Okwenza Obaba Abatholakele Badale Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wamisa uhulumeni wemibuso ehlukene, ohlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela. Loluhlelo lwalungaqagelwanga. Lwaluwumphumela wempikiswano enkulu, iminyaka yokuhlolwa okungokomlando, nokungathembani okujulile kwamandla alinganiselwe. Abakhi besakhiwo bakholelwa ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvikela inkululeko kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu elingabusa uhulumeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani bekhetha lelilungiselelo kudinga ukuhlola izinkinga ababezibonele, imibono abayizuze efeni, nokuhlehla kwemibono yabo eFiladelfiya phakathi nehlobo lonyaka ka-1787.

Ukwesaba Kwabasunguli Amandla Amisiwe

Amadoda abhala uMthetho-sisekelo ayephila ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani. Abaningi babesebenze ezindlini zomthetho zamakoloni noma eZwekazini. Babebone indlela inkosi nephalamende okungalisebenzisa kabi ngayo igunya. Babephile futhi phakathi kwesiphithiphithi seZihloko zeConfederation, uhulumeni wezwe obuthakathaka ongenakuphakamisa izintela, ophoqelela imithetho, noma ugcine ukuhleleka. Kokubili ukweqisa kwemithetho . [1] tyrany nesiphithiphithiphithi sengqondo yabo.

James Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho-sisekelo, waphikisa ku- u-Federali uNo. 51 ukuthi “ukuvelela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwisane nokufuna ukuvelela.” Wayekholelwa ukuthi isimo somuntu sinephutha nokuthi noma imuphi umholi wayengaba nokonakala. Okuwukuphela kwesivikelo kwakuwukudala uhulumeni lapho amandla ehlukene khona futhi igatsha ngalinye lalinakho kokubili isisusa nezindlela zokumelana nokungezwani nezinye.

Umsuka Ophicophelelayo: UMontesquieu Nomoya Womthetho

Abasunguli babengabafundi be-Kukhanyiselwa. Bafunda uJohn Locke, uWilliam Blackstone, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, uBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [[, uMsunguli weMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho yezomthetho, isikhulu, nemibuso yokwahlulela. Waxwayisa ngokuthi “lapho amandla engokomthetho nesikhulu sihlangene kumuntu oyedwa, noma endikimbeni efanayo yezahluleli, ngeke kube khona inkululeko.” Abasunguli bakhona bathatha lomqondo futhi bakha uMthetho-sisekelo.

UMontesquieu wayefunde ngesimiso saseBrithani, asithanda, kodwa wayiqonda kabi eminye yemininingwane yaso. Noma kunjalo, ukuqonda kwakhe okuyisisekelo kwanamathela: uhulumeni okhululekile kumelwe uvimbele noma iliphi igatsha ekubhaleni, ekuqikeleleni, nasekuhluleleni imithetho yalo siqu. Abasunguli babheka lokhu njengesimiso sendawo yonke, hhayi njengesimiso saseBrithani esihlukile.

Ubuthakathaka Bezihloko Zokuhlenga

Phambi koMthetho-sisekelo, i-United States yasebenza ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zeConfederation, eyagunyazwa ngo-1781. Leyo ncwajana yakha i-uncameral Congress engenabaphathi abaphethe noma abahluleli. Uhulumeni wezwe wayengenakuphoqa amazwe ukuba akhokhe izintela noma aphakamise ibutho. I-United States yazinyathelisa imali yawo nezivumelwano ezinganakwa. Ukuvukela kukaShays ngo-1786.86an ukuvukela kwabalimi abahlomile eMassachusetts. Baqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe kwakudingeka uqine, kodwa futhi amandla awo kumelwe aqondiswe ngokucophelela.

IConstitution of Constitution ePhiladelphia yabizwa ukuba ibukeze izihloko. Kunalokho, izihambeli zazilahla zaqala zisanda kuqalwa. I-Virginia Plan, eyahlongozwa u-Edmund Randolph futhi eyayibhalwe ngokuyinhloko nguMadison, yabiza uhulumeni wezwe oqinile onamagatsha amathathu ahlukene.

