Uma icala lobugebengu liphela ngaphandle kwesinqumo, inkantolo imemezela icala elingalungile. Lenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ingabangelwa ukuqulwa kwecala, amaphutha amakhulu, noma ukuziphatha okubi kweqembu elithile. Amaqhinga ashiya ummangalelwa esimweni esingokomthetho se-limo/angenacala noma angabi nacala. Ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenzekayo idinga ukuhlaziywa kokushendezelwa kokushenxiswa phakathi komthetho wezezimali kanye nesivikelo somthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo ezingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimo lapho ukuqulwa kwecala kwenzeka khona, imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi elawula kabusha, kanye nezingathsici ezisebenzayo kubamangalelwa, abamangali, nabamangaleli, kanye nesimiso sobulungisa.

Incazelo Engokomthetho Nezimbangela Ezivamile Ziyini?

Icala elingalungile liyicala umahluleli angenza ize ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe isinqumo, kwenze isahlulelo singasebenzi. Icala liyama ngokushesha, futhi akukho kwahlulela okungenayo. Nokho, ngokungafani nokuxoshwa ngobandlululo, iqhinga alivele livimbele uhulumeni ukuba alihlole icala. Inkantolo yamacala inokuqonda okukhulu kokumemezela icala elingalungile, kodwa lelo lungelo libekwa ikelele amalungelo omthetho-mthetho wommangalelwa.

IHung Jury (Isondo Elifile Elivundile)

Imbangela evame kakhulu yecala elingalungile ihhoxiwe futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-countain jaji eboshwe ngecala." Ngemva kokuphenya kakhulu, uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo nganoma isiphi icala, umahluleli angakhipha isigwebo esiyiphutha. Umahluleli unikeza umyalo okhuthaza ukucabangisisa ngaphambi kokuba avume isondo elifile. Uma abahluleli behlala bengakwazi ukuvuma, icala liphela ngaphandle kwesinqumo. Enkantolo kahulumeni, ukuqulwa kwecala okungaqondaniswe ukuba kubekwe ijaji kuyisibonelo esiyinhloko “isimo esidinga ukudunyiswa kakhulu”, esinemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu (ifakelwe ngezansi).

Amaphutha Angokwemvelo Neziphambeko Ezisobala

Icala lingase futhi likhishwe ngenxa yamaphutha angokomthetho athi ukucwasa ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukusungulwa kobufakazi obungaqondakali, ukuphikisa okungafanele, ukuhluleka ukuveza ubufakazi bokudlulisa, noma ukwephulwa kwelungelo lommangalelwa lokululeka. Uma iphutha liyisisekelo kakhulu kangangokuthi lingase lingelapheki ngesiyalo esiphilisayo, umahluleli anganikeza isigwebo esingaqondile − njalo lapho ummangalelwa ecela.

Ukumangalelwa Noma Ukuziphatha Okungafanele Kokwahlulela

Ngokwesibonelo, umshushisi okhuluma ngokuxoxisana phambi kwabahluleli angase aphoqe inkantolo ukuba iphule icala. Kwezinye izimo, ukuziphatha okubi kungokungafanele kangangokuthi kamuva ukuqulwa kwecala kuvinjelwa ngezingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Ezinye Izindawo: Ukufa Kwesifo Sobuhlungu, Ukugula, Inhlekelele Yemvelo

Amacala angavela futhi ezimweni ezilandelana kuphela: ukufa noma ukucandwa kwejaji noma ummeli, isimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha esihilela ummangalelwa, noma inhlekelele engokwemvelo eyenza ukuqulwa kwecala kungabi nakwenzeka. Izinkantolo zihlola izimo ezinjalo ngesisekelo secala, zilinganisa izithakazelo zobulungisa nelungelo lommangalelwa ukuba enze icala linqunywe yijaji elithile.

