Abasunguli ’ Abahlosile: Ukulinganisela Okungalawuleki

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-United States asikho ngengozi. Lapho amaFramers ehlangana ePhiladelphia ngo-1787, ayezazi kahle izingozi zamandla aphakeme. Asanda kulwa nokuvukela umbuso, afuna ukwakha isimiso esizovimbela noma imuphi umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu ukuba angabi namandla kakhulu. Ikhambi lawo laliwuhulumeni ohlukaniswe ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene Ô, isikhulu, neyahlulelo i̬ ngokunye ngegunya layo siqu elichazwe kahle, nekhono lokuhlola amanye. Lokhu kuhlukana kwemibuso, kanye nesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola i-'i-'i-'Ô', liqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza futhi uyaqhubeka uhulumeni ungakhululeki futhi ungakhululi futhi uyaqhubeka, futhi uvikela amalungelo abantu.

Umsuka Wokwehlukana Kwamandla

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni wawungemusha ngokuphelele. AmaFrame ayethathe kakhulu emikhankasweni yezazi zezombangazwe njengoJohn Locke futhi, ngokuphawuleka kakhulu, i-Baron de Montesquieu, incwadi yayo uMoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ilondolozwe kangcono kakhulu uma umthetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela igcinwa yizindikimba ezihlukene. AmaFramend asebenzisa lefilosofi emongweni waseMelika, adale iRepublic lapho igatsha ngalinye lithola khona igunya lalo kuMthetho-sisekelo, futhi ekugcineni, kubantu.

Indima Yonobumba Wezinkonzo UNo.

James Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho-sisekelo, wanikeza isiqinisekiso esicacile salokhu kuklanywa ku- u-Federalist No. 51. Wabhala ngodumo, [ ̴ ukumiswa kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwiwe nokufuna ukuvelela. Ý[FLT] waphikisa ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela ubushiqela yayiwukunikeza igatsha ngalinye nenhloso yokumelana nokungenela kwabanye. Ngokwenza igatsha ngalinye lincike kwabanye ngemisebenzi ethile, umthetho uzenza ulinganisele ngokuzisekela okungancika kulungile ezikhulwini. Lokhu kuyindlela ngayinye yokuzivumela izikhulu ukuba zifuneke ezinye izimfuneko ezidingekayo: kodwa ngendlela eyisisekelo, kodwa ngendlela edinga imfuneko.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: I - People ̱ Izwi

Igatsha lemithetho, iKhongolo-mfuyo, igatsha lokuqala likahulumeni elichazwe kuMthetho-sisekelo (Article I). Lakhiwa amagumbi amabili ̬ iNdlu yabameleli neSigeqe i̬ ngalinye elinezindima ezingafani nemibuso. ISishaya-Mkhandlu ngokuyinhloko sinomthwalo wokumisa imithetho, kodwa amandla aso adlulela ngalé kwalokho. Ilawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, imemezela impi, ilawula intengiselwano yezwe, futhi inegunya elikhulu phezu kwegatsha elikhulu.

Amandla Ayingqayizivele Endlini Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu, njengoba amalungu ekhethelwa njalo eminyakeni emibili. Inamandla okusungula izikweletu zemali (intela nokusebenzisa umthetho). Le #820; amandla esikhwama semali i” iwukuhlolwa okunzima egatsheni lesikhulu, njengoba uMongameli engeke akwazi ukuxhasa noma yisiphi isimiso ngaphandle kwe-memorial appropriation. Indlu futhi inamandla okungakhokhisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli, nabahluleli. Ngokuletha izikhalo ze- ̴ ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme, noma amaphutha, i-&21; indlu ingaphatha isikhulu namagatsha enkantolo.

Amandla Ayingqayizivele Esigeleni

ISigele, esinamalungu asebenza izinkulumo zeminyaka eyisithupha, sihloselwe ukuba sibe neziphazamiso ezingcono futhi sivikeleke kakhulu ezingcindezweni ezivamile ezisheshayo. Sinemithetho ebucayi ye-#820; i-advise nemvume i-̵ amandla: iSigeqe siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli eKhabhini, izinkantolo zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme), namanxusa. Siphinde sifake izivumelwano ezixoxiwe nguMongameli ngevoti emibili eyisithathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigebe sikhonza njengejaji ekuqulweni kwecala ngemva kokuba iNdlu iNdlu yendlu ivotelwe ukuba ilungu lemithetho. Izikhulu ezimbili ezingamashumi amathathu eSihlalweni seNkathi zidingeka ziboshelwe ukuba ziboshelwe futhi zisuse isikhulu esisehhovisi.

