Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho wokuzivikela kombuso nombuso ozimele buhlala emnyombweni we-melian, buhlanganisa ukulwa okungapheli phakathi kwenkululeko kahulumeni negunya lesizwe. La zimfundiso ezimbili − enye ivikela emacaleni athile, enye inikeza umthetho kahulumeni ukuphakama komthetho kahulumeni owenziwe nge-orgat. I-intersuctanic, ingqubana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi idala izimpi ezingokomthetho ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme imele ixazulule. Ukuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umuntu ofunda umthetho womthetho womthetho, umthetho womphakathi, noma imingcele ewusizo yamandla kahulumeni. Lesi sihloko sihlola kokubili imiqondo ngokujula, ukuhlola izindaba ezibonisa izakhiwo, futhi sihlaziya ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabo.

Ukuhlangana Kombuso: Isivikelo Esisekelwe Emlandweni

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye & Imvelaphi Yaso

Isimiso sokuzivikela kombuso siyisimiso somthetho sokuthi umbuso awunakumangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Lemfundiso ihlangene ngokuqondile neSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, yagunyazwa ngo-1795 esabela esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme iChosolm v. IGeorgia [1793]. Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo ivumela isakhamuzi esizimele esivela eNingizimu Carolina ukuba sikhose iZweni laseGeorgia, sivulele intukuthelo phakathi kwamalungelo ezwe. ISiphendulo seshumi nanye se-11 se-SPrentelliga yagumbula leyo eyakhipha umthetho, imemezela ukuthi amandla okwahlulela eUnited States awanwebi “ngameleli ngokumelene nomunye umphakathi wezwe lamazwe amazwe amazwe ahlukene, noma ngezakhamuzi bamazwe amazwe amazwe amazwe angaphandle amazwe amazwe angaphandle.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ngobubanzi. Namuhla, ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela sobuso bezwe ngokuvamile kuyavumelana nezakhamuzi zaso, ngaphandle kokuba imvume noma iSishaya-mthetho siye sagunyaza lokho kuvinjelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokusebenzisa amandla aso afanelekile okuqinisekisa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane. Lemfundiso ibonisa ukukhathazeka koMsunguli ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni akumelwe zisetshenziswe njengendawo yokulwa no "imvume" kuhulumeni noma ukukhipha izimali zabo ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni.

Ezihlukile & impamp; Ukuxoshwa

Naphezu kwesihlangu, kunezindlela eziningana abahlaseli abangakuveza ngazo ukuphikisana nezindawo:

  • imvume yeSizwe:[ Izwe lingase lithathe ukuzivikela kwalo ngokuzithandela, ngokuvamile ngomthetho noma ngokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni ezinezimo.
  • Ukunyuliswa: IziKhomishane zingasusa amazwe okuzivikela kobukhosi lapho enza ngaphansi kwengxenye 5 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane (ukusebenzisa amalungelo omphakathi). Kodwa iNkantolo iye yenza lamandla acacile alinganiselwe; uMkhandlu awunakuhlukanisa ngaphansi kwentengiselwano Claus kuphela.
  • Exte prope Young epased: Ngaphansi kwecala lika 1908 Ex process Young, ifanelekela ukukhululeka okungathandeki kubaphathi bezwe (hayi umbuso ngokwawo) uvunyelwe ukunqanda ukuphulwa okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni. Lendaba eqanjiwe ikhuluma isikhulu njengangasebenzi ngaphansi kombala wegunya lombuso.

Lokhu kushiya kudala izindlela ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo kahulumeni, kodwa akukuqedi ukungezwani okuyisisekelo nokuhlengwa.

Ukuhlenga: UKuhlungwa Okungalawuleki KukaClaus Esenzoni

Isihlengo semfundiso yokuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni usebenza endaweni ethile, ithatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wombuso ophikisanayo. Isisekelo yiSifekthi sika Claus eSiphakamisweni VI, u-Claus 2 woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., othi uMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho ye-United States “kuyakuba nguMthetho ophakeme weZwe.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi abahluleli bezwe baboshwe umthetho kahulumeni ngisho noma imithetho yabo yesizwe noma imithetho yemithetho isho okuphambene.

