Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kahulumeni kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esilawula isimo sokubusa kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokumisa imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile emagatsheni ahlukene, lesisimiso sivimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ekuqoqeni igunya elingavinjelwa. Umphumela uyisisekelo esilinganiselayo lapho igatsha ngalinye lisebenza ngokuzimele kodwa libambisana ekunikezeni isithakazelo somphakathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wedemokrasi yanamuhla usebenza kanjani, indlela imithetho enziwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo, nendlela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye avikelwa ngayo ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla.

Umsuka Kahulumeni Ohlukene

Umqondo wokwahlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni ulandela imvelaphi yayo kuyifilosofi yasendulo yezombangazwe, kodwa isimo sayo sanamuhla savela phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa. Abacabangi njengoJohn Locke noBaron de Montesquieu baphikisa ngokuthi ukugxilisa amandla kumuntu oyedwa noma emzimbeni kuholela ekubushiqela. Umsebenzi kaMontesquieu u- "UMoya woMthetho" (1748) wasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela. Lombono wathonya kakhulu abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owaklama uhulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu alinganayo. Kamuva amapulani afanayo amukelwa ezinye izizwe eziningi, avumelanisa isimiso somlando nezomlando wamasiko.

Namuhla, ukuhlukana kwemibuso kuyisici esiwuphawu lwentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba isimo esiqondile sihlukahluka (ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zephalamende zivame ukuhlanganisa amandla aphetheyo nezomthetho eduze kakhulu kunezimiso zikamongameli). Injongo eyisisekelo isefana: ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla futhi kuvikelwe ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuze kuvinjelwe umbono ojulile ongokomlando, Fiderisnist Papers[[

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Kusifanekiso esivame kakhulu, imibuso kahulumeni ihlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu: izishaya-mthetho, isikhulu, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linomsebenzi ohlukile, kodwa lihlangene ngesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingasebenza ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwamanye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, leligatsha lakhiwa iphalamende noma ingqungquthela, okungenzeka i-un - cameraral (igumbi elilodwa) noma i-bimaral (amagumbi amabili). Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Congress ihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSishaya - mthetho, kuyilapho iPhalamende le-United Kingdom lakhiwe yiNdlu yamaCommons neNdlu yamaLords. Amalungu akhethwa umphakathi, amelela izithakazelo zabo.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, igatsha lemithetho linegunya elibalulekile ngokwezimali. Lilawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni nokukhokha intela, ukuvunyelwa kwezimali okuxhasa izinkonzo zomphakathi, izakhiwo, nesivikelo. Lamandla esikhwama semali anikeza iziphakamiso zegunya eliqinile ezimisweni zezikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishaya-mthetho zengamela umphathi ngokuqulwa, ukuphenyiswa, nokuvunyelwa kokumiswa. Ukuze zicaciswe kabanzi kwemithetho, i-offic Congresssion.gov ingumthombo onegunya.

  • Izinhlelo futhi idlulise umthetho
  • Ilawula imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni nentela
  • Imelela abavoti
  • Ubheka izikhulu ngokweqile futhi aqinisekise ukumiswa kwezinto ezibalulekile

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linemisebenzi yokumisa imithetho nokuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni yansuku zonke. Liqondiswa umongameli, undunankulu, noma umongameli, ongase akhethwe ngokuqondile abavoti noma amiswe yisishaya-mthetho. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iqoqo elikhulu leminyango, izinhlangano, nezisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenzisa izimiso nezimiso.

Emazweni amaningi, umphathi ulawula futhi ukuzivikela kwesizwe, ubuhlobo bangaphandle, nokusabela okuphuthumayo. Inhloko kahulumeni ivame ukusebenza njengomphathi wamabutho ahlomile futhi imelela umbuso ekulawuleni kwezizwe ngezingxoxo. Iziqondiso zezikhulu neziqondiso zokuphatha zivumela umphathi ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ezindabeni ezisegunyeni lakhe, kodwa izenzo ezinjalo zingaba ngaphansi kokubukezwa kwezomthetho noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, umongameli angakhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, kodwa uHulumeni angamisa imithetho yokuzigumbuqela, futhi izinkantolo zingazivumela ukuba zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha uma zidlula imingcele yomthetho.