Indlela Izishaya - mthetho Ezidinga Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha

Naphezu kwegunya layo elikhulu, iKhongolose ayinakusebenza yodwa. Incike egatsheni eliphetheyo ukuze iphoqelele imithetho eliyidlulisayo. Umthetho ongasayinwanga nguMongameli (noma udluliselwe phezu kwe-veto) awuwona neze umthetho. ISishaya-mthetho futhi uxhomeke egatsheni lokwahlulela ukuze lichaze imithetho yayo futhi liqinisekise ukuthi livumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho njengongavumelani nemithetho, iSishaya iSishaya - mthetho kumelwe ilungise noma iphishekele ukubuyiselwa komthetho ukuze ifeze umgomo wayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-Mnyango sidinga ukwaziswa ezinhlanganweni zezikhulu neminyango ukuze senze umthetho osebenzayo, ukwenza ukuqondisa nokuhlola ithuluzi elibalulekile lokubambisana.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukwaneliseka Namandla

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States (Arthucle II), linomthwalo wokumisa imithetho futhi lisebenzise uhulumeni kahulumeni. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMphathi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile, uphethe inqubo yangaphandle, futhi umisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Igatsha lihlanganisa futhi noMongameli ophethe, iKhabhinethi, kanye neqoqo elikhulu leminyango yezikhulu nezinhlangano.

Amandla Kamongameli Axhomeke Kwamanye Amagatsha

UMongameli unawo amandla abalulekile ahlanganisa i-unterial, njengokukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu kanye nokuqondisa i-guant. Nokho, amasheke amakhulu kakhulu kumphathi wezikhulu avela kwamanye amagatsha. UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, kodwa ukuthi iveto ingaphazanyiswa inani eliyisithathu sabantu kuwo womagumbi. UMongameli umisa amajaji aphakeme kanye nabanye abahluleli bahulumeni, kodwa lawo magunya adinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigebengu. UMongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa aphumelele kuphela ngemva kokuba iSishaya iSishayamthetho siwagunyaze. NjengoMphathi weSishayamthetho, uMongameli angathumela amabutho empi, kodwa uHulumeni kuphela ongamemezela impi futhi axhase amabutho. Lo mhlangano uqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli ophonsiwe imibuso kanye namagatsha okwahlulela.

Izimiso Eziphethe Nesidingo Sokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Iziqondiso zezikhulu ziyithuluzi elinamandla kuMongameli ukuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Nokho, lemiyalo ayigonyiwe ukuba ihlole. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingagawula iziyalezo zezikhulu uma ziphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni okhona noma noMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izenzo ezinkulu zokuphatha ziye zabekelwa inselele enkantolo futhi zixhaswe noma zenziwe ize. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lixhomeke kanjani ezinkantolo ukuchaza imingcele yegunya lalo.

UMongameli ’ Uncike Kuhulumeni

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano, uMongameli udinga i-Congress ukuze axhase lonke igatsha eliphethe. Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali ngonyaka idinga ukuxoxisana nokuvumelana phakathi kwe-Administration and Congress. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali noma isinqumo esiqhubekayo, uhulumeni ungazivala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKhongolo lungakha, luhlele, noma luqede izinhlangano zezikhulu, ezithinta ngokuqondile uMongameli i-’ lungakhotha ukucwaninga okungaphoxanisa noma kuphazamise uhlelo lwezintambo ze-ofisi. Ngokucacile, isikhulu asikwazi ukwenza izinto ngokuzimele; ludinga ukubambisana kwe-windiliza umthetho ukuze sisebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Umgadi Womthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elasungulwa yiSiphakamiso III, liyigatsha elincane kakhulu ngokwezisebenzi nangokwemali, kodwa lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu ngokubukeza kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, eziholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, zichaza umthetho futhi zinqume ubungcono bomthetho-mthetho wezenzo zomthetho kanye nezenzo zezikhulu.

I - Judicial Review ne - Marbury v.

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungawaniki ngokuqondile amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme yawumisa ecaleni eliwuphawu uMarbury v. Madison. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuthi yi-̴ ngokucacile isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho. Kusukela lapho, iNkantolo iye yagadla amakhulu emithetho kahulumeni neyombuso, kanye nezenzo zesikhulu, ukuthi ithole ingathathiwe i-econstigation. Lamandla yi-judiary &817; okuyinhloko ukuhlola amanye amagatsha.