Amagatsha Amathathu: Umklamo, Umbuso Nemingcele

Igatsha ngalinye lanikezwa imisebenzi ehlukile, kodwa ngalinye lalinikezwa namathuluzi okuhlola amanye. Lomklamo wawungaphathelene nokuphumelela, kodwa wawungaphathelene nokuphepha. Abasunguli babezimisele ukwamukela ukwaneliseka okuthile ukuze bathole inkululeko.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sidala iSishaya - mthetho futhi sisinika amandla okumisa. Abasunguli benza iSishaya-mthetho saba igatsha lokuqala nenamandla kakhulu. Babelindele ukuba sibe sesisondeleni kakhulu nabantu. Kodwa futhi babesaba “isitha esikhulu,” ngakho bahlukanisa uMkhandlu waba yizigodlo ezimbili.

Indlu yabameleli yayiklanyelwe ukuveza inani labantu. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili futhi bakhethwa ngokuqondile abantu. Lena kwakuyingxenye yentando yeningi kakhulu kuhulumeni omusha. ISigele, ekuqaleni esasikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (eshintshwe yiSichibiyelo sekhulu le-17 ngo-1913), sasimelela izifundazwe ngokufanayo. Izimemezeli zasebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, zibanika umbono omude futhi zibavikela ezifisweni zomphakathi zesikhashana.

UKhomishane uphethe amandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, ukumisa impi, nokuphakamisa amabutho. Futhi inamandla okuhlasela umongameli nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. Abasunguli baqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakuthatha isinyathelo wodwa. Umthetho kumelwe udlulise womibili iminyango bese unikezwa umongameli ukuze uvume. Uma umongameli ewulawula, uMkhandlu ungakhipha indawo ngevoti eyi-3 ezimbili endlini ngayinye.

Inkinombho lokuhlola kwamanye amagatsha:

  • [ Ukudlulisa ukuzwa [ kuvumela iziKhongolo ukuba zihlole igatsha eliphethe.
  • Ukuqinisekisa [ kuyadingeka ekumiseni umongameli emahhovisi ejaji nasemahhovisi aphezulu aphethe.
  • Amandla esikhwama [ asho ukuthi alukho uhlelo oluphethe olungasebenza ngaphandle kokuphathwa kwenhlangano.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa kungasebenza kumongameli, isekela likamongameli, noma amajaji kahulumeni, nakuba izindinganiso ziphakeme.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMongameli

ISiphakamiso II siphakamisa igunya lobuphathi kumongameli oyedwa. Lokhu kwakuwukushiya okukhulu kuTheats of Confederation, eyayingenabaphathi abaphethe. Abasunguli baphikisana ngokuthi isikhulu kufanele sibe umuntu oyedwa yini noma umkhandlu. Bakhetha umongameli oyedwa ukuze athole ubunye nokulandisa.

Umongameli uyinhloko-nhloko yamabutho ahlomile, kodwa iKhongolo kuphela elingamemezela impi. Umongameli angase enze izivumelwano, kodwa afune ukuba iSigele sivunyelwe ngevoti ephindwe kabili-ntathu. Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni nezikhulu ze-khathemende, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siwaqinisekise. Umongameli angawugunyaza umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawadlulisa lowo mthetho. Umongameli angathethelela uhulumeni, kodwa lawo mandla awanwebi amacala.

Abasunguli babekhathazekile ngokuthi umongameli angaba yinkosi. Banika ihhovisi igama elithatha iminyaka emine ngaphandle kwemingcele yeminyaka ekuqaleni (imingcele yezikhawu yanezelwa yiSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu ngo-1951 ngemva kwe-Franklin D. Roosevelt yezikhathi ezine yobumongameli). Babuye benza umongameli wabekwa idendali ukuba ahloselwe “amacala amakhulu kanye namaphutha.””

