Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yezinsika ezithandwa kakhulu neziphikisana kakhulu zenhlangano yentando yeningi, eyenza abantu bakwazi ukuveza imibono, ukugxeka igunya, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala. Kodwa lelilungelo eliyisisekelo alikho nhlobo. Ivame ukungqubuzana namanye amalungelo abalulekile njengokuba wedwa, ukuphepha, idumela, kanye nokulingana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinkinga zomthetho nezimiso. Uma kuphakama lezingxabano, imiphakathi kumelwe ilinganise ngokushelela phakathi kokuvikela inkulumo evulekile nokuvikela abantu ekulimaleni. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kwenzekani lapho kuphikisana ngokukhululekile namanye amalungelo, ukuhlola izici ezingokomthetho, izibonelo zangempela, nezimiso eziqondisa lezi zinqumo ezinzima.

Isimo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma Nemingcele Yako

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganiswe ezicini zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke, njengeSiphakamiso 19 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, futhi sivikelwe yimithetho-sisekelo eminingi yesizwe. Nokho, alikho ilungelo eliphelele. Wona kanye umqondo wenkululeko yokukhuluma usho umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye. Ukucindezela okuyinhloko kuba khona uma inkulumo yomuntu iphazamisa izithakazelo zomunye umuntu ezivikelekile, njengabo, ukuphepha, noma isithunzi.

Isisekelo Somlando Nesefilosofi

Izazi zefilosofi njengoJohn Stuart Mill noJohn Milton zaphikisa ngokuthi ukukhulumisa kudingekile ekufuneni iqiniso nokubusa kwentando yeningi. "isimiso somthetho" seMill' sisikisela ukuthi inkulumo kufanele ivunyelwe kuphela ukuthi ivikele ukulimala okuqondile kwabanye. Lesi simiso siye sathonya kakhulu izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuhlala kuphikisana. Inselele ikhona ekuchazeni ukuthi iluphi uhlobo "harm" nendlela yokuyihlola ngokumelene nokubaluleka kwenkulumo. Ezinhlalweni eziningi, inkulumo ebangela ubudlova, isakaza amanga angcolile, noma ihlasela izindaba zomuntu siqu yikona okungakho okungalawuleki. Ukuqonda lezizisekelo kusiza ukuba kucacingisise ukuthi kungani izingxabano zivela futhi imiphakathi izama ukubhekana kanjani.

Imingcele Engokomthetho

Amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele engokomthetho ekwakheni inkululeko yokukhuluma ukuze avikele amanye amalungelo. Lemingcele iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esinamandla sokukhuluma, kodwa okuhlukile kulokhu kuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokusongelwa. Ngokuphambene, amazwe aseYurophu avame ukusebenzisa imingcele eqinile yokulinganisela amalungelo abantu, ukugcizelela isithunzi nelungelo lomuntu lokungahlolwa yimfihlo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Europe Convention on Human Rights ivumela imingcele yokukhuluma ngenkululeko uma "iyimfuneko emphakathini wentando yeningi" ukuze avikele amalungelo abanye. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa ukulinganisela, ukuhlola okuqinile, nokuhlola okusobala futhi okuyingozi kwamanje. Lezi zinikeza indlela ehleliwe yokuxazulula izingxabano, kodwa futhi iqala ingxoxo eqhubekayo mayelana nendawo yokudweba intambo.

Izindawo Ezivamile Zengxabano

Indawo ngayinye iveza izinselele ezihlukile futhi idinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela umongo, injongo nemiphumela engavela. Ngezansi kunezimo ezivelele lapho kuphakama khona izingxabano.

