Ubuhlobo Obuhlala Njalo Phakathi Kokulingana Nokukhululeka Kwesizwe EMelika

Izimiso zokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi aziyona nje imicabango engekho ekhona eqedweni lomthetho-mthetho waseMelika; zingamandla aphilayo, aphefumulayo aye aguqula indawo engokomthetho nesisekelo sezenhlalo. Ubuhlobo bawo bunamandla, ngokuvamile bushubile, futhi buhlale bukhona. Nakuba inkululeko yomphakathi inikeza izivikelo ezivikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni, ukulingana kufuna ukuba lezisivikelo zisetshenziswe kahle futhi lezozimiso zokuthatha iqhaza eliphelele zidilizwa. Ukuqonda lobubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi kudingekile kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukudlula ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zedemokramenti zaseMelika.

Ukuchaza Ukulingana Nenkululeko Yombango

Emnyombweni wabo, ukulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi kufeza imisebenzi ehlangene kodwa ehlukile. Inkululeko ingamalungelo nenkululeko uhulumeni angenakuyiphazamisa, ngokuvamile ebekwe kuyiBhill of Rights futhi iphoqelelwe nge-Grast Claus yeSimendo se-Grandment ye-14th Reconstment. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, isivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli, nasekuqulekeni, kanye nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga.

ukulingana[ nokho, kungumqondo ocushwe kakhulu. Isebenza ngokuyinhloko nge-Encictal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-145th, eyala ukuba kungabikho mbuso ozothi "wamukeleke kunoma ubani onegunya lokulawula kwakhe ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho." Lombhalo uye wachazwa ukuba ufune ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo ngendlela efanayo. Nokho, ngokomthetho nangokwezombangazwe bahlukanise phakathi kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulingana:

Ukulingana okungalingani

Ukulingana [noma ukulingana kwethuba] kugxila ekuphatheni wonke umuntu ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho, enqabela ukucwasana okusobala. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ovimbela zonke izakhamuzi ekuvoteni kukhetho oluthile uphatha wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo ebusweni bakhe. [ukulingana okungalinganiyo okungokomthetho], ngokuphambene, uqaphela ukuthi ukuphathwa okufanayo kungaqhubeki kwemibono ekhona. Iqaphela ukuhluleka komlando nokufuna ukuqinisekisa imiphumela engenakuphindwayo ngesenzo sokuvuma, izindawo zokuhlala, noma imithetho ehlolwayo. Ukuqina phakathi kwalezizincazelo ezimbili kuvame kunezinqumo ezisebenza kakhulu ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Inkululeko Eqondile

Lomehluko wefilosofi futhi ucacisa ubuhlobo. Inkululeko esemthethweni (inkululeko ekuphazanyisweni) ihambisana kakhulu nenkululeko yomphakathi engokwesiko ) nelungelo lokukhuluma ngaphandle kokucubungula noma lokukhulekela ngaphandle koshushiso. Inkululeko [inkululeko yokwenza noma ukufinyelela imiphumela ethile] ihlobene kakhulu nokulingana, ifuna uhulumeni athathe izinyathelo zokuvuma, njengokunikeza imfundo yasobala, noma ukuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho, noma ukulwa kwenkululeko.] [[FLT] iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa amalungelo azo ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwalemiqondo emibili kuvame ukwenza ukuphikisana okulawula.

Izisekelo Ezingokomlando Nezingxabano

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi abukaze bube buqinile. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe, lezizimiso bezilokhu ziwumzabalazo wolimi, nenkathi ngayinye echaza kabusha incazelo yazo.