Bonisa Uvivinyo

UKhongolo-mthetho ungahlanganisa ulimi olucacile lomthetho oluhlose ukuthatha inkundla noma ukuthatha umthetho kahulumeni oweqisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Museee Security Infection Indome Act (ERIS) inombhalo omkhulu osusa imithetho kahulumeni ehlukene “evumela noma imuphi umgomo wezisebenzi ukuba uzuze.” Uma kunezinkantolo eziveza ulimi, zichaza nje izinga lomyalo woMkhandlu.

Ukuzikhohlisa Okungasetshenziswa

Ngisho noma kungekho ulimi oluchazayo, ukukhululwa kungavezwa ngezindlela ezimbili:

  • Intengo eqinile: uma ukuvumelana nakho kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nombuso kungenakwenzeka ngokomzimba, noma lapho umthetho kahulumeni ukhona njengesithiyo ezinjongweni eziphelele nezinhloso zombuso.
  • Isihlengo sasemhlabeni: Uma icebo lokuqondisa elihlangene lisakazeke kakhulu kangangokuba alishiyi thuba lokuthasiselwa uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, igunya leNyukliya yokuvikela inuzi ligcinwe ligcwele yonke indawo.

Izibonelo Zomthetho Wamuva

Intethelelo ivela emongweni kahulumeni ongabaliyo: ukufuduka, umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, ezohwebo zangaphakathi, ukugcinwa kwemali, nomthetho wendawo ezungezile. Arizona v. United States [202], iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala imithetho eminingi yokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kwezwe yase-Arizona ngoba yayiphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo yasebenzisa kokubili insimu nokuxabana, ibonisa indlela okungaphazanyiswa ngayo amaphoyisa angene ezindaweni zokulawula uhulumeni.

Ukucindezeleka: Ukuhlangana OkunguMbusi Njengesithiyo Sokukhohliswa Kwamandla

Ubunzima obukhulu buvela lapho umthetho kahulumeni udedela umthetho wezwe, kodwa iqembu lomuntu siqu lifuna ukukhipha isigwebo sokuphoqelela lesosihlengo. Ukuzivikela kobukhosi kungavimbela lesi sutu. Ngisho noma umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme, umbuso awunakuhoxiswa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe esinye semvume yawo. Lokhu kwenza isimo esiyindida: umthetho wombuso ogunyaza umthetho ongaphansi kwesimiso, kodwa ngokusekelwe kuhulumeni ngeke ube khona ikhambi ngokumelene nombuso ngokwawo.

Izinhlamvu Ezisezingeni Eliphakathi

  • Ukulalela okungokomthetho: Ibhizinisi likholelwa ukuthi umthetho wezwe ukhululwe umthetho kahulumeni. Lifuna inkantolo kahulumeni ukuba imemezele umthetho kahulumeni ongekho semthethweni futhi umthetho ogunyaziwe. Kodwa uma isuti ibiza umbuso ngokuthi ummangalelwa, izivingco ezizimele. I-peacttiff kumelwe ikhoswe isikhulu sikahulumeni ngaphansi i-Ex ingxenye ye-Young ukuze ithole usizo olulindelekile.
  • Ama-cactim omonakalo: [[FTLT:2] Ingxenye ye-Young ukukhipha akuvumeli isuti ukuba isebenzise umonakalo. Ngakho uma uhulumeni eseqoqe inkokhelo noma inkokhelo ngaphansi komthetho osusiwe, umsizi wecala akakwazi ukuyithola leyomali kumbuso ngokwawo. Bangadinga ukuthembela emakhambisweni enkantolo noma ekuthembeni uhulumeni.

