Umsuka Wesimiso Esiwukuhlakanipha

Imbalwa imiqondo eyisisekelo yentando yeningi yaseMelika njenge- ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso. Isekelwe eMthethweni Wokuqala woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala engathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zenkolo . Ukuvikela kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nokubusa kwezwe. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuphikisana, ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso kuye kwaguqula u-U.S. umlando, umthetho, nokuphila komphakathi ngezindlela ezinzulu. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani kuhlala kusekhona itshe lemfanelo yaseMelika.

Kodwa lomqondo awuzange wavela ngokugcwele ngo-1789. Izimpande zawo zihlehlela emuva enkathini yamakoloni, lapho izifiki eziningi zibaleka ezindaweni zaseYurophu zamasonto nanezimpi zenkolo. URoger Williams, umsunguli weRhode Island ngo-1636, wasungula ikoloni elingenalo isonto elingokomthetho futhi wamukela abantu bazo zonke izinkolo. Wabhala “ngodonga lokuhlukanisa” phakathi kwengadi yesonto nehlane lomhlaba. Kamuva, uThomas Jefferson wasebenzisa isingathekiso esifanayo encwadini esayinwa eya kuDanburybaptist, ebaqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sazo zonke izinkolo sasingalulo phakathi kwesonto nesifundazwe." Amazwi kaJefferf akavelanga eMthethweni womthetho, kodwa anqoba izinhloso zikahulumeni: akumelwe aphazamise inkolo futhi angayishayi ngokomthetho.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Nomthetho

IMibukiso Emibili YeSichibiyelo Sokuqala

[ Isichibiyeli sokuqala [ sithi: [[FLT]] “Icala alisoze lenza umthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo mahhala.”[ Lokhu kuqukethe izingcaphuno ezimbili ezigxekayo:

  • Ukuqinisekisa u Claus : Uhulumeni akanakumisa inkolo engokomthetho, uthanda inkolo eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye, noma usekela inkolo jikelele. Lemisho ivimbela ukukhokha intela ekuxhaseni izinhlangano zenkolo futhi igcina izikole zomphakathi, izinkantolo, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni ekuthuthukiseni imiyalezo engokwenkolo.
  • Free Exening Claus : Abantu ngabanye bakhululekile ukuqhuba inkolo yabo (noma akukho nkolo) ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Lokhu kuvikela izinkolo ezimbalwa kanye nabakholwa abangakholi-196, kuqinisekisa ukuthi unembeza awuphoqelelwe ngumbuso.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa lezi zinkulumo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezihlanganisa imibuso nohulumeni bendawo ngeSichibiyelo Se - 14, okusho ukuthi akukho silinganiso sikahulumeni esingase siphule lezisivikelo.

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo

Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, izinkantolo ziye zalungisa imingcele ephakathi kwesonto nombuso.

  • son v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947): INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukwakhiwa kuka-Claus kusebenza ezifundazweni futhi yasekela umthetho waseNew Jersey ovumela ukukhokhelwa kwemali yebhazi ezikoleni zemfundo, kodwa umbono womphakathi iHugo Black waziwayo ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo “umthetho wokuthi u-omthetho u-omthetho usebenza ebudlelwaneni bawo namaqembu amakholwa nabangakholwangango-196.”
  • Engel v. Vitale [1962]]: INkantolo yawuqeda umthandazo owehlisiwe ezikoleni zomphakathi, ngisho noma abafundi bengase bakhethe. Umthandazo kahulumeni ogunyaziwe, amajaji abawe, uphula u-Claus ngokuphoqa isenzo esingokomthetho senkolo.
  • Limon v. Kurtzman (1971]: kumiswe u-“Lemon" ukunquma ukuthi umthetho uwephula u-Claus obekwe ngaphambili: kumele ube nenjongo yezwe, kumele ingabi yinjongo, ngokuyinhloko impela, futhi ingenzeli uhulumeni oweqisayo odidekile nenkolo. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kulungisiwe, kuhlala kuyi-screding.
  • .[Bremeton School District [202]]: INkantolo yanquma ukuthi umthandazo womqeqeshi webhola lezinyawo ephakeme egcekeni wawuvikelwe ngaphansi kwe-Free Exening Claus, uma nje ingaphoqelelwanga noma ingxenye yomsebenzi wesikole osemthethweni. Lendaba yahlela ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzivivinya ngokukhululekile nokumisa.