  • Iphoqelela imithetho nezimiso
  • Ilawula ukuzivikela kwesizwe nobuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe
  • Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zibona izinto eziningi
  • Iminikelo yemali nezihlongozo zomthetho

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liphethe ubulungisa. Lihlanganisa izikhundla zezinkantolo, kusukela ezinkantolo zendawo kuya ezinkantolo eziphakeme noma ezingokomthetho-mthetho. Abahluleli bavame ukumiswa noma ukukhethwa ukuze bathole izinqumo ezimisiwe noma ithuba lokuphila ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ukukhululeka ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Indima eyinhloko yejaji iwukuxazulula izingxabano ezingokomthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokufanele. Nokho, amandla ayo abaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni eziningi ukubukeza ngo-(-) igunya lokuhlola imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngomthetho-sisekelo. Uma inkantolo imemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni, lowo mthetho uyaphela. Land isebenza njengesehlo esibucayi kokubili amagatsha omthetho nomphathi. Izehlakalo ezinjengaye [iMarbury v.[FLT] [[FLT:]] [183] [183]) eUnited States isungula lesi simiso, futhi kunezimfundiso ezifanayo emazweni afana neCanada, iNdiya, neJalimane. Labo abanesithakazelo ekubukezeni indlela yokwahlulela, [FL:]. [FT]

  • Uhumusha imithetho nezimiso
  • Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Ziyaxazululwa
  • Ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye
  • Ibukeza indlela uhulumeni athatha ngayo isinyathelo

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni kwemibuso. Iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye linendlela yokulinganisela izenzo zezinye, livimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwegunya yikho okwenza ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusebenze futhi kuqine.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

Igatsha lemithetho lingahlola amandla aphethe ngezindlela eziningi eziqinile. Okokuqala, lilawula ukuxhaswa kwezimali: ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho, umphathi akakwazi ukusebenzisa imali ezimisweni noma ezimisweni. Okwesibili, izishaya-mthetho zingazigunyaza futhi zisuse izikhulu eziphethe ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Okwesithathu, izinqubo eziningi zidinga ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho yokumiswa kwezikhulu, njengonobhala abaphethe, amanxusa, nabahluleli. Okwesine, izishaya-mthetho zingakhipha iziphathi ngevoti ezinkulu, ziqinisekise ukuthi isikhulu asinakukwazi ukuvimbela imithetho evimbela imithetho.

Ezimisweni zephalamende, isishaya - mthetho singancibilikisa futhi uhulumeni ngevoti yokungazethembi, sibangele ukhetho olusha noma ushintsho ekuholeni.

  • Imvume yokusetshenziswa kwemali nokusetshenziswa kwayo
  • Ukuhloma kukamongameli noma izikhulu eziphethe
  • Ukuqinisekiswa kokumiswa okwenziwa umongameli
  • Engasebenzisi amavetoe aphethe (lapho esetshenziswa khona)

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

Ngokuphambene, igatsha eliphethe lingathonya isishaya-mthetho ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Isikhulu esiqondile yigunya le-veto, elivumela umphathi ukuba enqabe umthetho odluliswe yisishaya-mthetho. Nakuba izishaya-mthetho zingawususa njalo umthetho, imfuneko yesikhulu yenza kube nzima ukwenza kanjalo njalo. Izikhulu zingabiza futhi izikhawu ezikhethekile zendlu yomthetho ukuba zigxile ezindabeni eziphuthumayo, zimise uhlelo lwemithetho, futhi zikhiphe iziyalo zesikhulu ezisebenza ngomthetho ngaphakathi kwegatsha elikhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emazweni amaningi, umphathi ufeza indima ekusunguleni umthetho − ukuveza izikweletu isishaya-mthetho esibe siphikisana futhi sivote. Isikhulu ngokuvamile siyakwazi ukuthola imithombo yezobuchwepheshe nokwaziswa, sinika iphimbo elinamandla ekumiseni imithetho.