Icala Eliyindab ’ uzekwayo KuMbusi Ukwehliswa Kwamaza; Ukukhululwa

Seminole Friest of Florida v. Florida (1996)

I-Suminole Tribe, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngokuthi iNkantolo ingaba i-computer communment yombuso ngaphansi kwe-Indiya Commerce Clause (ingxenye ye-Chweleting Claus]). I-Indian Gaming Regugatary Act yayidinga izimemezelo zokuxoxa ngokushayana kwezizwe nezizwe zamaNdiya ezinokholo oluhle futhi ivumele izizwe ukuba zingene emasimini enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yokwephula umthetho. INkantolo yathi iNkalela ukuthi iNkathi ayinawo amandla okuvikela iHlatho yezentengiselwano esebenzisa i-Comest Clausle. Amandla okulawula iNguqulo ye-14546 yeSigwebo ayengathethelela ukuqulwa kwemithetho enjalo. Lesi sinqumo silinganiselwe kakhulu sawongamele kakhulu amandla amaBhomu angokomthetho okuziwe emacaleni, ngisho nalapho umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho (omezo ngokomthetho) omthetho omthetho omthetho

USiminole Tribe imelela umthetho wokuthi ukukhulula kukahulumeni akuzenzekeli kwakha ilungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuzenzakalelayo esimelene nombuso. Umphumela ocushiwe womthetho kahulumeni kumelwe unyathelwe ngezinye izindlela, njalo ngezindlela 'ukwehluka kwezenzo zokulwa nezikhulu zikahulumeni noma ngesutu ye-United States ngokwayo.

Fed. Mar. Umlawuli v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002)

Lelicala landisa ukugonyelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ehloselwe ukunqanda ukuqulwa kwecala phambi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphethe. I-Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) yafuna ukuzwa isikhalo sangasese ngokumelene ne-South Carolina State Ports Authority, iphikisa uhulumeni ukuthi uphule uMthetho woMthendeleko. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuba uhulumeni owenqaba ulwelwesimende ube neqembu lomthetho ozimeleyo lokuzinqanda isifundalo, ngisho noma i-FMC ingeyona inkantolo. Isizathu: isithunzi esiphezulu sezwe sisebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-aumestum, futhi ivumela ukuba ukuvikelwa okunjalo kululaze izimiso "ze ukuvikelwa kwesimiso somthetho." icala lagcizelela ukuthi isivikelo asilinganiselwe ezinkantolo ze-IIIII.

Ezinye Izinqumo Ezibalulekile

  • Exte Young (1908): yamisa itshe letshe letshe letshe elibekelwe ukukhululeka kubaphathi bombuso.
  • Alden v. Maine (1999): Wavikela futhi lowokuzivikela kobuso bezwe ezindaweni zawo siqu, ngaphandle uma imvume kahulumeni noma uKhongolose i-agroffis ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-14.
  • Kanses v. Garcia (20): ikheli elikhishwe emongweni wokufuduka futhi yaqokomisa ukuthi 'inxenye yethi Young [ amasutu asalokhu ekhona ukubekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele.

Ukulinganisela Izimfundiso: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezikuvimbela Ngayo Ukungezwani

Lapho umthetho kahulumeni ululaza umthetho kahulumeni, kodwa uvimbela ukuzivikela komzimba ukuba amangalele umbuso ngokuqondile, izinkantolo zisebenzisa amathuluzi amaningana ukubuyisana nokucindezeleka:

  • Izenzo ze-Exte Young Izenzo:[ ezivame kakhulu. AmaPlantiff sue izikhulu zikahulumeni emakhonweni awo angokomthetho okukhululeka okungaphakathi. Isuti ayimelene nombuso ngokwawo, ngakho ukuvikela akusebenzi. Lokhu kuvumela ukugcinwa kwentethelelo ye-prection uma nje ukukhululeka kulindelekile.
  • Ukuqashwa yi-United States: Uhulumeni kahulumeni angasho ukuthi uphoqelele umthetho kahulumeni. Ukuvikela kombuso ekunqandeni imibuso ewakhiwe nge-United States. Lokhu kunikeza inqubo eqondile yokuphoqelela, nakuba ixhomeke emalini ehlangene nasezintoni eziza kuqala.
  • inkantolo yezwe ephikisayo: Iqembu lomuntu siqu lingaphakamisa ukuzivikela enkantolo yombuso lapho umbuso uletha isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwazo. Ukuvikela kombuso akuvimbeli isimo ekubeni sibe yisifebe, futhi ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wezwe awusebenzi ngaphansi kweSupremacy Clause.
  • Ukunyuliswa okungaqondakaliyo kudlula isiqephu 5: Ezindaweni ezicacisiwe (umkl., amalungelo omphakathi, imithetho yokukhubazeka, ukucwaswa ngeminyaka), uKhomishano lungagunyaza ukuvikela kombuso ekulweni nombuso. Uma kunjalo, ama-peacttiff angasho ngokuqondile ukuthi kuvela kanjani futhi kukhululwe imali.