Inkinombho lokuhlola kwamanye amagatsha:

  • Iveto inikeza umongameli i-excheal ekhelini loMkhandlu.
  • Amandla okumisa avumela umongameli ukuba amise izinhlangano zejaji zikahulumeni nezikhulu.
  • Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo vumela umongameli aqondise igatsha eliphethe, elibhekene nokubukezwa kokwahlulela nokudunyiswa kwengqungquthela.
  • Amandla okuthethelela ayi-checker ejajini, evumela umongameli ukuba ashintshe izigwebo noma athethelele ubugebengu.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: INkantolo Ephakeme Nezinkantolo Zesizwe

ISiphakamiso III simisa igatsha lokwahlulela. Abasunguli benza igatsha lokwahlulela laba igatsha elibuthakathaka kakhulu ngokwegunya phezu kwemali nenkani, kodwa futhi balenza laba abazimele. Amajaji angokoMaster akhonza ukuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, futhi amaholo abo awanakwehliswa lapho besehhovisi. Lokhu kuzenzela kuhloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angabusa kahle ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kwamanye amagatsha.

Ukubukeza kweNkantolo Ephakeme okubaluleke kakhulu − judicial memorial. Yamiswa ngo-1803 [ku- Mathry v. Madison. Uma kunjalo, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuthi “ngokungazelele isifundazwe somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zesikhulu eziphula umthetho.

Abasunguli babelindele ukuba ijaji libe ummeli ongathathi hlangothi. Balinika igunya lokuzwa amacala evela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano. INkantolo Ephakeme futhi inegunya eligunyaza amacala amaningi ezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni lapho zihilela umbuzo kahulumeni.

Inkinombho lokuhlola kwamanye amagatsha:

  • [ Ukubukeza okungokwesiko kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede imithetho engekho ngokomthetho nezenzo zezikhulu.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwemithetho kunquma indlela imithetho yemithetho yoKhala esetshenziswa ngayo.
  • Ukuphila kuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kodwa bangadukiswa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.
  • Izindawo zenqubo [ ezinkantolo zikahulumeni zibekwe yijaji, ehlelelwe ukulungiswa kwengqungquthela.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asisona isimiso esiqinile sokuhlukana. Sifana kakhulu nesimiso samagunya angenayo lapho igatsha ngalinye linezwi khona emsebenzini wamanye. Lokhu kwakha ubuhlobo obunamandla, ngokuvamile obubambezelayo esinyathelo sikahulumeni. Abasunguli babheka lokhu njengesici, hhayi isiphazamiso.

Nazi ezinye izibonelo zezwe langempela zokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini:

  • I-Prodétility vento ne-counional: uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt with's Umthetho we-Rwenue ka- 1943[, kodwa uMkhandlu uthathe indawo yakhe kabanzi ngokuphindwe kambalwa intela yadluliswa ngaphezu kokwenqabela kukamongameli.
  • Ukulahla ukwenqaba iNkantolo Ephakeme: Ngo- 1987, iSigele senqaba ukumiswa kukaMongameli Reagan eGibhel eNkantolo Ephakeme ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala nenkulumo - mpikiswano.
  • Ukungagunyazwa kwemithetho kahulumeni: Ku [FT] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela i-Afford Care Care Act igunyaza njengentela kodwa yawisa ilungiselelo elabekwa amazwe ajezisa ukungandisa iMedicaid.
  • Uphenyo lokuhlola lomphathi: I House Judicary Committee yokuhlola umongameli uRichard Nixon waholela ekuholeni kwakhe emsebenzini ngo- 1974.

Lena intengo kahulumeni oklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko ngokwenza kube nzima ukwenza izinto ngokuxhamazela, ikakhulukazi uma amalungu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukahlukene.

