Ubuhlobo Phakathi KoMbuso Nohulumeni Bendawo: Ukubambisana Nezingxabano

Idrama ephakathi kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo imelela obunye bobuhlobo obunamandla kakhulu nobunemiphumela eMelika ebusayo. Lobubuhlobo, obusekelwe esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S., buhlela yonke into kusukela ekuxhaseni kwemali yekilasi kuya ekusabeleni okuphuthumayo. Nakuba lezi zingalo ezimbili zihlanganyela imigomo efanayo yokukhonza izakhamuzi, ukusebenzelana kwazo ngokuvamile kuhambisana phakathi kokubambisana okunenzuzo nokulwa okukhulu. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi eziboshwene, ukuqaphela lamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inqubo efinyelela ngayo izakhamuzi.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sobuhlobo NoMbuso

Isiko laseMelika lokubusa kwendawo langaphambi koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Amadolobha namakoloni ayephethe igunya elikhulu ngaphambi kokuba ohulumeni bezwe babekwe. Nokho, ngemva kokuzimela, amazwe athatha isikhundla sokubusa phezu kwezinhlangano zendawo ngezinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo nangezenzo zomthetho-mthetho. Imfundiso engokomthetho eyaziwa ngokuthi DILLIN'S [, ehlelwe nguMahluleli John F. Dillon ngo-1868, yamisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zezwe, abanikwe yimithetho ekhethekile kuphela yi-partived comme. Lesimiso siyaqhubeka sisekela ubuhlobo obungokomthetho, nakuba ezinye izimemezela izinhlelo zokubusa ezinikezwa uhulumeni bendawo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulinganisela kuye kwashintsha. Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka labona ukwanda kokuncishwa kwegunya lendawo, ikakhulukazi ezicini zenqubo ezinjengokukhokha intela, ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, nempilo yomphakathi. Namuhla, lobu buhlobo bulokhu buyingxoxo engapheli phakathi kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni nesimiso sokuzinqumela sendawo.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sikahulumeni Nawohulumeni Bendawo

Ukusebenzelana okungokomthetho kokuklanywa kwezakhiwo ezilawulwa uhulumeni nendawo yonke kuyinkimbinkimbi. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uchaza isakhiwo namandla ohulumeni bendawo, kuyilapho izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho echaza igunya labo ngokwengeziwe. Akukho sibonelo sesizwe esifanayo; umsebenzi ngamunye wombuso uklanywe ngokwawo. Lokhu kudala indawo ecebile yobudlelwane bohulumeni bomhlaba wonke.

Isimiso Sokubusa KukaDillon Siyaphikisana.

Izimfundiso ezimbili eziphikisanayo ezingokomthetho zilolonga ubuhlobo. u-Dillon’s Fulence ukholelwa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa amandla kuphela agunya agunyaziwe ngokuqondile ngumbuso. Noma yiliphi igunya elinqunyiweyo livumelana nombuso. Lomthetho usebenza ezifundeni ezingaba ngu-39 ngokwezinga elithile. Ngokuphambene, umthetho wekhaya [ usebenza ngaphansi kokunikeza imvume yokuzibusa ngokwakho, ngokwemithetho yedolobha. Ngaphansi komthetho wasekhaya, imikhawulo ingasebenzisa amandla angekho enqatshelwe umthetho. Awe-10 inikeza umthetho wasekhaya wamadolobha nakubalwa.

Ngokwesibonelo, u-Ohio unika omasipala igunya lokubusa kwasekhaya ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso XVIII somthetho-mthetho waso, uvumela amadolobha anjengoColumbus noCleveland ukuba adlulisele imithetho yendawo ezindabeni ezikhathaza indawo, ngisho noma umthetho kahulumeni uthule. Nokho, uma umthetho kahulumeni uhlehlisa ngokuqondile isenzo sendawo, umbuso uyanqoba. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kokubusa kwasekhaya nokuhletshwa kuwumsuka wengxabano.

Uvivinyo Olungokwemibuso Lwegunya Lendawo

Ukukhululwa kukahulumeni kwenzeka lapho isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni sivimbela noma sivimbela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba baqondise endaweni ethile. Intethelelo ingabonakaliswa (ngezwi lomthetho) noma ishiwo (isuswe enkabeni kahulumeni yokuhlala emkhakheni). Izindawo ezivamile zokukhulula zihlanganisa:

  • Umyalo wokwenza i-Fire-draw
  • Isilinganiso somholo omncane nezisebenzi
  • Izimiso zokuqasha zesikhashana (isib., Airbb)
  • Ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki nezimiso zendawo ezungezile
  • Ukubambisana kwamaphoyisa asiza abathuthi

Ngokwe- Conferenceal of State Legislatures, inani lezindleko zokukhulula eziye zaqala ukukhuphuka kakhulu ngonyaka kusukela ngo-2010, okubonisa ukungezwani okukhulayo phakathi kohulumeni bamadolobha abathuthukayo nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezifuna inzuzo.

