Uhambo Olungokomthetho: Ukusuka Ekuboshweni Kuya Esilahlweni

Indlela kusukela ekuboshweni kuya esinqumweni sokuqulwa kwecala ingenye yezinqubo ezibucayi kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela komthetho. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, isiteji ngasinye simelela isivikelo esiklanywe ngokucophelela esihloselwe ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Lesiqondiso esengeziwe sihamba kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezinkulu, kusukela kuleso sikhathi esincane sisetshenziswa ekwahlulelweni sokugcina, futhi sichaze izimiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula isigaba ngasinye.

Ukuboshwa: Lapho Konke Kuqala Khona

Ukuboshwa kuyindlela yokuqala umuntu athintana ngayo nesimiso somthetho sobugebengu. Kwenzeka lapho umthetho uthatha ukusolwa kwejele ngenxa yesizathu esingenzeka − inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi umsoli uye wabenza. Ukuboshwa kungavela noma ngaphandle kwemvume, kodwa iSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo Sesine se-U.S. sivikela izakhamuzi ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni.

Imbangela Efanelekile Nabathunjwayo

Imbangela eqinisekile akuyona indinganiso emisiwe kodwa ingumqondo ovumelana nezimo. Izinkantolo ziyihlola ngokusekelwe ekupheleleni kwezimo. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esibona umuntu osolwayo ebaleka ezindaweni zobugebengu, sihambisana nencazelo, futhi esinempahla ebiwe kungenzeka ukuthi iyimbangela kungenzeka. Uma isikhathi sivuma, izikhulu zithola isiqinisekiso sokuboshwa kumahluleli ngokufunga amaqiniso abhaliwe. Imvume yenezela ungwengwezi lokwahlulela, iqinisekisa ukuthi uma umamantshi ezimele evuma ukuthi kunesizathu esinokwenzeka.

Amalungelo EMiranda: Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Lapho seliboshiwe, usolwayo kumelwe afundwe amalungelo abo Miranda ngaphambi kokuba kuqale noma yiliphi ikhambi lokuqulwa kwemvume. Lamalungelo, asungulwe Miranda v. I-Arizona [1966], fakani ilungelo lokuthula nelungelo kummeli. Uma umthetho uhluleka ukunikeza izixwayiso ze-Mirnda bese ubuza imibuzo esolwayo, noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezitholakalayo zingacinywa lapho kuqulwa icala. Nokho, uMiranda usebenza kuphela phakathi nokuphenywa kwemvume yokuvuma ngokuzenzakalela, ukuthi amazwi asengasetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokuboshwa

Cabangela indawo yokuma yezimoto lapho isikhulu sihogela insangu futhi sibone isikhali esisobala. Isikhulu singabopha umshayeli ukuze athole izidakamizwa futhi siphathe isikhali esifihliwe. Noma cabanga ubudlova basekhaya bushaya ucingo lapho isisulu esisolwayo sibonisa khona ukulimala okubonakalayo futhi sikhomba isikhulu esisodwa (isikhulu) singabopha ngaphandle kwemvume esekelwe ekutheni kungenzeka. Isimo ngasinye sibangela ukuvikelwa okufanayo komlibo.

Ukubhala: Ukulungisa Ukuncishiswa

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa noma ejele ukuze athole izincwadi. Lenqubo yokuqondisa yenza umbhalo ongokomthetho wokuboshwa komuntu futhi umuntu agqunywe ejele. Ukubhalisa izincwadi kuvame ukuhlanganisa izitebhisi eziningi:

  • incazelo yayo siqu:[ Igama, usuku lokuzalwa, ikheli, ubude, isisindo, nezinye izikhombi zingeniswe esimisweni.
  • Umnyatheliso wezithombe neminwe: izithombe ezivamile nemibhalo yomnwe weminwe ithathwa ukuze kuboniswe futhi kubhekiswe esikhathini esizayo.
  • Uhlu lwempahla: impahla yomuntu siqu iyaqoqwa, iqoshwe, igcinwe kuze kukhululwe noma idluliswe.
  • Ukuhlola ukuheha: kwempilo yengqondo kuyaphawuleka ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphathi lapho esejele.
  • Icala lobugqila: Isikhulu esibophayo noma umshushisi ufaka amacala akhethekile − njengesela, ukuhlasela, noma ukuphatha izidakamizwa (ukusho ukuthi isisekelo secala).