  • Umthetho ogunyaza ukukhishwa yisishaya - mthetho
  • Ukushayela inombolo yeziqephu ezikhethekile zesishaya - mthetho
  • Ukukhipha iziyalezo nezimemezelo zezikhulu
  • Ukunikeza izimfuneko zokusetshenziswa kwemali nokubeka imithetho kuqala

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Igatsha lokwahlulela linikeza ukuhlola okubalulekile emagatsheni emithetho nabaphathi ngamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula umthetho, futhi zingaqeda izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya elingokomthetho noma ezephula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi amanye amagatsha asebenza ngemingcele yawo emisiwe.

Abahluleli bachaza futhi umthetho ongaqondakaliyo, ucacisa indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo ezimweni ezithile. Izinqumo zabo zibeka izibonelo eziqondisa izenzo zesikhathi esizayo zemithetho nezokuphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijaji livikela amalungelo abantu ngokulalela amacala lapho izakhamuzi zibekela uhulumeni inselele. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ziye zasekela amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko, ukuqapha okungenazimvume ezilinganiselwe, futhi zidinga inqubo efanele ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Ukukhululeka kwejaji elibalwayo (ngokuvamile kunikezwa ukuphila noma amagama amisiwe) okubalulekile ukuze lezi zihlolo ziphumelele.

  • Ukubukezwa kwemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu
  • Ukubusa imithetho kuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukuhumusha umthetho ongaqondakali
  • Ukuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye ngomthetho wecala

Uhulumeni: Esinye Isimiso Sokwehlukana Kwamandla

Emazweni amaningi, ukuhlukana kwemibuso kudlulela ngalé kukahulumeni wezwe ukuba kuhlanganise ohulumeni besifunda noma bombuso. Izimiso zesifunda, njengalezo zase-United States, Canada, Australia, neJalimane, zabela imibuso ethile ohulumeni abaphakathi (abaphethe) kanye nabanye ezindaweni ezihlukene. Lesi sakhiwo − saziwa ngokuthi i-cononalism , zenza esinye isici ekuhlukaniseni amagunya.

Umbuso uvumela ukuzimela kwendawo ngesikhathi ulondoloza uhlelo lwesizwe oluhlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe zingalawula imfundo, ezokuthutha, nempilo yomphakathi, kuyilapho uhulumeni kahulumeni ulawula isivikelo, ukufuduka, nezentengiselwano zamazwe. Lengxenye ivimbela ukukhushulelwa ngokweqile futhi yenza izimiso ezibonisa izintando zendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zombili zihlola imingcele yazo, zakha izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni nombuso ngokuvamile kuwumsuka wempikiswano yezombangazwe. E-United States, iSichibiyelo seshumi samagunya esigciniwe asiphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni noma abantu, isimiso esisekelwa yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuqonda uhulumeni kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi amandla ahlukaniswa kanjani ezizweni ezinkulu, ezihlukahlukene. Eminyeni eminingi kulendaba, vakashelani i-Legal Information Institute ye-ganistism .

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlukana Ngamandla

Imibuso kahulumeni ehlukanisayo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokrasi futhi ivikele amalungelo abantu. Ivimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla, okuye kwaholela ekuxhashazweni nasekucindezelweni ngokomlando. Ngokuqiniseka ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lisebenza ngokuzibusa kodwa ngokubambisana, isimiso sikhuthaza ukulandisa, ukuba sobala, nokuzinza.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa

Uma amandla ehlukene, igatsha ngalinye lingaba nesibopho sokulandisa kwabanye. Lokhu kuqondisa kunciphisa ingozi yokonakala futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zibonisa intando yabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa kwemithetho kungadalula ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu, futhi izinqumo zokwahlulela zingagumbuqela imithetho engagunyaziwe. Ukulandisa futhi kusebenza ngokhetho: abavoti bangathatha indawo yemithetho noma izikhulu ezihlulekayo ukusekela imisebenzi yabo. Ukudlala kwamagatsha kuveza amaphuzu amaningi okuhlola, kukwenze kube nzima kunoma yimuphi umdlali ukuba agweme umthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nenkululeko. I-jaji elizimele linika izakhamuzi amandla okubekela imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni inselele. Igatsha lemithetho lingamisa imithetho ukuze livikele inkululeko yomphakathi, futhi umphathi wenhlangano kumelwe aqikelele leyo mithetho ngokwethembeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni unganikeza isilinganiso esengeziwe sesivikelo: uma isilinganiso esisodwa sikahulumeni silinganisela amalungelo, elinye izinga linganika inkululeko eyengeziwe. Lokhu kwenza izimiso zentando yeningi ziqine ngokwengeziwe ekumelaneni nombuso olawulayo.

Ukuvimbela Ubudlova

Umlando unikeza izibonelo eziningi zamandla agxilwe ezandleni zombusi oyedwa noma iqembu eliholela ekucindezeleni. Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela imiphumela enjalo. Ngokufuna abadlali abaningi ukuba bavumelane ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe isinyathelo sikahulumeni, isimiso sibambezela ekwenzeni izinqumo futhi sikhuthaze ukucabangisisa. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungaphumela ekuthatheni ijubane, kodwa futhi kuvimbela izenzo ezisheshayo noma eziwubuwula. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo bakwa-U.S. baphikisa kakhulu ukuthi ukufisa kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwisanwe nokufuna ukuvelela, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho gatsha elingalawula abanye.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuhlukaniseni Amandla

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuseyisisekelo sentando yeningi, ukubusa kwanamuhla kubhekene nezinselele ezintsha. Ukuphakama kwezinhlangano zokuqondisa, ezihlanganisa imisebenzi yezomthetho, yezomthetho neyokwahlulela, kuye kwafiphaza imingcele engokwesiko. Izimiso zokuqondisa nezimiso zezimo eziphuthumayo ziye zakhula emazweni amaningi, ngezinye izikhathi zikhulisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphambana. Ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe kungacindezela futhi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, njengoba amagatsha alawulwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene engase ahileleke ezimpini eziqhubekayo noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, iqembu elifanayo elilawula amagatsha lingase linciphise ukuphatha.

Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe zibangela ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla. Amakhono okuhamba phambili, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, nokwenza izinqumo ze-algorithism kungagxila ezinhlanganweni eziphetheyo nakubadlali abazimele, zidlulise amasheke angokwesiko. Izinkantolo zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuba zichaze ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zisebenza kanjani ekusebenziseni izinto zomuntu siqu, ekukhulumeni ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, nakukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa. Imithetho izama ukugcina ijubane elisheshayo, okuholela ekuhlukani kwemithetho. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlukanisa amandla zihlala zibalulekile futhi zivumelana nezimo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela imibuso kahulumeni ehlukene ngayo kubalulekile kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ngokufanayo. Lolwazi lunika abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo kuhulumeni wabo, ukusekela amalungelo abo, nokuhlola intuthuko yezombangazwe. Ngokukhuthaza isakhamuzi esinolwazi, siqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zentando yeningi zihlala zikhona. Ukuhlukanisa kwemibuso akuyona nje isisekelo esicatshangelwayo esinesisekelo esiye saguqula ukuzinza nenkululeko yezizwe amakhulu eminyaka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda izifunda zezakhamuzi, ufundisa abanye, noma umane ufuna ukuba umvoti omkhulu ofundile, ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yentando yeningi, isikhulu, negunya lokwahlulela kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela izimiso zentando yentando yeningi ezivikela ngayo inkululeko nobulungisa.