Ukubambisana Phakathi Kohulumeni Nemibuso Yendawo

Naphezu kwezingxabano eziphambili, isifundazwe nohulumeni bendawo bayabambisana nsuku zonke emisebenzini eminingi. Lokhu kubambisana kugunyazwe umthetho noma ngezimali. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kohulumeni kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kugweme ukuphindaphinda, kanye nobuchwepheshe kuwo womabili amazinga.

Ukubambisana Kwemali: Usizo LukaHulumeni Nokuhlanganyela Imali

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kakhulu ekusekeleni imali kahulumeni ukuze banikeze izinkonzo ezibalulekile. Usizo lukahulumeni ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene luvela ngezindlela eziningana:

  • I-Formula iyanika: Isakazwe ngokusekelwe ezakhamuzini, ekubhaliseni, noma kwezinye izigebe-mdla (umzk., K-12)
  • Ukuhlanganyela: Ingxenye yemali kahulumeni yentela yabuyiswa kohulumeni bendawo abanemingcele embalwa
  • IPass-thungatha izimali zikahulumeni: enikeza izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi anikeze izimali izinhlangano zendawo

Ngokwe-U.S. Censure Bureau's Annual Survey of State and Local Government Manual [, usizo lombuso luveza imali ecishe ibe yingxenye yesithathu yemali ekhokhwayo kahulumeni wendawo ngokwezizwe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, lelonani lingaphezu kwama-40%. Lokhu kuncika kwezezimali kudala ukubambisana (lapho ukugeleza kwezimali kubikezela) kanye nengxabano (lapho izimali zincikene nemibandela yemithetho).

Izinyathelo Ezihlangene Empilweni Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, kusukela ekuqubukeni kwezifo kuya ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, kudinga ukubambisana okuseduze. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iminyango yempilo kahulumeni yasebenza kumahhovisi empilo endawo ekuhlolweni, ekuhlolweni, ekutholeni ukuxhumana, nasekugonyeni. Nakuba kwavela ukukhuhlana okuthile ngenxa yezigunyazo zokufihla ubuso nokuvala isikole, ukubambisana kokusebenza, kwakukukhulu. Ngokufanayo, izimiso zokusabela ngenhlekelele enhlekeleleni zixhomeke eminyangweni yomlilo yasendaweni naseminyangweni yamaphoyisa, kanye nezwe elinikeza ukubambisana kosizo nangemithombo yezosizo ngemishini enjenge-Emergencyternameter Management [.

Izakhiwo Nemikhumbi Yezokuthutha

Imisebenzi emikhulu yezesisekelo idinga ukubambisana kwezwe. Iminyango yezokuthutha ilawula imigwaqo emikhulu nezindawo ezikude, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo bephatha imigwaqo nemigwaqo. Kodwa imisebenzi eminingi inqamule imingcele. I-California High Rail Authority[, ngokwesibonelo, isebenzisana nemithetho yendawo ephethe esiteshini futhi isebenzise indawo yokuhlela. Esinye isibonelo yi- Minnesota Department of Urbat Urty’s Paneral Actricement [[[FLTLT:3]], okuyindawo ehlangene, isifundazwe, isifundazwe, nezindawo zombuso zokuthutha.

Izingxabano Phakathi KoMbuso Nohulumeni Bendawo

Ukuxabana kuyisici esingokwemvelo sanoma isiphi isimiso sikahulumeni esiqinile. Ukungaboni ngasonye kwemibono yezombangazwe, izinto eziza kuqala, nezindinganiso zomphakathi kungadala ukungezwani. Uma imithetho kahulumeni idlula izinqumo zendawo, ukushuba komnyombo, ngezinye izikhathi kube izimpi zasenkantolo.

Izingxabano Ezingokwezimali Nezingcindezi Ezingokomnotho

Enye yemithombo ephikelela kakhulu yengxabano ukuxhasa ngemali. Ngokuvamile ohulumeni bendawo baphikisa ngokuthi imibuso yombuso ibeka imithetho ngaphandle kokunikeza imithombo eyanele yokuyisebenzisa. Lemiyalo engagunyaziwe ingahlanganisa izimfuneko zezimiso ezintsha zokubika, izinkonzo ezikhethekile zemfundo, noma ukuthobela imvelo. Ngokuphendula, abanye abameli bezwe baye badlulisela imithetho efuna ukukhokhelwa kwemiyalo ethile, kodwa bayahluka. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-THESTA yaseNew York lwe-Free NY banikeza izisusa zentela kodwa imisebenzi yokuphatha izifunda zesikole nendawo ezungezile, izikhalo.