Okwenza Isonto Lihlukane NoMbuso

Lesi simiso asiyona nje into ecatshangelwayo, kodwa inezinzuzo eziqinisekile emphakathini ohlukene, obusa ngentando yeningi.

1. Ivikela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Yabo Bonke Abantu

Uma uhulumeni ushiya inkolo, abantu bangakhulekela, bashintshe izinkolelo noma bangabi nazo izinkolelo ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso noma ukukhetha.

2. Uqinisekisa Ukwelashwa Okulinganayo Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Alukho ukholo oluthola intela ekhethekile, ukuvunyelwa kwegunya, noma ukuvunyelwa kwemithombo yomphakathi. Imithetho isebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

3. Ilondoloza Ukubusa Kwezwe Kwenhlangano Efundisa Ukuziphatha Okuhle

I-America ingelinye lamazwe ahlukene kakhulu ngokwenkolo emhlabeni. Abantu abadala abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-70 bavumelana nenkolo, kodwa bonke bahlanganisa abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, abathi uNkulunkulu akaziwa, nabalandeli bamasiko angawe-langoweWestern. Imithetho yezwe − esekelwe ekucabangeni, ebufakazini, nakumalungelo embulunga yonke — ivumela abantu ukuba baphile ndawonye ngaphansi kwesimiso somphakathi esifanayo. Njengoba abasunguli becabanga, ukuxuba umthetho womphakathi nemfundiso yenkolo.

4. Inciphisa Izingxabano Ezingokwenkolo Nezingxabano Zombango

Kusukela eMpini Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu eYurophu kuya ebudloveni banamuhla bamahlelo kwenye indawo, umlando ubonisa ukuthi inkolo eholayo ngokuvamile iholela ekushushisweni nasekuchitheni igazi. Ngokugcina uhulumeni ungathathi hlangothi, iUnited States yagwema eziningi zalezozimpi. Nakuba kusekhona izingxabano ezingokwenkolo, umngcele ongokomthetho uyabasiza ukuba bagweme ukudlondlobala ezimpini zombango noma ukubusa okungokwasezulwini.

5. Isekela Umbono Wabasunguli Wohulumeni Olinganiselwe

Abakhi baFrame babethonywe kakhulu izihlakaniphi zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke, owaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezakhamuzi awunagunya phezu kokusindiswa kwemiphefumulo. UJames Madison, umklami oyinhloko woMthetho-sisekelo, wabhala ukuthi “inkolo khona - ke umuntu ngamunye kumelwe ishiyelwe ekuqinisekeni nakunembeza wabo bonke abantu.” Ngakho ukwahlukana kuqinisa ukuzimisela okukhulu kwaseMelika ekusithekeni kukahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

6. Ziqinisa Izinhlangano Ezingokwenkolo

Ngokuyindida, ukwehlukana kungase kusize ekuchumeni kwenkolo. Lapho amasonto, amasinagoge, amathempeli namathempeli encike ekusekeleni kokuzithandela kunokuba acindezele uhulumeni, akhululekile ukuba athuthukise imiphakathi ethembekile futhi akhulume ngokuyiqiniso ekulawuleni. Emazweni amisiwe, izinhlangano zenkolo ngokuvamile ziba nezivelele futhi zilahlekelwe amandla angokomoya. Ngokomlando ukuphila okungokwenkolo kuye kwaba okunentshiseko ngenxa yokuthi akuncikile kuhulumeni.

7. Isekela Isayensi, Imfundo Nomthetho Womphakathi Osekelwe Ebufakazini

Uhulumeni wezwe uvumela izikole zomphakathi ukuba zifundise ukuvumelana kwezesayensi − njengokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu nokushintsha kwezenkolo . Izinqumo zemithetho engokwempilo yomphakathi, imingcele yezomnotho, nokwahlulela kobugebengu zingabekwa emininingwaneni esekelwe emfundisweni esekelwe emfundisweni engokwenkolo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukholo alukhishwanga empikiswaneni yomphakathi; abantu bokholo bangaphikisana nezindinganiso zabo. Kodwa igunya lokugcina lomthetho kumelwe lisekelwe ezizathwini ezifinyelelekayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikholelwa kuyiphi inkolelo.