Indlela Iqembu Lommeli Eliphendula Ngayo Amagatsha Angokomthetho Naphethe

Naphezu kwegunya layo, igatsha lokwahlulela lincike kakhulu kwezinye ezimbili. Inkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikhona ngenxa yokuthi yadalwa yisiKhomishane. ISishaya - mthetho sinquma inani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme (manje engu-9) kanye nokwakheka kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Igatsha lezemithetho linamandla okulinganisela izinkantolo i’ amandla nokunquma ukumiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho ukuze kuqedwe izinqumo zeNkantolo ephakeme. Ngisho nangokungaphezulu kakhulu, i-jadicariary ithembele egatsheni eliphethe ukuba libophe iziqondiso zalo. Uma inkantolo ikhipha umthetho noma imithetho ecaleni, iwuMnyango oqinisekisayo. Ngaphandle koMongameli i-&817; ukuzimisela ukuphoqeqesha izinkantolo, lokhu kuyoba isikhumbuzo esinamandla. Lokhu kukhumbuza igatsha elinamandla ukuba lingayidingi enye i-jaji; igatsha eliyigosa igunya.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela Kuyasebenza

Ikhono langempela lokuhlukanisa imibuso libonakala ngezibonelo eziqinile zokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini.

I - Veto Engathandwayo Imithetho

Uma uMongameli ekhipha isikweleti, iSishaya-Mkhandlu sikhona ngaphandle kokucela usizo. Ungacabangela isikweleti futhi uma izikweletu ezimbili kwezintathu zombili zendlu nevoti yesigele zithatha umthetho ngaphandle koMongameli i’ isignesha. Lesheke alivamile kodwa linikeza isikhuthazo esinamandla sokuba uMongameli asebenze noMkhandlu ngaphambi kokuba akhiphe i-veto.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Ukujezisa mhlawumbe kuyi-sequence enkulu kakhulu. Indlu ingamgunyaza uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, noma umahluleli ngokweningi elivamile. Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala. Uma amavoti amabili-mithathu eSigele eboshelwa ukuboshwa, isikhulu siyasuswa ehhovisi. Le nqubo ibonisa ukuthi igatsha lemithetho lingaba necala eliphethe isikhulu nolwezo lwezomthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo inzima ngamabomu, ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwalo kokungavumelani okuvamile kwezombangazwe.

Ukuqinisekisa Izimpi Neseluleko Nokuvumelana

Umongameli ngamunye uthola iqiniso lesiqinisekiso seSigele. Isinqumo eNkantolo Ephakeme siphikisana kakhulu. ISigele singavuma, senqabe, noma senqabe ukuba nevoti kumphathi we-mine. Lokhu kunikeza igatsha lemithetho isho ngokuqondile ekumisweni kwegatsha lokwahlulela, okuthi kamuva kuthonye indlela imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi ezibukezwa ngayo. Ngakho - ke omongameli kumelwe bakhethe abameleli abangayala okungenani iningi elivamile eSigeqeleni, elikhuthaza ukulinganisela nemfanelo.

Iziqondiso Zezikhulu Nezinselele Zenkantolo

Iziqondiso zezikhulu ziyithuluzi elivamile, kodwa zingacinywa izinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, iziqondiso eziningana eziphethe ukufuduka, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe ziye zabekelwa inselele futhi zenziwa ize yize abahluleli bakahulumeni. Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njenge-odoli yomthetho-sisekelo, liqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli akadluli imingcele yemithetho noma yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlola igatsha eliphethe ukuba licabangele ngokucophelela izisekelo ezingokomthetho zezenzo zalo.

Kwenzekani Lapho Igatsha Lifika Ngokweqile?

Lapho elinye igatsha lihlola imingcele yalo, elinye kumelwe liphendule.

Inkinga Yenkantolo Esheshayo Ngo - 1937

Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt, okhutshazwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme eshaya umthetho we-New Decrect, wasikisela umthetho owawuzomvumela ukuba amise ukwahlulela okwengeziwe kubo bonke abahleli ngokulunga abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70, ongase afake amajaji amasha ayisithupha anobungane ezimisweni zakhe. Lo -#820; umphakathi we-packinging ” icebo labonwa kabanzi njengokuhlasela ukukhululeka kokwahlulela. ISishayamthetho, kuhlanganise neqembu likaRooosevelt ̱ i-seqenjini lalo, lanqaba ukulidlulisa. Isenzakalo sabonisa ukuthi ngisho noMongameli odumileyodwa akanakuguqula izinga lokulingana namandla. Igatsha lomthetho libonakelesele i-&817; ukwenqaba ukuhamba neNkadedededededale iNka iNka &88;17; ubuqotho.