Izingozi Ezikabili Nezimbi: Ikhorali Liyabusa

IsiHluzi sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu “ozobekwa ngaphansi kwecala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma enqamu.” Lesisivikelo, esaziwa njengomthetho omelene nengozi ephindwe kabili, ngokuvamile sihlangana uma ijaji lifungele futhi lifakwe ipanel. Ngemva kokunamathisela, ukusho amaphutha kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima engokomthetho-mmangalelwa ngokuthi angaphinde abekwe engozini. Isihluthulelo singu- lowo obangela ukuqulwa kwamacala amaphutha futhi [[FLT]]] .

Lapho Amabhande Akabili Ayingozi Exazululwa Ngemva Kokungalungi

Umthetho ovamile uthi uma inkantolo inikezwa icala elingalungile ngenxa yokwenqaba kommangalelwa, uhulumeni ungamvumela ummangalelwa kuphela uma ‘ kuyimfuneko' yecala elingafanele. Lendinganiso yamiswa enkantolo Pérez] v. United States (1824) , lapho iNkantolo ePhakeme ikholelwa khona ukuthi inkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala kumelwe isebenzise “ukuhlakanipha okuphelele” nokuthi iphinde ivunyelwe kuphela lapho“ iziphelo zobulungisa zomphakathi zinqotshwe." Ukusebenza, kusobala ukuthi kukhona uma abahluleli befile ngokungalindelekile. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa nenkantolo eziboshelwe ngengozi. Uma inkantolo ihlelwe ngokungafanele futhi igwebo. Uma igweba idla ngokuphindiswa.

Qhathanisa lokho nesimo lapho imvume ephothukile ibekwa khona. Uma ummangalelwa ethatha icala elingalungile noma engamelene nesimemezelo somahluleli, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokuvamile aziyivali khona inqubo. Inkolelo yokuthi ummangalelwa uye waphula ilungelo ngokuzithandela lokuba icala liqedwe yileyojaji. Izinkantolo zivumela ukuqulwa kwendlela ephumelelayo yokuhamba kommangalelwa ngenxa yokungaphathi kahle okusekelwe embukisweni komshushisi.

Izigaba: Lapho Umshushisi Efaka Icala Elingalungile Ngenhloso

Umehluko obalulekile uvela lapho umshushisi ehileleka ngamabomu ekuziphatheni okuhloselwe ukushukumisa ummangalelwa ukuba acele isigwebo esingafanele. Uma kunjalo, amapayipi ezingozi aphinde aqulwe. Lomthetho wamiswa ku- Orogon v. Kennedy (19982),, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yayithi ukuqulwa kwecala kunqatshelwe uma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi kuhloselwe ukushukumisela ummangalelwa ukuba anyakazise inkundla engafanele. Ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi umshushisi wayenenhloso ethile yokubangela i-triary; ukudebeselelwa noma ngisho nokuziphatha okubi okungenangqondo nje akwanele.

Hung Jury: Isigaba esithi “Isidingo Esikhulu”

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ijaji elilengiswe liyisizathu esanele njalo sokuthola isidingo esisobala. Umahluleli wecala unesu elibanzi lokuthola isondo elifile ngempela futhi akhiphe icala elingafanele. Uma kushiwo, ukuwa kabili akuwavimbeli amajaji (nanoma izinto ezimangalelwayo). [Ku-] kungu United States v. Sanford (1967), , iNkantolo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandela ijaji elilengayo, uhulumeni ukhululekile ukuletha ummangalelwa ukuba aphinde aquliswe. Lena indlela evame kakhulu yokuphindela inkantolo ngemva kokuqulwa.

Izimfuno Zomlweli: Ukuqulwa Kwamacala, Ukuxoshwa, Noma Ukweqiwa Kwezincwadi

Kummangalelwa oye wakhuthazelela ukuqulwa kwecala, ikusasa aliqinisekile. Umshushisi angakhetha ukuphendula icala, ukuxosha amacala, noma ukunxusa. Umphumela uxhomeke ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise namandla obufakazi, izindleko nomthwalo wokuqulwa kwecala kwesibili, isimo secala elingafanele, kanye nesithakazelo emphakathini.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwamacala Namalungelo Okuqulwa Kwamacala Ngokusheshisa

Uma izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingahlangani, umshushisi angawabuyisela amacala afanayo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, kodwa iwashi ngokuvamile liqala lapho amacala esephinde ahlaziywa. Empeleni, abahluleli banganikeza isikhathi esengeziwe ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi besikhathi sesibili.