Ukuqamba izincwadi kungathatha amahora amaningana. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umsoli angase abekwe esitokisini futhi anikezwe ithuba lokushaya ucingo. Kumacala amancane, umsoli angakhululwa ngokuziqaphela kwakhe noma ngemva kokubeka isimiso se-payilo ehleliwe.

3. Ukubonakala Kokuqala: Usuku Lokuqala Enkantolo

Phakathi namahora angu - 48 okuboshwa (noma ngokushesha ezifundeni eziningi), ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi kwejaji ukuze avele kuqala.

Isaziso sezikhotho

Umahluleli ufunda ngokuzwakalayo amacala angokomthetho futhi uqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba awaqonde. Uma ummangalelwa engasikhulumi isiNgisi, kunikezwa umhumushi.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

Inkantolo ihlola ukuthi ummangalelwa usengozini yendiza yini noma ingozi emphakathini. Izici zihlanganisa ubukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, ubudlelwane nomphakathi, kanye nesikhundla semisebenzi. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuhlola, umahluleli angase:

  • Khupha ummangalelwa i-reading (ayikho imali edingekayo).
  • Misa isibopho [[QULT: 0] esiqinile noma esiqinisekile okumelwe sikhokhelwe ukuze kukhululwe.
  • I-Impose izisekelo njengemingcele yokuhamba, ukuhlola imilaliso, noma ukuhlola imishini.
  • Umyalo ukuboshwa kwecala uma amacala engathi sína noma ummangalelwa ebhekwa njengengozi enkulu.

Inguquko ye-Bail isiyindaba eshubile emazweni amaningi, njengoba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi imali yebheyili ijezisa ngokungafanele abamangalelwa abaphansi abahlawulwayo. Ezinye izifundazwe manje zisebenzisa amathuluzi okukhipha izinqumo eziyingozi.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Umahluleli weluleka ummangalelwa ngelungelo kummeli. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukuthenga, umvikeli womphakathi noma ummeli omisiwe wenkantolo wabelwe. Ilungelo lokusiza ngokuphumelela kweseluleko lidlulela kuyo yonke inqubo, kusukela ekubonakaleni kokuqala ngokudluliswa.

4. Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Noma I - diory Enkulu

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke liqulwa, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele bokuthethelela ukuqhubekela phambili. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko lokhu okungenzeka ngazo: ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala noma ukulahlwa okukhulu kwamacala abahluleli.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili

Ezifundazweni eziningi, umahluleli uqunga icala lokuqala phakathi namasonto ambalwa okuvela kokuqala. Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi − kaningi ngobufakazi bephoyisa − ukumisa imbangela [ engaxazululeki yokuthi icala lenziwa nokuthi ummangalelwa uliphathisiwe. Isivikelo singaba ofakazi abanqamulene nobufakazi futhi siphikise ukuthi akwanele. Uma uma uma uma uma ijaji lithola imbangela elindelekile, icala “liboshelwe ukuqulwa. Uma kungenjalo, icala lingapheliswa, nakuba umshushisi angase aliphendule kamuva.

Icala Elikhulu

Kuhulumeni nakwezinye izifundazwe, kubekwa amacala angathi sína abahluleli abakhulu. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi (ngokuvamile 16 kuya ku-23) ezizwa ubufakazi bunikezwa umshushisi ngasese. Isivikelo asihlanganyeli. Uma okungenani amajaji angu-12 evuma ukuthi kungenzeka kunesizathu, akhipha isigwebo [. Ngokungafani nejaji eliqulwayo, ijaji elikhulu alinqumi icala noma linecala.