Ukungaqondi Okuvamile Ngesonto ■ Ukuhlukana Kwesifunda

Naphezu komlando wayo omude ongokomthetho, isimiso ngokuvamile sichazwa kabi.

  • Ayikuvimbeli ukukhuleka komphakathi. Abantu bahlala bekhululekile ukuthandaza, begqoka izingubo zenkolo, bebonisa izimpawu, futhi bakha amaqembu enkolo. Ukwehlukana kumane nje kwenqabela uhulumeni ekuthatheni noma ekukhetheni inkolo. Umfundi angathandaza buthule esikoleni; isikhulu somphakathi singakhulekela ngeSonto; umkhandlu wedolobha ungavula umhlangano wawo ngomzuzu wokuthula.
  • Ayimelene nenkolo engu-196. Isimiso sivikela amakholwa nabakholwayo ngokufanayo. Abatheist, amaJuda, amaSulumane, amaKristu, namaSikh bayazuza ngokulinganayo uma umbuso uhlala ungathathi hlangothi. Njengoba uMahluleli uRobert Jackson abhala, “Usuku lelizwe eliyeka ngalo ukukhululeka enkolweni, lizoyeka ukukhululeka enkolweni.”
  • Awudingi ukukhipha zonke izimpawu zenkolo empahleni yomphakathi. Izinkantolo ezihlukanisa phakathi kwenkulumo engokwenkolo yangasese (evikelekile) nemifanekiso kahulumeni. Isiphambano esibekwe esikhumbuzweni sempi singavunyelelwa uma sinokubaluleka okungokomlando; isiphambano esimiswe uhulumeni enkantolo ayinjalo. Umongo wezindaba.
  • Ayiwanqabeli amazwi enkolo ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Abaholi nezakhamuzi zingasekela imithetho esekelwe okholweni lwabo [1] Kanye njengokuba izakhamuzi zezwe zingaba khona. Umngcele unqamule uma uhulumeni ethatha incazelo yamahlelo njengesizathu esingokomthetho somthetho, noma uma izuzisa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa iqembu elilodwa lenkolo.

Izithobo zangempela zezwe Zokwehlukana

Izikole Zomphakathi

Mhlawumbe akukho lapho ukwehlukana kubonakala khona kakhulu khona, futhi kuncintisana khona kakhulu nemfundo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi izikole zomphakathi, njengezinhlangano zikahulumeni, azinakuhola abafundi ngomthandazo noma ekufundeni iBhayibheli okungokokuzinikela. Nokho, abafundi bangathandaza ngasese, bakhe amaqenjana angokwenkolo (phakathi kwe-Exctal Acce Act), futhi baveze izinkolelo zabo ezabelweni. Umgomo ukulondoloza isimo sokufunda esingathathi hlangothi lapho izingane zazo zonke izizinda zizizwa zamukeleka khona.

Izinhlangano Ezingokwenkolo Nezimali Zikahulumeni

Ukumiswa kuka-Clausde ngokuvamile kufaka imali eqondile kahulumeni yokuxhasa ukukhulekela okungokwenkolo noma imfundo. Kodwa ukholo [1] lungathola imali yokukhokha intela yezinkonzo zezwe . njengokupha abangenamakhaya noma ukunikeza ukululama kwemilutha ("ukunikeza imali engasetshenziselwa ukuguqula abantu." Lokhu “ukukhetha okunikiwe okusizayo” okusekelwa yiNkantolo, kuvumela amaqembu enkolo ukuba akhonze umphakathi ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa isonto nombuso.