Ukulungisa Izindawo, Ukusebenzisa Indawo, Nesimiso Sezindlu

Izwe elisebenzisa imithetho ngokwesiko umsebenzi wendawo, kodwa ohulumeni bezwe baya ngokuya bengenela ukusingatha ukukwazi ukulala nokungabi namakhaya. [FLT]] ushintsho lwendawo oludlulele ngo-2019, ngokuphumelelayo ukuvumela i-duplexes neziqu ezithathu ezweni ngaphambili ezibekwe amakhaya emakhaya omkhaya owodwa, ukusekela imithetho yendawo. Izivumelwano ezifanayo ku i-California[ [SB] ne-SB 35] ukuvunyelwa kwezindlu eziningi nemingcele yendawo. Lezenzo zibangela ukuphikisa okukhulu emikhandlwini yamadolobha nasezindaweni ezihlala kuyo. Le mithetho iqala ukuthathwa njengenkampane yokulawula indawo.

Ukufuduka Nokuhlanzwa Kwabantu

Impi ehlangene namadolobha angcwele iyisibonelo esivelele. Amanxusa aqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho emadolobheni anjenge uFrancisco, iChicago, neNew York athatha izimiso ezivimbela ukubambisana ne-U.S. I-Immigration and Customs Enforcementment (ICE). Ekuphenduleni, izishayamthetho kuhulumeni [[FLT:] Florida, ne Iowas[FLTY:3] zamisa imithetho evimbela ukubambisana nokugawulwa kwemithetho enjalo nokusongela. Izimpi ezingokomthetho ziye zafinyelela izinkantolo zombuso, ngokusholo kweSimende seSimende seshumi neSiphetho sase-Suymacrecre Claus. iNkanto ephakeme kakhulu yesizwe ukuba kufune ukubambisana komthetho wombuso wokuthungamele ukubozwa kwezwe kwezwe, kodwa impikiswano ewulwe kakhulu.

Izivikelo Ezincane Nezisebenzi

Enye indawo eshaywe ngempoqo ephansi. Amanye amadolobha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinentengo enjenge Sittle, Los Angeles, neWashington, D.C., abeke iholo ngaphezu kwezwe noma iphansi lezwe. Abanye abaxhasi balemithetho yomthetho yomthetho baye basabela ngokudlulisa imithetho evimbela ukubekwa kwezindawo ezizabo iholo eliphansi. Njengango-2024, okungenani 25] basho ukuthi [[ izigwebo ezinjalo ezibekwa phambili. Abaxhasi baphikisa lokhu benza indawo yebhizinisi efanayo; abaphikisi bayivimbela ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokunganaki izindleko zendawo.

Umphumela WobuFederalism EMbusweni Nasebuhlotsheni Bendawo

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo esisakaza amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Kodwa ithonya laso liyancipha kohulumeni bendawo kanye. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., ohulumeni bendawo abaphathwa; bonke baphakathi kwemibono yezifunda. Lokhu kwenza ubuhlobo bezwe lobuzwe bube yisimiso sombuso.

Ukuncipha Kwesifo Nokuzivuselela Kwendawo

Federalism ikhuthaza ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho ehloniphekile, ivumela ukuhlolwa kwezimiso endaweni. Igama elithi ‘ izithakazelo zentando yeningi”, eliqanjwe nguMahluleli Louis Brandeis, alisebenzi nje ezindaweni ezithile kodwa nasemadolobhaneni nasebaleni. Ohulumeni bendawo bangahlola izinhlelo ezintsha zokwenza uhlelo lwemali olushayo, abashayeli bezindiza eziyisisekelo, noma izwe lomphakathi lithembele kulo (h[FLT] ngaphandle kokufuna umbuso uthengene. Ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo kungalinganiswa nezinye izindawo noma ukuthathwa ngokwezinga likahulumeni.

Iminikelo Kahulumeni Nezimo

Imali enikezwa amazwe ngokuvamile iza nezimo ezihlela kuhulumeni bendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, UMthetho Wamanzi ohlanzekile ufuna izifundazwe ukuba zisebenzise izinhlelo ezilawula imishini yokuphatha i-others kanye nezimiso zamanzi angcolileyo, ezibeka izimfuneko zezinga lokusebenza zendawo. Ngokufanayo, izimali zokuthutha zikahulumeni zisetshenziswa yi-DOTs, ezidlulisela imali ezinhlanganweni zendawo zokuthutha nezilinganiso. Le sakhiwo esisesiteshini singadala ucingo lokuziphendulela kodwa futhi sixazulule uma izintambo zendawo zihlukile emigomweni yombuso noma kahulumeni.