5. Ukusola Okungasho lutho: Isigwebo Noma Ukwaziswa

Ngemva kokuba ibangele, ibhukwana elingokomthetho elikhokhiwe liyagcinwa. Iphepha linikeza isigwebo ngasinye secala lobugebengu ngokuningiliziwe, kuhlanganise nezici umshushisi okumelwe azifakazele ngokunengqondo. Khona - ke ummangalelwa uvela enkantolo ukuze afake isikhalazo.

Ukhetho

  • ```Umthetho''''''''' Ommangalelwa uvuma icala. Icala libe seliqhubeka nokugweba.
  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa uphika amacala, futhi icala liqhubekela ecaleni.
  • Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere):[ Ummangalelwa akavumi noma aphike icala kodwa uyasamukela isijeziso. Lesisicelo asinakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi enkantolo ehlobene.

Ukunxusa ukuba ungabi necala kubangela isigaba esilandelayo: ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokugawulwa kwenkantolo nokuthola izinto ezizotholakala.

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nokutholakala Kwama - dollar

Zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekwahluleleni [, zishintshana ngobufakazi nezinhlu zobufakazi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho luhlangothi olumangazwayo uma kuqulwa icala. Ukuzivikela kunelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokwamukela ubufakazi bokuqamba ikhanda ```Izinto ezingafakazeleka ukuthi ayinacala] (ngaphansi kwe- Brady v. Mary [] (1963).

Izindlela Ezivamile Zokuthutha Kwamakhambi

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bathatha ama-stem ukuze baxazulule izindaba zomthetho. Le mithetho ingalolonga lonke icala:

  • Ukuxosha: Ama-Ague ukuthi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma ukuthi umshushisi weqe amalungelo ommangalelwa (umz., ukwephulwa kwecala okusheshayo).
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuqunga ubufakazi: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obutholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni, ukuphenya okungafanele, noma okunye ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Uma kuphumelela, umshushisi angalahlekelwa ubufakazi obunamandla.
  • Ukuguqula indawo: Izicelo ezisusa icala lalo lisiwe kwenye indawo ngoba ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindaba noma ubandlululo lwendawo kwenza ukwahlulela okulungile kungabi nakwenzeka.
  • [ i-Motion in limine: icela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi obuqondile noma ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuba idluliselwe kumajaji.

7. Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Icala Lenqubo Engokomthetho

Icala liyisiphetho sohambo olungokomthetho. Umphakathi lapho ummangalelwa kumelwe afakaze khona icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala lasebhentshi (ukwahlulela) noma ukuqulwa kwamacala ezakhamuzi (ukwahlulela ngesinqumo). Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa icala lanoma iliphi icala elijeziswa ngezinyanga eziyisithupha ejele.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Abamangaleli nabameli bangabazami ukuveza ubandlululo. Icala ngalinye lingagadla inani elilinganiselwe labaphathi bejaji nganoma isiphi isizathu esingabangeli obala (izinselele zokukhipha icala) futhi ligadla ngokungenamkhawulo ngenxa yesizathu (umz., ukuvuma ukuthi abanakuba abangakhethi). Umgomo ukukhetha abajaji abazonquma icala elisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izinkulumo zokuvula azizona izimpikiswano, kodwa umshushisi uqala ngoba uhulumeni uphethe ubufakazi obuningi.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi wethula imiboniso. Ufakazi ngamunye ovikelayo ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuma, abamangaleli banganikeza ubufakazi babo siqu, kuhlanganise nokubiza ofakazi kanye nokufakaza ummangalelwa (nakuba ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthula).

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Zombili izinhlangothi zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisane ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bathole icala noma ubumsulwa. Umshushisi ukhuluma kuqala, abese evikela, futhi umshushisi athole imvume yokugcina.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Umahluleli ufundela abasizi bejaji umthetho osebenzayo, echaza incazelo engokomthetho yobugebengu, indinganiso yobufakazi, nendlela yokuhlaziya ubufakazi.