I - Watergate Standal Ne - Nixon Tape

UMongameli Richard Nixon wazama ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuphatha amakhasethi nezincwadi phakathi nophenyo lweWatergate. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye ku-United States v. Nixon ukuthi uMongameli akanakusebenzisa ilungelo eliphethe lokufihla ubufakazi bobubi. UNixon walalela iNkantoni i-Court ’ uhlelo, kodwa lomthetho, uhlangene nenqubo ye-partment, ekugcineni waholela ekulahleni kwakhe. Lencwadi yezincwadi yezincwadi ezintathu ezisebenza ndawonye i-̬ i-judiary yahlola umqondisi wenkampani, ne-constricerreary, ibuyisela isigwebo, ibuyisela umthetho womthetho.

Ukushikashikeka Nokubambisana Kwanamuhla

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokungezwani okukhulu phakathi kwamagatsha, njengokuphikisana ngokwezimali ngenxa yokhuseleko lomngcele, ama-communion police, ne-operal commistration. Lezimpi zivivinya isimiso, kodwa futhi ziqinisa isidingo sokubambisana. I-Gridlock iyakhungathekisa, kodwa iklanywe: amaFrames akhetha uhulumeni ohamba kancane ovikela amalungelo amancane anamandla alawula umuntu okwaziyo ukuwacindezela. Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, amagatsha athola izindlela zokuhlehla ngenxa yokuthi akukho okubusa kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo ezifana nobhadayo lwe-COVID, izikhangiso ezidluliselwe izikweleti, uMongameli wawayisa izivumelwano, futhi izinkantolo zabukeza izinselele zezenzo zombuso.

Ukubambisana Njengomthetho - sisekelo

Ukusho ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lidinga elinye akulona nje iphuzu lemfundo. Kuyiqiniso elisebenzayo, elisebenza nsuku zonke lokubusa. UMongameli akanakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle koMkhandlu. UMkhandlu awunakumisa imithetho yawo ngaphandle komphathi. Izinkantolo azinakunquma amacala ngaphandle koMkhandlu ukudala izinkantolo eziphansi nezahlulelo eziphethe. Uma igatsha elilodwa linqaba ukubambisana, sonke isimiso siyayekelela ekuphazamisekeni. Ithemba lamaFramers lalithi ukulangazelela kwakungamelana nesifiso, kwakhiwe iRiphabliki eqinile.

Lokhu kuncintisana kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla asakazwa, izakhamuzi zingadlulisela isikhongozelo emagatsheni ahlukene uma zinomuzwa wokuthi zoniwe yinye. Umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho futhi wasayinwa nguMongameli ungabekelwa inselele enkantolo. Isenzo somongameli singavinjelwa ngesiyalo sokwahlulela. Ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kungahlongozwa yiKhomishane futhi kugunyazwe uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ̱ ukuchaza akuthandwa. Isimiso sinikeza amaphuzu amaningi okungena nokuvusekugqibeni, ngenxa yokuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elinegama lokugcina kuyo yonke into.

Isiphetho: Ukubambisana njengamandla

Kunokuba kube ubuthakathaka, ukuncika kwegatsha ngalinye kwelinye kunamandla amakhulu kakhulu esimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni kudinga ukuvumelana, ukucubungulisisa, nokuhlonipha imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha lemithetho limisa imithetho, kodwa kumelwe linqobe uMongameli i-’ ligunyaze noma liqoqe ukuncishiswa kwe-ascheme kakhulu ukuze lisuse umthetho. Igatsha elikhulu likhipha imithetho, kodwa kumelwe lihloniphe imithetho yokwahlulela kanye nokwengamela umthetho. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa lincikelwe kwamanye amagatsha amabili ukusekela izinkantolo futhi likhiphe izibopho. Lokhu kusebenza okuqhubekayo akusona iphutha; injini egcina uhulumeni wentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ogcwele we-Constitution engosini yeNational Archives, funda ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni ku-USA.gov, futhi ufunde imibono yeNkantolo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ukuze ubone ukuthi i-Supreme ihlola futhi ilinganisele emsebenzini.