahlanganise izimiso ezifanele nezimiso zabo zenqubo nemisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela enkantolo, ezijezisweni zezezimali, kanye nasedumeleni elilimalayo.

Ukuthuthukisa Izimiso Zokuziphatha Ezifanele

Izikole kufanele zibe nezimiso ezicacile, ezibhaliwe ezibonisa izinyathelo zokusingatha ukuziphatha okubi. Lezi zinqubo kufanele zithi:

  • Yisho imikhuba eyenqatshelwe nemiphumela engase ibe khona.
  • Chaza ukuthi ubani oyohlola futhi alalele.
  • Bhala isikhathi sokuqaphela nokuzwa.
  • Vumela abafundi ukuba banikeze isimo sabo sezenzakalo futhi balethe ofakazi.
  • Nikeza inqubo yokucela.
  • Izinqumo eziqinisekile zisekelwe ebufakazini, hhayi ezindlebeni noma ekucwaseni.

Ukungaguquguquki kuyisihluthulelo: ukuphulwa okufanayo kungaphumela emiphumeleni efanayo. Nokho, inqubo efanele ivumela futhi ukuba kuhlolwe ngamuntu ngamunye.(isikole) zingacabangela umlando womfundi wokuyala, inhloso, nezinye izici ezihlobene, uma nje lokho kucatshangelwa kusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi nangokukhanyayo.

Ukuqeqesha Abasebenzi Ngenqubo Efanele

Othisha, othisha-kakhulu, nothisha-kakhulu, nezisebenzi zokusekela kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile ngezimfuneko zenqubo efanele. Kudingeka baqonde amalungelo abo siqu njengezisebenzi kanye namalungelo abafundi.

  • Imali efunekayo: Indlela yokwazisa kahle abafundi nabazali ngamacala.
  • Izinqubo ezizwayo:[ Indlela yokwenza ukuzwa ngokwethukela okulungile nokungakhethi.
  • Ukwenziwa kwamagama: Ukubaluleka kokugcina amarekhodi abhaliwe azo zonke izenzo zokuyala nezizathu zazo.
  • Ukugwema ukuziphindiselela: Inkokhelo ekhutshwa izisebenzi ezingajezisi abafundi noma izisebenzi ezisebenza nabo ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Namalungelo

Kulokhu kudubulana kwesikole futhi kukhathazeke kakhulu ngempilo yengqondo yabafundi, izikole zibhekene nokucindezela kokuba zithathe isinyathelo esisheshayo, esiwujuqu. Nokho, inqubo efanele idinga ukulinganisela. Izigwegwe noma ukuxoshwa okuphuthumayo kungalunga uma umfundi enikeza usongo olusheshayo, kodwa ngisho kulezo zenzakalo, umfundi unelungelo lokuzwa ngemva kokuzwa ngokushesha nje lapho kuqalwa. Izikole azikwazi ukusebenzisa ukuphepha njengesivikelo sengubo yokuvala inqubo efanele. Izinkantolo ziye zenza kucace ukuthi “ukungalawuleki” kuncane futhi kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokholo oluhle.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile iyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikela abantu ekuthatheni izenzo zikahulumeni ngokusemthethweni. Ezimisweni zemfundo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi nothisha baphathwa ngokufanele, ukuthi izenzo zokuyala ziyalunga, nokuthi wonke umuntu unethuba lokuzwiwa. Inqubo efanelekile ilawula izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ekuzweni nasekuhloleni, kuyilapho inqubo eyisisekelo efanelekile evikela inkululeko engaphakathi njengemfihlo nenkululeko yomkhaya. I-Landmark Court ments (=]] Gos v. Lopez, [[FLT:]]][FLT]]][FLT]]. v.FFFFFOLT [FFF]], [Foctiveright [Fosectivestions],[5], kanye nenye iziqondiso ezicacile zezimiso ezimelwe zifundiswe izikole.[5][5][5][5]]