8. Ukujezisa Nesiyango

Abahluleli bathatha umhlala-mzabalazo wegumbi lomuntu siqu ukuze baxoxe ngecala. Izigwebo zingathatha amahora noma izinsuku. Ezindabeni eziningi zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane − bonke abahluleli-jaji kumelwe bavumelane ngecala noma ukulahlwa. Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, ijaji lingase limemezele icala [ lokuqulwa , futhi umshushisi anganquma ukuthi uzolihlola yini icala.

Izifungo ezingase zivele

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty:[ Ijaji lithola ukuthi abamangalelwa bafaka zonke izici ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Khona - ke ummangalelwa ubhekene nesigwebo.
  • Awunacala: Isinqumo siwukuthethelelwa. Ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngokushesha, futhi umbuso awukwazi ukudlulisa (izivalo zengozi eziphindwe kabili).
  • [[INT:0] I-Mistrim:[ Akukho sinqumo esifinyelelwayo. Icala lingase lilungiswe uma umshushisi ethanda.

9. Ukugwetshwa: Ukunquma Isijeziso

Inkantolo icabangela ubukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nanoma iziphi izici ezibangela ukuphambana noma ukuphazanyiswa.

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Ijele noma isikhathi sasejele, ngegama elinqanda ukufakwa (ukufakwa) noma elibizwa ngokuthi indeternate (uhlamvu).
  • Isivumelwano: Ummangalelwa uhlala emphakathini oqondiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokuhlola njalo, ukuhlola imilaliso, futhi akukho ukuboshwa okusha.
  • [ Isijeziso sokujezisa nokubuyisela: Izijeziso zezentengo ezikhokhwa kuhulumeni noma ezisulwini.
  • Inkonzo ye-community: umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanga wenhlangano engazuzi nzuzo noma kahulumeni.
  • Izinhlelo ezi-'FLT' ezi-Alternal:[ inkantolo yezidakamizwa, inkantolo yezempilo yengqondo, noma izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa ezisingatha izindaba ezicazululiwe.

Amazwi Athintayo

Imibuso eminingi ivumela izisulu ukuba zikhulume lapho zigweba, zichaze ukulimala okungokomzwelo, okungokomzimba, nokungokwezimali okubangelwa ubugebengu.

Ukunxusa: Ibekela Inselele Inzuzo

Isinqumo esinecala asisona isiphetho. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka phakathi necala, njengemiyalo engalungile yamajaji, ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi. Uma inkantolo ithola iphutha elikhulu, ingabuyisela icala, ikhiphe ukuqulwa kwecala okusha, noma ilungise isigwebo.

Izindawo Ezivamile Zokukhanga

  • Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko
  • Ukuziphatha okubi noma ubandlululo
  • Amaphutha eziyalweni zamajaji
  • Ukusesha okungekho emthethweni noma ukuphazanyiswa
  • Ukuphulwa kwelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokufanele

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngenqubo engokomthetho, hlola imithombo yezomthetho Cornell Legal Information, i-American Bar Association inikeza iziqondiso zezenkantolo ezigunyazayo[, kanye ne-[FLT]U.S. izinkantolo zihlola udaba lobugebengu[. Lemithombo inikeza incazelo esemthethweni, ye-authonsity-ficity edlula kule mininingwane evamile.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Efanele

Uhambo lokuboshwa ukuze kukhishwe isinqumo luklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngecala uthola isigwebo esilungile. Inyathelo ngalinye (kusukela ekufundweni kokuqala kwamalungelo kuya ekudlulisweni kokugcina) izilinganiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo: ukubhekwa njengomsulwa, ilungelo lokululeka, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, kanye nokunqatshelwa ukuba kungabi nangozi ephindwe kabili. Abafundi nothisha, ukuqonda lezi zigaba akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo; kuyimfuneko ukuba isazi ngesakhamuzi esinolwazi. Inkantolo ingase ibonakale isabisa, kodwa izinqubo zayo zokukhipha ubulungisa ngaphansi komthetho.