Inkathi Yokusungulwa

ISimemezelo se-Independent samemezela ukuthi "wonke amadoda adalwe elingana," kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo wango-1787 wavikela ukumiswa kobugqila futhi waphika abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. ISigqi samalungelo abantu, sagunyazwa ngo-1791, sasungula inkululeko eyisisekelo yomphakathi (inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, nokuvikela kuhulumeni ophambanisayo) kodwa lezisivikelo ekuqaleni zazisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, hhayi emibusoni, futhi zazingabatholi abantu abagqilaziwe, abantu, nabesifazane. Le sisekelo sadala ingxabano eyisisekelo: inkululeko, kodwa ukulingana kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha Nesithembiso Sokulingana

IMpi Yomphakathi Neziphendu Zokulungisa Imithetho (yesi-13, ye-14, neye-15) ngokuyisisekelo yalungisa uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo se 14 sasungula iSiphendulo Esilinganayo Sokhuseleko luka-Claus futhi sasebenzisa iSigqizo se-Bill of Rights ezindaweni ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa. Okokuqala, uMthetho-sisekelo wahlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi nokulingana, wasungula ubuhlanga nezindawo zokungamela noma inqubo efanelekile noma isivikelo esilinganayo. Nokho, iNkanto ePhakakhulu iNkantolo i-’ ichaza incazelo elinganiselwe emacalani anjenge Izindlu zomphakathi ezihlangene nemithetho yenkululeko, ivumela ukucwasana kwemibono elinganayo futhi iphinde iqhubeke ngaphansi kwemfundiso elinganayo.[FLT] [FLD:1] [12]]

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nokwanda Kwenkululeko

Inhlangano yanamuhla yamalungelo omphakathi ka-1950 nawo-1960 yayiyikhosha lokuhlanganisa ukuqonda okuhlangene kakhulu kokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi. Abasebenzi basebenzisa inkululeko yokuQala yeSichibiyelo ($speech, ingqungquthela, kanye nesicelo (ukufuna) ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Umbutho wamandla wanamuhla waqhubela phambili ngokuphumelelayo umthetho wemithetho engokonyaka ka-19494 kanye neSivumelwano samaLungelo Lwamalungelo Omthetho wombuso [FOvinial Act ka-1964, eyanqabela ukucwasana kohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe. Le nkathi yabonisa ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi ayilona nje isivikelo [[FLT:] ku-[5] uhulumeni ophakeme [FFFF] onamandla] kodwa ingaba amathuluzi okufuna ukulingana [FOct:[FFF] [5], imvume ephakeme kakhulu, imvume yokufundisa, i-unistvolution.[5] i-ulvect:[5], iqinisekisa i-Foctivess

Ubuhlobo Bomthetho - sisekelo

Amacala amaningana avelele aseNkantolo Ephakeme abonisa ukuhlobana, okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) neSivikelo Esilinganayo

Ku Brown, iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSivikelo sika-Celalas se-14. IJaji eliKhuselayo u-Earl Warren wabhala ukuthi ukuhlukanisa "kuveza umuzwa wokungabalulekile mayelana nesimo sabo emphakathini ongase uthinte izinhliziyo zabo nezingqondo ngendlela engenakulungiseka. Lesinqumo sabonisa ukuthi ukulingana akunakufezwa ngokomthetho, izimiso ezingabonakali zombala; ukulingana okuncane okungokwenqhinga kudinga ukususwa kwezakhiwo zobuhlanga. Icala futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi ingathinta amathuba alinganayo okufundisa ngendlela engaqiniseki isiqinisekiso sokulingana.

I - Roe Wade (1973) Nelungelo Lokwenza Imfihlo

v. Inkantolo yathola ilungelo lokukhipha isisu phakathi kweSichibiyelo se 14 i-’ incazelo yenkululeko yomuntu siqu nelungelo lokuzimela. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukucindezeleka phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu (ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhipha izinqumo ezihlobene nombuso) nesithakazelo sokuvikela ukuphila. Isinqumo futhi saba nemiphumela ejulile yesilinganiso somzimba womuntu siqu nelungelo lokulawula i-’ impilo yokuzala yabonwa abaningi njengebaluleke kakhulu ku-&quors; ukuhlanganyela okuphelele kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ezomnotho nezenhlalo. Ukukhathalela kukahulumeni ekuvikeleni ukuphila okunokwenzeka. [FOFFF:] [3] [FFFO] [4] [ictalms orgoms organ organ organ organ org,[5] futhi iveza ukuyelela kwendlela engcono kakhulu kwemvume yokulungisa ubudlelwane obukalela ekusebenzeyo, futhi i-Exparsekuption: [edition]