Ukuzifihla

Ilungelo lokuvikela abantu ekungeneleni okungafuneki ekuphileni kwabo. Uma othile esakaza ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo ngaphandle kwemvume, njengokungathi amarekhodi ezokwelapha, izithombe eziyimfihlo, noma imininingwane yezezimali, ingqubuzana namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Izinkantolo zivame ukulinganisela isithakazelo salokhu ngokucabangela isithakazelo somphakathi ekwazisweni. Imithetho ingaba nelungelo lokusakaza amaqiniso ayimfihlo ngomphathi womphakathi uma eveza ukonakala, kodwa ukuveza okufanayo mayelana nomuntu oyimfihlo kungase kwenqatshelwe. Enkathini yobuchwepheshe, iziteshishi zezokuxhumana zikhuthaza lengxabano, njengoba abasebenzisi besakaza ukwaziswa okungasheshibhile. I-Learchy's Regatection Regation (GR) kanye "ilungelo lokukhomba inhloso yokuqinisa imfihlo, kodwa futhi bangalinganisela ngokukhululekile. Ukuthola iziphaka kwezelelwa kwezembutho zezindaba zezokuxhumana zezokuxhumana kudinga ukuhlanganisa noma ukuhlasela kwenhloso nje.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Ukuphepha komphakathi kungenye ilungelo elibucayi elingangqubuzana nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Inkulumo ebangela ubudlova, ubuphekula, noma ukwethuka ingavalwa ukuze kuvikele ukuphila nempahla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumemeza u "lomlilo" enkundlani yemidlalo egcwele abantu kuyisibonelo esivelele senkulumo engavikeleki ngoba idala ingozi esobala. Ngokufanayo, inkulumo yenzondo ehlasela amaqembu angakwazi ukuvikeleka ingabhebhebhethekisa ukuhlasela okungokomzimba noma izinxushunxushunxushunxu zomphakathi. Imithetho ivame ukumisa imithetho ngokumelene nokukhuthaza inzondo, ukuzonda inkulumo, nezinhlabamkhosi eziyinqaba, kodwa kumelwe ihloselwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuphikisa okungokomthetho. Inselele inseleleko impikiswano eqinile neyo. Kwezinye izimo, iziphathimandla zingaphoqa imingcele yangaphambi kwemingcele ebangela ukuvinjezwa kwemizwa kwemibhishosholo. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kudinga ukuboniswa kwemingcele nezingozi.

Ukubuyiselwa (Isigebengu)

Imithetho ephikisayo ivikela abantu emagameni amanga alimaza idumela labo. Uma othile esakaza amanga alimazayo, ukukhuluma kwesikhulumi okukhululekile kungqubuzana nelungelo lesisulu . Ukuxazulula lokhu, izinkantolo zifuna ukuba abamangali babonise ukuthi le nkulumo ingamanga futhi ibangele umonakalo. Kodwa emagunyeni amaningi, izibalo zomphakathi kumelwe zibonise "ubuthi"" ulwazi lokukhohlisa noma ukunganaki iqiniso. Izimiso ezisemthethweni emhlabeni wonke zilwa ngokuzama ukulungisa, ukuvikela intengo yokuhlambalaza. Lendinganiso ephakeme idinga ukuqaphela ukuthi izikhulu ezinkulu zidinga indawo yokuphefumula imposiso. Nokho, abantu ngabanye babhekene nomthwalo ophansi. Ukuphakama kwamapulatimende e-intanethi kukhuphule izingozi, njengoba izinkulumo ezingaziwa zinganwe ngokushesha. Izinqubo zomthetho emhlabeni wonke zingalwa ukuze zilungise, ukuvikela inzuzo emishayeni ezindaweni ezisobala. Imithetho ifuna ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ezindaweni eziphansi zezenziwa ngisho nakusetshenziswa ezicebile ekusebenziseni.

Ukulingana (Inkulumo Yesihemu)

Inkulumo yenzondo ihlasela abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu asekelwe ezicini ezinjengesizwe, inkolo, ubulili, noma indlela yobulili. Lolu hlobo lwenkulumo lungalulaza ukulingana ngokukhuthaza ubandlululo, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuhlukana kwezenhlalo. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inqabela ukunqanda ukucwaswa kwenkululeko yokuphila ngaphandle kobudlova obubangelwa inzondo. I-United States, nokho, ivikela ngisho nokukhuluma okucasulayo okucasulayo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ngaphandle kokuba ibangele ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwumthetho owe-mfakelayo. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukuhlukana okujulile kwefilosofi. I-jurisprance iveza ukukhululeka kwenkululeko yokumelana nohulumeni ngokukhohlakaza, kuyilapho izifekethiso zemithetho eseYurophu zigcizelela isithunzi somuntu nokuzwana kwenzondo. Imithetho yenzondo yenzondo ephakathi kwezindawo zokuvikela abantu.