Umphumela Kubantu BaseMelika

Isimiso esineziqu ezintathu salolonga cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Sivumele uhulumeni ukuba andise futhi avumelane nomthetho lapho elondoloza inkululeko eyisisekelo. Kuye kwadala izingxabano eziphoqelela izwe ukuba lixoxe ngokukhululekile ngezindinganiso zalo.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvikela abantu ngabanye ngokwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi icebo elilodwa ukulawula zonke izigijimi zikahulumeni. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ocindezelayo, umongameli angawuhlasela noma izinkantolo zingawushaya. Uma igatsha eliphethe liphamba, iSishaya-Mkhandlu singanciphisa ukuxhaswa kwezimali noma sihlole. Uma izinkantolo zikude kakhulu, uMkhandlu ungabhala imithetho noma uhlongoze ukunqandwa komthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuhlehlela emuva-kanye nokunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba amaningi okubekela inselele yesenzo sikahulumeni.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Ngenxa yokuthi igatsha ngalinye lingaqondisa ezinye, uhulumeni uveza sobala ngokwengeziwe. ukuqulwa kwamacala, imibono yokwahlulela, nemibiko yezikhulu kusobala. Izindaba zihlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwamagatsha. Izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi yini uhulumeni wazo ayenzayo futhi zibeke abaholi emabhokisini okuvota icala.

Ukuzinza Ngokungasheshi Ngokungagwemi

Isimiso sasiklanyelwe ukuba sithathe kancane. I-Badameralism, i-veto, isiqinisekiso, nokubukeza ukwahlulela konke kwakha izithiyo zoshintsho olusheshayo. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuye kwakhungathekisa abashisekeli benguquko, kodwa futhi kuye kwavimbela imithetho esheshayo, engacatshangelwe kahle. Uhulumeni waseMelika uye wasinda ezimpini, ukucindezeleka, izinxushunxushu zombano, kanye namahlazo ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi amandla ahlolwayo kanye nokulinganisela kwemizwa.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Umklamo wabasunguli ubhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha ekhulwini lama-21. Ukuvela kwezwe lokuphatha kuye kwafiphaza imigqa phakathi kwamagatsha. Amanxusa aphetheyo manje abhala imithetho enamandla omthetho (ohluzayo-legislave relation), aphoqelela leyo mithetho (imisebenzi yokubulala), kanye nezimpikiswano (imisebenzi ye-saculo). Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuphikisana nokuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwemibuso. Abasekeli bathi idingekile ekulawuleni kwemibuso yanamuhla.

Enye inselele ukukhula kwamandla abusayo phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Omongameli baye babiza igunya elikhulu lokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe, impi, nempilo yomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yahlehlisa, njengaku intsha eshaye ye-Stown Comment & Tube. Co. Sawyer [1952], eyayenqaba ukuthumba umongameli uTruman izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea. Kodwa imingcele isalokhu incintisana.

Ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo okuphakathi kusibekele phansi futhi isimiso. Uma umongameli noMkhandlu bevela emaqenjini ahlukene, ngokuvamile imiphumela iba imiphumela. Abanye baye bacela izinguquko ezinjenge-meta-item chuto, imingcele yamagama kubahluleli, noma izinqubo ezilula. Abasunguli ngokunokwenzeka bebengalindela ukuba isimiso sibangele izingxabano. Kodwa futhi babethemba ukuthi amagatsha ekugcineni ayezothola indlela yokubusa.

Okwenza Isimiso Siqhubeke Sikhona

Isimiso sebhulashi esineziqu ezintathu manje sesineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-230. Siye salungiswa izikhathi ezingu-72, kodwa isisekelo saso asizange sishintshe. Abasunguli baphumelela ekusunguleni uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba uthathe isinyathelo futhi ulinganiselwe ngokwanele ukuba uvikele inkululeko. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuye kwaba isibonelo sebuningini bombuso wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi. Kuchaza ukuthi kungani kulwiwa izimpi zezombangazwe ezinkundleni eziningi: eCongress, eWhite House, ezinkantolo, nasenkantolo yomphakathi. Abasunguli abazange badale umshini ophelele. Bakha uhlelo lwesimiso sobuhulumeni bomuntu siqu oluxhomeke ekuqapheni kwabantu. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku Fideralist No. 51, “abantu bawukuphela komthombo osemthethweni wamandla.” Amagatsha amathathu akhona kulelo qembu elisebenza kabi.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo

Le mithombo inikeza isizinda esinegunya ngenkathi yokusungulwa, umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo, nokusebenza kwamagatsha amathathu namuhla.