Imingcele ye [[QULT:0] Ex engngn <

Nakuba inganekwane yezikhulu zikahulumeni ezikhokha isibopho inamandla, inemingcele. INkantolo ifuna ukuba isikhulu sibe nokuhlobana okuthile ekuqinisekiseni umthetho kahulumeni othi awugunyaziwe. Uma kungekho sikhulu esithile esichazwa njengophoqelela, isuti ingase yehluleke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [Exte Young akavumeli ukulimala; umchasi akakwazi ukubuyisa ukulahlekelwa kwesikhathi esidlule. Leligebe lisho ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zekhambi azinakwa ngokuphumelelayo, zakhanya ukuvalelwa kwemithetho, zakha ukuva isilinganiso esingaphansi kwempoqo yombuso lapho amaqembu azimele ehlelwa yingozi yezomnotho.

Impikiswano Yomthetho - sisekelo & amp; Izinkinga Zesimiso

Uhulumeni & Federalism & Isithunzi SikaHulumeni

Abasekeli besimiso sokuzivikela esiqinile sobukhosi baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni udinga inhlonipho ngesithunzi sikahulumeni. Ukuvumela ukumangalelwa kwamacala okungasese ngokumelene nemibuso kungawabeka esichengeni sokukhetha kwezimiso, ukuhlola okungashaqisayo kukahulumeni. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi expace Young ukukhishwa kwesizwe kakade kunikeza iziphetho ezanele zokumelana nezenzo zombuso ezingagunyaziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkanto ePhakathi yeNkantolo isho ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi i-APrenceth Refectivedment ihlanganisa "indectrive systivory syst system" esho ukuthi iyizinhlangano ezizimele.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukugonyelwa komthetho-mthetho we-opersethi ayinasisekelo sombhalo wesisekelo somthetho-mthetho owenziwe ngesisekelo esingaphezu kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye, esasihloselwe ukugumbuqela . Baphikisa ngokuthi ukwanda kwanamuhla kokuzivikela komzimba kuphazamisa ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uma iSishaya-mthetho wezwe uphule umthetho wezwe ukuze uvikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye noma inkululeko engokomnotho. Uma umbuso udelela umthetho kazwe, ikhambiza elingokoqobo lingaba yilungelo elifanele i-U.S. Umnyango woMahlulele, okungalindelekile kuzo zonke kodwa ezicatshaye. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba ulahle imithetho engokomthetho ewumthetho ewulawulayo ngaphandle kokwenza nokwenzeka.

Indima Yokuhlosa Uhulumeni

Izinkantolo zivame ukubheka ukuthi iziKhomishane zihloselwe ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokumelene nesimiso sokulwa lapho zimisa umthetho owehlisayo. Kimel v. I-Florida Board of Regents [2000]), iNkantolo yathi iNkantolo ihlose ukuthi iNkathi Yokucwaswa Kwezikhundla Zomsebenzi ayizange ikwazi ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni ngoba uMkhandlu wawungaboni ukuthi ukucwasa kweminyaka ngezifundazwe ukucwa kwemithetho yesigaba sokuthethelela isenzo sayo ngaphansi kwengxenye 5. Imfuneko "conchulrunce nestion programme" yenza kube nzima ukuba i-Congresstionss inqandaywe ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yemithetho eminingi yezentengiselwano noma yokuzimisela.