I-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) nokulingana komshado

Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo se 14 sifuna zonke izifundazwe ukuba ziqaphele imishado efanayo-yobulili. IJaji u-Anthony Kennedy ’ iningi lihlanganisa kokubili i-Seed Procement Claus (inkululeko) neSiviko esilinganayo sika-Claus (ukulingana). INkakhululo yathi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyisisekelo, futhi iphika ukuthi ilungelo lemibhangqwana efanayo iveza ukucwasana okuhloniphekile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso nenkululeko yomphakathi akuyona isigaba esihlukene njalo; kwezinye izimo, ukuncishwa kokulingana ngokwako. [FL:]

Izinselele Zanamuhla

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi buseyindaba yempikiswano engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe.

Ukumemezela Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwawo

I-Handerr isisekelo esiqondile lapho zonke ezinye zisuka khona, nokho isalokhu iwumncintiswano. Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme i’ iShelby County v. Homer [2013]], eyaqeda ilungiselelo eliyinhloko lamaLungelo eSivumelwano somthetho wombuso ka-1965 efuna imibuso ethile enobandlululo ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota, izikhulu eziningi ezimisa imithetho yokuvota, i-votarrows, futhi inciphisa amathuba okuvota. Abaxhasi baphikisana nalemi kulolu hlelo lokukhetha futhi bavikela ubuqotho futhi basebenzisa ngokufanayo kubo bonke abavoti (ukulingana). Abagxeki befuna ukuthwesa okukhulu, abancane kakhulu, baphika ngokunelisayo imithetho elinganayo (ukuvota) phakathi kwemithetho encibilizayo. Imithetho encibilikisiwe encikene.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nezilinganiso

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni ngokungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni, ukuquleka kwenkululeko ephakathi yomphakathi. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bokuhlola izakhiwo zobuso (njengezikhokhiso zobuso, izimpawu zamaphoyisa ezibikezelayo, kanye nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane eminingi ngokugcinwa umthetho.) Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi le sayensi ingathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yemibala kanye nezindawo eziphansi, iholele ekuthatheni izilinganiso zezindawo zobukhomfa, ukuboshwa, nezinkolelo. Isimiso sokulingana sifuna ukuba isivikelo semfihlo singatholakali nje kuphela kodwa sifinyeleleke ngokuphumelelayo kubo bonke abantu. Kodwa njengoba iNkanto ephawulwe ngokugcwele [FLT:] CPlatenteeter. [FLD:1] [2010], uhulumeni u-&squose-ossss, ufaka i-octivesss procealsssssssss, njengoba injalo izibalo sezelelwe ukuba i-inquances, kodwa izikhulumendmistlkn, njengoba ilindele ukuba izikhulu.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Enye yezimpi eziphikisana kakhulu zamanje ihlanganisa ukuhlangana kokulingana kwe-LGBTQ kanye nokusebenzisa inkolo mahhala, inkululeko eyisisekelo yomphakathi. Icala elinjengethi imastickhop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission [2018] [208] 303] Ukusungula LLC v. Ens [2023]) ziye zahlola ukuthi abanikazi bamabhizinisi bangazenqaba yini izinkonzo zemishado-ex ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni zenkolo ezifanayo. Lawo macala adinga ukuncintisana njalo, kodwa afuna ukuncitshiswa kwenkululeko yomphakathi (ukuveza i-nkolo) kanye nezimiso zokuphatha, okuye kugwenywe iNka iNka yeNkantolo yezomthetho ephakeme, esikhundleni sokugcizelela ukungathakazeki kweze izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, kodwa amacala ancipheka amacala engekhonayo.