Uma icala elingalungile libangelwa yiphutha elingokwenqubo, umshushisi angase akhethe ukulungisa ukukhubazeka nokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ubufakazi bungafakwanga ngephutha, uhulumeni angazama ukubuletha ecaleni elisha. Nokho, abamangaleli kumelwe baqaphele: uma ukuqulwa kokuqala kwakungenxa yokuphambana kwabashushisi, uma ijaji kamuva lingase lifake izijeziso noma ngisho izivikelo ezifanele.

Ukugogeka Okukabili Kakade — Ukuxoshwa Kwecala

Ezimweni ezingavamile, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi izivalo zezingozi eziphindwe kabili ziqulwa futhi. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umahluleli ememezela ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokomthetho, ngokumelene kommangalelwa, futhi uhulumeni ngeke athethelele icala. Ummangalelwa angabe esethatha isinyathelo sokukhipha icala ngobandlululo. Uma ekhona, icala liphela unomphetho ophelele. Ukudluliswa yicala kuyenzeka kodwa ngokuvamile akuphumeleli.

I - plane Ithembisa Ngemva Kokuxazululwa

Ngokuvamile, ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zihlaziya umbono wazo. Ummangalelwa “oshaya icala” ekuqulweni kokuqala angase azizwe eqinile, kuyilapho umshushisi angase azimisele kakhulu ukunikeza isikhalo esihle kunokuba afake esinye isigwebo esilengiwe. Izinqumo eziningi ezingalungile ziphumela ekuxazululeni izinqumo ezihlolweyo kunokuba kube icala lesibili eliphelele.

Izimpawu Eziwusizo: Kusukela Enkantolo Kuya Egumbini LaseJury

Amacala avamile. Ngokwemininingwane evela e-Bureau of Justice Statistics, amacala angokomthetho acishe abe 2-5% aphele ngephutha, futhi amajaji alengayo ayimbangela ephambili. Amazinga enkantolo yoMbuso ayahlukahluka kakhulu. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho baqonda ukuthi ukucupha okungacaci kubalulekile ekuzameni.

Indima Yomahluleli: Ukunquma Ukuthi Uzomemezela Icala Eliyiphutha Yini

Umahluleli wecala kumelwe alinganisele izithakazelo eziningana ezincintisanayo: ilungelo lommangalelwa ekuqulweni komthetho, isithakazelo somphakathi ekuphetheni, nasekwehluleleni. Uma ijaji libika ukuthi isondo lejaji lifile, abahluleli bavame ukufunda ukumangalelwa okushintshiwe okulungisiwe (ukukhuthaza ukucabangiswa okwengeziwe). Uma lokho kwehluleka, ijaji lihlola abahluleli ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi ukuphenya okuqhubekayo kuyoba yize. Uma kunjalo umahluleli umemezela icala elingafanele.

Uma kwenzeka iphutha noma ukuziphatha okubi, umahluleli kumelwe ahlole ukuthi imfundo engelaphayo ingalisindisa yini icala. Uma ingeke, umahluleli uzonikeza ummangalelwa ithuba lokuqulwa kwecala elingalungile. Kodwa umahluleli angase acabangele ukuthi iphutha lalicashile yini kangangokuthi alizange licasukele amajaji (hmplate) uma icala liqhubeka.

Ukukhanga Nemidlalo Ehambisana Nengozi Ephindwe Kabili

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala ngemva kwecala elingalungile, izindaba eziphindiwe zezingozi zingaphakanyiswa ngokudluliswa kwecala. inkantolo izohlola ukuzimisela kwenkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala kokubonakala kwangaphandle nokuthi ummangalelwa uyavuma yini. Uma inkantolo yokudlulisa icala ithola ukuthi ivinjelwe, iyosusa ukuvunyelwa nokugunyazwa ngokucwaswa ngobandlululo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma inkantolo equlwa icala inikeza ukunyakaza kommangalelwa ukuba axoshe ngenxa yezingozi ezimbili, umshushisi angakhanga ngokushesha ngaphansi kuka - 18 U.S.C. 7631.