Lokhu kushukumisa kudala isisusa somthetho: uma uMkhandlu ufuna ukuba imiyalo yawo yokuhlenga iphoqelelwe ngasese ngokumelene nemibuso, kumelwe uhlanganise ulimi lokukhipha isikhala nokusekela umthetho ongokomthetho ofanele (__impela umthetho osekelwe egunyeni lomthetho-sisekelo elifanele leSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Kungenjalo, imibuso ingakushaya indiva ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlehliswa kukahulumeni uma nje nje ukugwema ukumangalelwa uhulumeni noma ukubhekana [[FLT:]] ku-Ex lengxenye ye-Young

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esizayo & Lamp; Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukusetshenziswa Kwempilo Nesampant; Ukubuyiselwa Komshuwalense

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ihlanganisa ukususwa okusobala kwemithetho kazwelonke ephikisana nezimfuneko zayo. Lapho imibuso izama ukukhetha ukwanda kwe-Medicaid noma ukumisa imithetho yokukhipha isisu evimbelayo, ama-pollaff ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa amasudi e-Young[ amasutu amelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukucindezeleka kuphakama ezimweni lapho amazwe ephikisana khona ngegunya lawo lobukhosi kuyilapho umthetho kahulumeni uwabopha ngokucacile. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zivumele lesuti ukuba aqhubeke, kodwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho yezokunakekela impilo kuqhubekela ukuveza ukuhlahlela.

Umthetho Wendawo Ezungezile Nesazulu; Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Enkundleni yendawo ezungezile, izimiso zikahulumeni ezinjenge-Ceac Air Act zisusa imithetho ethile yombuso, kodwa imibuso igcina igunya lokusebenzisa izindinganiso zayo siqu lapho i-EPA ivumela. Izinkinga zokuzivikela kombuso ziphakama lapho amaqembu azimele ehluleka ukuvumelana nemithetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, e- i-Cillage of Kivalina v. i-Exxobil Corp. (2011]), i-NTY, i-NTY withreaream yakholelwa ukuthi umthetho ovamile wesimumumumumumumu eshisayo wawungahliswa yi-Ceoc Air Act, kodwa i-mode (Alaska) i-mode) yaphakamisa ukuvikele okuphezulu njengesivikelo. Ngokuphethe icala icala icala, icala lalahlwa kwezinye izindawo, kodwa udaliwe ezindaweni eziningi ezingaphansi.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Izwe elinjenge-Arizona, Texas, neCalifornia liye lamisa imithetho esiza noma enqabela ukugcinwa kokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni umangalela imithetho kahulumeni ehlehliweyo, ukuvikela kombuso ngenkululeko akusebenzi. Kodwa abahlaseli bomthetho abazimele abafuna ukubekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele njengoba ikhutshelwe ngokuvamile bathembela isigaba seYoung. INkanto ebaluleke kakhulu kubantu abathintelwe yimithetho yombuso. Arizontana v. United States yacacisa ukuthi i-galelo lomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni liyithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula ukugcinwa, kodwa ukugcinwa komthetho kusemgawulwe abantu ngabanye.

Isiphetho: Ingxoxo Eqhubekayo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuzivikela kombuso kanye nokuhlengwa kukahulumeni abukho nhlobo. Buyashintsha kanye negama ngalinye leNkantolo Ephakeme nemithetho emisha. Ukucindezeleka okuyinhloko kuphakathi kwezindinganiso ezimbili zomthetho-sisekelo: ukuphakama komthetho kahulumeni nodumo lwezifunda njengamakhosi alinganayo. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula umsebenzi ojikelezayo qhaqha Ex Young ngaphandle kwezindawo. Kodwa lezi azinaphutha. Izikhulu zikahulumeni azikwazi ukuthola isijeziso ezisezikhundleni, futhi azizona zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphawuleka kalula njengezipholisi.

Kubenzi bemithetho, isihluthulelo siwukuhlaziya ngokucophelela ukuthi isuthi elihlongozwayo elimelene nombuso liwela kwesinye sezindawo eziqanjiwe. Ingabe ukukhululeka kulindeleke kuphela? Ingabe kukhona isikhulu esingamangalelwa? Ingabe iSishaya - mthetho sigunyaziwe ngokomthetho? Kubenzi bemithetho, ukucindezeleka kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlela ngokucophelela nokuqonda imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ekugcineni, zombili izimfundiso zifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile: ukuvikela umbuso owenziwe ngemithetho esemthethweni ne-Execrebration; inseleleko yezimiso zikahulumeni ezihlangene. Inselele iwukuhlonipha bobabili ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho.

[[I]0] ngokuphindaphinde ufunde:[[[QUL:1]