Ukulinganisela Ukuhlolwa Nemisebenzi Yezomthetho

Ukuze kuqashelwe izingxabano zokukhuluma, izimiso zomthetho zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo nezici ezibhekene nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Lamathuluzi ahlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele ilungile, iyavumelana, futhi iyavumelana. Ukuqonda lezizindlela kubalulekile ekuhloleni indlela izinkantolo nabamisi-mthetho abaxazulula ngayo izingxabano.

Isimiso Esivelele

I-propotigaliation ingumqondo oyinhloko emthethweni wamalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, eCanada, nakweminye imikhakha. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, isithiyo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sisebenza kuphela uma sifeza injongo esemthethweni (umz., ukuvikela imfihlo noma ukuphepha) futhi kuyindlela enzima kakhulu yokufinyelela leyonjongo. Izinkantolo zihlola ubungako bemiphumela yokukhuluma ngokumelene nokubaluleka kwamalungelo avikelwe. Lokhu kuye kwasebenza ezimweni ezivelele, ngokwesibonelo, ukuvinjelwa kokukhangisa kwezombangazwe kungalingana uma kunezinye izithiyo ezingekho mingcele, njengokufuna ukuvezwa, okungafeza injongo efanayo. I-proportigamente kuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele ayiseki, igcine isisekelo sokukhuluma ngenkululeko lapho izingxabano zikhona. Lokhu kuye kwasebenza ezimweni ezingoko ezingoko ezingokomthetho, njengalezo zenzondo nezomthetho.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile Ne - Intermediate Scrutiny

E-United States, izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kuye ngokuthi imiphi imigoqo yenkulumo nelungelo ephikisana nayo. Ukuhlola okuqinile kusebenza emithethweni evimbela ukukhuluma okusekelwe ekuqukethe, ifuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise isithakazelo esiphoqeleleyo nokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho egqugquzelayo kumelwe ihlangabezane nalesi sigxobo esiphakeme. Ukuhlola okuphakathi kuyasetshenziswa ekuhlolweni okungaphakathi kwenkulumo, njengokulinganiselwa kwesikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma, lapho uhulumeni kumelwe abonise khona isithakazelo esibalulekile. Lokhu kudala isivikelo, ngenkulumo yezombangazwe ethola isivikelo esikhulu noma ngokungena ngokukhululekile. Ukulinganisa ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekutheni izimpikiswano zihilela ukulinganisela okuyisisekelo, njengokungasesemthethweni noma ukuphepha, nokuthi inkulumo ephakathi yentando yentando yeningi. Naphezu kwalokho, lokhu kungenza abahluleli bachaze ngokunye ukukhomba ukukhomba okunga okungasho okungaqondile.

Ukuhlola Icala Nezibonelo

Ucwaningo lwezenkantolo lubonisa indlela izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo ukungqubuzana kwenkululeko yokukhuluma namanye amalungelo. Lezi zibonelo zembula ukusebenza kwezimiso zomthetho ezisebenzayo nezinselele zokufinyelela ukulinganisela.

EUnited States: Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

Ku Brandenburg v.O., iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yamisa "isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiqinile" sovivinyo lokukhuthaza. Icala lalihilela umholi weKlux Klan owenza izinkulumo ezicasulayo engqungqungqutheleni. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi inkulumo ayivikelekile kuphela uma "izimisele ukukhuthaza noma ukwenza isenzo sokungabi namthetho" futhi "cishe ikhuthaza noma isenze isenzo esinjalo"". Lo mnyango ophakeme wezombangazwe uvikela inkulumo eningi, ngisho noma isekela ubudlova obufihlwayo, ngaphandle kokuba iveza usongo olusheshayo. Isinqumo sibonisa ukugcizelela kokuphepha komphakathi emongweni eminingi, kodwa futhi sakha iqheke ige igele igele indawo lapho inzondo ingaqhubeki. Izenzo zokulwa nethonya layo lokulwa kwezekelela.

INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu: Handyside no - United Kingdom (1976)

Ecaleni eliyingqopha - mlando laseYurophu Handyside v. United Kingdom, iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu yamalungelo abantu yasekela imingcele encwadini ebhekwa njengeyihlazo, ikhipha umthetho wokuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ingalinganiselwa ukuvikela ukuziphatha namalungelo abanye. Inkantolo yasungula "imfundiso yokwazisa", ivumela izigebezo ezithile ekulinganiseni amalungelo asekelwe ezindinganisweni zendawo. Lendaba yagcizelela isimiso sokulinganisela nendima yesiko. Isinqumo savuma ukuthi ukuvimbela ubudlova kungalinganiselwa, kodwa futhi yagcizelela ukuthi imingcele idingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Isinqumo siye sacashunwa ezimweni zamuva ezihilela inzondo, ukuhlamba izinkulumo, ukuthuka, nokushukuma kweze-ibhulon - juridean empini yenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zomuntu Nomphakathi

Ukuxabana ngokukhululekile kuthinta abantu ngabanye, imiphakathi nezinhlangano. Ukuqonda lokhu kuthinta amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kusiza abantu ukuba balawule amalungelo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo ezweni elihlangene.

Ukulinganisela Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nenjabulo

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwaqinisa izingxabano zezenhlalo. Amakhampani anjenge Facebook, iTutter, ne-YouTube kumelwe alinganisele isilinganiso esikhulu sokuqukethe komsebenzisi ngokumelene nokulimala okunjengokuhlukunyezwa, ukudukiswa, nokuzondwa. La mapulatifomu ngokuvamile ancike eziqondisweni zomphakathi nasezimisweni ezizimele, ezingadlula phezulu-kanye nangaphansi kwemithetho evimbelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukususa iposi eligxeka uhulumeni kungabonwa njengesekucushweni, kuyilapho ukuvuma ukuhlazisa noma okuyingozi kungaphazamisa imfihlo noma amalungelo awo okungavikelekile. Izimiso zomthetho, njengeSigaba se-Decconetic Act Act eU., izihlahlonizo zokuvikela ekubekelweni izikhala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komsebenzisi, kodwa nalokhu kuhlolwa phansi. Umsebenzisi, kumelwe acabangele, acabangele izingozi, njengoba kubhekwa ngemiphumela yabo kungenamthetho, njengoba kungenza izingozi ngezenzo ze-intanethi.

Indima Yemfundo Nengxoxo

Ngaphandle kwamakhambi angokomthetho, imfundo nengxoxo kunendima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izingxabano zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Ukufundisa izakhamuzi ngokubaluleka kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokubaluleka kokuhlonipha amanye amalungelo kuthuthukisa isiko lokuqondana. Izikole, izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala, nezingxoxo zomphakathi kungasiza abantu ukuba balawule izindaba ezibucayi ngaphandle kokuhlola noma ukuphathana ngenzondo. Ukukhuthaza ukuphikisana okunenhlonipho nokugxeka kunciphisa isidingo sezinyathelo eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho impikiswano iqala ukuvela ngenkulumo ecasulayo, izingxoxo zomphakathi eziyekiwe zinganikeza indawo yokulandisa nokuphulukisa. Imfundo futhi ihlomisela abantu ukuba baqaphele lapho bedlula emgqeni wokukhuluma bese bengena ebubini, befuna ikhambisweni engokomthetho lapho kufanele.

Isiphetho: Ngasendleleni Elinganiselayo

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingqubuzana namanye amalungelo ayinakugwenywa kunoma yimuphi umphakathi obheka ngokomthetho ukuthi inkululeko nomthwalo wemfanelo wezenhlalo ubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lamalungelo awahlukene kodwa anciphiswani. Impucuko eqinile yokukhuluma idinga isivikelo ekuhlaseleni kwezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuhlanjalazwa, kuyilapho amalungelo aqinile okuvikela nokuphepha kuxhomeke ekhonweni lokukhuluma ngokuxhashazwa. Amahlelo angokomthetho afana nokulinganisela nokuhlola okuqinile anikeza amathuluzi okuxazulula izingxabano, kodwa kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokubaluleka nangenhlonipho ngomongomo-mo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nokukhulumisana kwembulunga yonke kukhula, lezinseleleko ziyo kuphela. Abalungisi, abahluleli, futhi izakhamuzi kumelwe bahlanganyele engxoxweni eqhubekayo ekucweni kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunciphisa amalungelo awo wonke. Ukwaziswa, ukuhlola imithombo yenkululeko ephakathi kwezindawo ezikhona [FA: [5] [FF1],[5], ukuvikela iNkakhululungelo somthetho nezokuvikela somphakathi somphakathi somphakathi somphakathi somphakathi somthetho,[Fodwa] [Fod :[3]