Isithembiso Sokumelana Nohulumeni Nesithi “Ngaphansi KukaNkulunkulu”

ISifungo sobuphikisi sihlanganisa inkulumo ethi “ngaphansi kukaNkulunkulu,” eyanezelwa uMkhandlu ngo-1954. Izinkantolo ziye zathi lesi Sifungo siwumthetho sisekelo ngoba siwukushisekela izwe, hhayi inkolo, ukuzivivinya, futhi ngoba abafundi bangakhetha. Noma kunjalo, leligama lisalokhu liphikisana, futhi abanye babheka ukuthi kuwukwephula umthetho oqinile wokungathathi hlangothi. Izinselele eziningi ziye zehluleka, kodwa le mpikiswano iyaqhubeka ivivinya imingcele.

Izimanga Ezingokwenkolo Emithethweni Evamile Eqondakalayo

I-Free Execree Claus ngezinye izikhathi idinga indawo yemikhuba engokwenkolo engqubuzana nemithetho yezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Religious Free Reconstruct Act (1993) nemithetho efanayo kahulumeni ivumela ukukhulula uma uhulumeni enesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo futhi usebenzisa izindlela ezingezinkulu kakhulu. Nokho izinkantolo zinciphisa ukuvinjelwa lapho zilimaza abantu abesithathu qha qha, ukuvumela umentshisi ukuba enqabe ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo kungase kungqubuzane nelungelo lesiguli ekunakekeleni impilo. Ukulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zesimiso Sokwehlukana

Abanye abaholi bezombangazwe baye balwela ukuvunywa okukhulu kobuKristu, becaphuna ifa lesizwe elingokwenkolo. Abanye basekela ukuvumela izimpawu ezingokwenkolo nomthandazo ezimisweni zomphakathi ngokukhululekile ngokwengeziwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqembu enkolo avamile nanamancane axwayisa ngokuthi izenzo ezinjalo zikhuphula udonga lokuhlukana.

Izezobuchwepheshe nezezesayensi nezezenhlalakahle nazo zingaba yinkimbinkimbi izindaba. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa ama-akhawunti azo siqu ukuze ziveze imibono engokwenkolo, ziphakamise imibuzo ngesigijimi. Futhi njengoba umphakathi uhluka kakhulu, umehluko phakathi kwendawo yokuhlala eyamukelekayo nokuvumelana okungavumelani nomthetho uyaqhubeka ufiphaza. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nalezimpikiswano, ngokuvamile zifinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene kuye ngamaqiniso.

Naphezu kwalezi mpikiswano, isimiso esiyisisekelo sisasekelwa kabanzi. Izinhlalo zibonisa njalo ukuthi iningi eliqinile lamaMelika liyakwazisa ukuhlukana kwesonto ngokwesifundazwe, njengoba nje lingavumelani nezicelo ezithile. Uhlelo olungokomthetho luye lwabonakala luvumelana ngokwanele nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho lulondoloza umgomo oyisisekelo wokungathathi hlangothi kwenkolo.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikelwa Kwentando Yeningi Nenkululeko

ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso akuwona nje umqondo ongokomthetho ``ukuvikela ukubusa ngentando yeningi nenkululeko. Ngokugcina uhulumeni ungathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zenkolo, uvikela ukungalingani, uvimbela ukungalingani, futhi uvikela inkululeko ethenjiswe eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala. Ezweni elihluka-hlukene njenge-United States, lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ukhonza bonke abantu ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki izinkolelo zabo.

Njengoba iNkantolo ePhakeme nemithetho ilungisa lemingcele, izakhamuzi zingenza kahle ukukhumbula ukuhlakanipha komsunguli: inkolo ichuma kakhulu uma ikhululekile ekulawuleni kukahulumeni, futhi idemokrasi ichuma kakhulu uma isimo sihlala singathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zikanembeza. Kulabo abafisa ukuhlola lendaba ngokwengeziwe, i-Cornell Legional Information Institute inikeza ukuhlaziywa kweSimemezelo sokuqala se-jurispraclecude. [[FLT:] Isikhungo sokucwaninga sokucwaninga [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] sinikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngenani elingokwenkolo kanye nesimo sengqondo sokuhlukana. Futhi ngombono ongokwesiko, [FLT] [FLT]]

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso kuye kwasebenza njengensika yokubusa kwaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.