Ukungafani: Ukulingana Nenkululeko Eboniswayo

Isazi esingokomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw ’ umqondo wokuhlangana kwezindawo unikeza uhlelo olubalulekile lokuqonda indlela ukulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi okusebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwabantu abanezici eziningi ezibalukele. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane oNsundu angase abhekane nobandlululo olungezona nje kuphela ngokohlanga noma ubufana kuphela, kodwa ukuhlangana okuyingqayizivele kwazo zombili. Ngokufanayo, inkululeko yomphakathi yabampofu, abavela kwamanye amazwe abangahambi ngesiNgisi, ingacindezelwa hhayi nje umthetho, kodwa imingcele yolimi, ukuswe kwemithombo yengcebo, kanye nokucwaswa kwenkululeko esebenzayo. Ukusondela okusemthethweni okusemthethweni kungahluleka ukufinyelela kule mithetho ehlukene, ukufinyelela ukuhlangana okudingekile.

Izindlela Ziya Phambili

Ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi kudinga ukuba uthathe isinyathelo ngamabomu ezicini eziningi zomphakathi.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nezesimiso

Iziphakamiso zemithetho nezimiso eziningana zihloselwe ukuqinisa kokubili ukulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukugunyaza nokuqinisa uMthetho wamaLungelo, ukumisa umthetho kahulumeni wemfihlo kanye nezingxenye eziqinile ezimelene nobandlululo, nokudlulisa uMthetho we-Eality Act ukunqabela ukucwasana okusobala okusekelwe ekukhetheni kobulili nobulili kuyizinyathelo ezibucayi. I-American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) inikeza usizo olungcono kakhulu lokuqonda izimpi zamanje ezingokomthetho namathuba okunikeza noma ukusekela obala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Brennan Center yeJaji yeJaji inikeza ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo okuvota kanye nezinguquko zobulungisa ezihlangeneyo zenkululeko nokulingana.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokuxoxa Komphakathi

I-sakhamuzi esinolwazi luyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekukhukhulekeni kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda umlando nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhileleka engxoxweni ephumelelayo kunokuphikisana okuhlukene. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Brookings[ ne-National Constitution Center[ inikeza imithombo yemfundo engokwezemfundo. Amalayibhulali, amakholiji omphakathi, nezinhlangano zezenkolo ezingathola i-mkhakhamkha yokuhlola lezindaba ngenhlonipho, ubufakazi obusekelwe kubufakazi.

Izimpande Ezinomsuka Ziyaphazanyiswa Futhi Zihlanganyela

Izakhamuzi ngazinye zingawenza umehluko ngokujoyina amaqembu afuna ukuvota agxile ekutholeni inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela ekuvukeleni ngokuthula, ukuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokukhonza emabhodini endawo noma kumanxusa kuyizindlela ezingokoqobo zokuthonya isimiso. Ukuzinikela nezinhlangano ezisiza imiphakathi eqedweni esebenzisa amalungelo ayo ngokusemthethweni, njengemishini yokuvota, imitholampilo engokomthetho, noma ukwazi amalungelo akho athuthukisa kokubili ukulingana nenkululeko. Isihluthulelo siwukuqaphela ukuthi lo msebenzi uyaqhubeka futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi budinga ukuqapha njalo.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko yomphakathi eMelika abuyona indaba exazululiwe kodwa yingxoxo ephilayo echaza isizwe i-’ imfanelo. Ziyizibopho ezimbili, ngasinye kuxhomeke kwesinye ukuze siqaphele ngokugcwele. Inkululeko yomphakathi inikeza indawo yokuveza ukuthi ingubani, inselele, futhi ifuna ukuphathwa ngokulunga. Ukulingana kuqinisekisa ukuthi lenkululeko ayiyona isifunda esikhethekile kodwa iqinisekisiwe ukuba ibe yisisulu esinamandla kakhulu. Njengoba i-United States iqhubekela phambili, ikhono lokuqondisa izingxabano phakathi kwalezizimiso, ukudumisa kokubili inkululeko ukuba ihluke futhi iphathwe ngendlela efanayo. Ukulandela imibuso ephelele kudinga ukuba kokubili itshe eliqinile, kodwa njengoba ikhona isebenza nabantu.