Indawo Engokomlando Nesimiso

Inombolo yokufaka izingozi ezimbili yayiyingxenye eyinhloko yombono kaFather Wokuqala wegunya likahulumeni elilinganiselwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ngokuthi “uHulumeni nawo wonke amandla awo akufanele uvunyelwe ukwenza imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokubopha umuntu.” Bhala iNkantolo, uMahluleli omnyama odumile oshiwo Breaw v. United States [1957] [umthetho owenqabela ukuvimbela ukubekwa izingozi eziphindwe kabili] ukuvikela umuntu ekubekelweni izingozi nasekuvumelweni okungakhohlakazekayo okungashongozelwa kanye kanye.”

Ngakho - ke, ukuqulwa kwecala kumelela ukuphikisana phakathi kwezindinganiso ezimbili: isidingo sokugwema ukuphikisa okungapheli nesidingo sokulungisa amaphutha amacala. Imizamo esobala edingekile yokulinganisela lezizindinganiso. Izinkantolo ziye zagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uhulumeni akufanele akwazi “ukuphatha” ijaji elilungile ngokususa ukuqulwa okungafanelekile, noma abamangalelwa bangakwazi ukuphoqelela ukunqanda ukumiswa kwezici eziphansi ukuze bagweme ukuqulwa kokwesibili.

Iseluleko Kwabavikeli Nabakhathi Bezinto Ezithile

Uma nibhekene nephutha, noma nitshelwe ukuthi kukhishwe isigwebo, cabangelani izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  • Akha isisekelo somthetho oyiphutha. Uma amaphutha ekhishwe ngenxa yokwenqaba kwakho, ummeli wakho kufanele afake ngokushesha indlela yokukhipha izingozi eziphindwe kabili uma kungekho sidingo esisobala.
  • qaphela amandla ecala likahulumeni. I-A elengisiwe ivame ukusikisela ukuthi ubufakazi bukahulumeni babubuthakathaka noma ukuthi abahluleli bathola ukungabaza okunengqondo. Lokhu kungakunika ithuba lokufaka isicelo sezicelo.
  • Qaphela abashushisi abajabulayo. Uma amaphutha ebangelwa ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, hlola ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zazihloselwe ukuvusa isigwebo esingalungile. Uma kunjalo, ibhande lezingozi eliphindwe kabili lingase lisebenze.
  • cabangela umkhuba wokuhamba phambi kokwahlulela futhi. Ummeli wakho angakwazi ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile noma alinganise amacala asekelwe kulokho okwenzekile ekuqulweni kokuqala.
  • Hlala uqaphela iwashi lokuzama elisheshayo. Uhulumeni unesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokubuyisela isigwebo. Uma behluleka ukwenza kanjalo, ungakwazi ukuvikela ukuxoshwa okusekelwe ekuvivinyweni okusheshayo.

Isiphetho

Amaphutha ayi-palve eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ebalulekile esimisweni somthetho womthetho womthetho. Noma amaphutha aqeda icala phakade noma abambezele ngokungenakugwenywa kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni ngokungafani umthetho, iqiniso, necebo. Izimpawu eziphindwe kabili zinikeza isivikelo esinamandla kuhulumeni abacuphi, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo ekuxazululeni akunakwenzeka. Abamangalelwa, ukuxabana kungaba yithuba lesibili, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza impi entsha engokomthetho. Ngoba abashushisi, kunikeza ubizo lokulungisa icala labo noma ithuba lokuhlaziya kabusha. Ezimweni zonke, izimiso zokugcina, ukulunga, namalungelo omthetho kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokucophelela. Ngokuqonda imithetho ebusayo ngokungafanele, kokubili ochwepheshe bomthetho, futhi nokukhomba okuphindwayo okungcono, kungaqonda indlela yokusingatha inqubo yobugebengu engavamile.