Izifundo Zecala Zokubambisana Nempi KaHulumeni

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zenza lemisebenzi iphile. Ngezansi kunezi zifundo ezintathu ezibonisa izici ezihlukene zobuhlobo.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ukuvuselelwa Kwemizwa YaseColorado

Lapho iColorado ivumela ukuzijabulisa ngenkasa ngo-2012, ohulumeni bendawo babenethuba lokukhetha ukukhipha iziteshi ezikhokhwayo ezisemikhawulweni yabo. Umbuso wamisa uhlelo lokulawula kodwa washiya izitolo zokudayisa nokuhlela kumasipala. Lendlela yokubambisana yavumela Denver[ ukuba imukele izimboni, iveze inzuzo enkulu yentela, kuyilapho asemaphandleni el Pal Pal Pation County [ ilungiselelo lokubambisana liye lavimbela ngokuphelele ukuthengiswa kwezentengiso zendawo. Ilungiselelo liye lasebenza kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni obuhloniphayo bendawo futhi bunikeza iziqondiso ezicacile zokuyifeza.

Ukutadisha I - Case: Kansas City Nempi YaseMissouri Yokuqothulwa

Ngo-2019, umkhandlu wedolobha weKansas City, Missouri wanikeza umthetho ofuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze ikhefu lokugula. Isishaya-mthetho seMissouri saphendula ngokumisa umthetho wokukhulula isifunda sonke owachitha umthetho wedolobha futhi wavala umthetho wedolobha ngokusemthethweni okhokhelwayo. Idolobha eliye lakhipha umthetho wezwe owephula umthetho weMissouri. Inkantolo ephakeme yasekela ekugcineni i-Missouri i-predion, iveza ukumiswa kwemithetho yezwe. Lokhu kuqokomisa indlela ngisho nokubusa kwamakhaya okungagcinwa ngayo ngesenzo esicacile sokuvinjelwa umthetho.

Ukutadisha Icala 3: Ukusabela Kwenhlekelele EFlorida

Isimiso sokusabela kwesiphepho saseFlorida siyisibonelo sokubambisana kwezwe nendawo. Florida Division of Emergency Management sihlangene nezikhungo zezisebenzi eziphuthumayo zesifunda phakathi neziphepho. Ngemva kweSiphepho uIan ngo-2022, umbuso nezisebenzi zendawo zasebenza ndawonye ukuze kususwe imfucumfucu, kubuyiselwe amandla, futhi kunikeze indawo yokukhosela. Nakuba ezinye izingxabano zavela ngezinqubo zokubuyisela inzuzo, i-sociomssion yamandla. Izwe lanikeza futhi izimali ezisekwethengisweni kuhulumeni bendawo ngokulungisa, ukunciphisa izingxabano.

Izimo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezingcindezi Zabenzi Bemithetho

Ukuthambekela okuningana okuvelayo kuyothonya ukuziphendukela kwayo.

Umsebenzi Owengeziwe Wokwehluleka

Isilinganiso semithetho yendawo siyaqhubeka sinyuka. Ngokwe- Brookings Institution umbiko [, izimpi zokukhulula ziye zakhula zisuka ezindaweni ezingokwesiko ezinjengokulawulwa kwezibhamu ziye ezindaweni ezintsha njengezokungathathi hlangothi kwenetha, ukugibela iziqondiso eziqinile, kanye nemfihlo yemininingwane. Lokhu kuthambekele ekukhuleni njengoba ukuhlanganisa kwezombangazwe kukhula futhi kuzama ukubeka izimiso ezifanayo.

Umbuso Wesifunda Nombuso WeMetropolian

Izinkinga eziningi − njengokuhamba, izinga lomoya, kanye nokukhula kwezomnotho . izikhawu zezindawo ezibusayo, njengezinhlangano zokuhlela metropolitan [ kanye nezikahulumeni (izingalo ze-COGS] [izindawo ze-FLT], ziya ziyanda kakhulu. Lezi zindikimba zidinga ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni abaningi bendawo futhi zivame ukuhilela ukuqondisa umbuso. Banikeza isisekelo esiphakathi kwe-imvume ne-ogalelo lombuso.

Izinselele Zemali Ezingaphambili

Impilo eqinile yohulumeni bendawo ihlala ibuthakathaka. Izikhokhi zentela yempahla, ukuncishiswa kwentela ngenxa ye-ecommerce, kanye nezindleko zempesheni ezinyukayo zifaka ukucindezela kwemali yendawo ebhajeni. Izwe lingase lidinge ukuguqula izindlela zalo zosizo noma linikeze indawo inzuzo enkulu ukuze kugwenywe ukunqanda ukuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi. INhlangano yesizwe yaseCity[ imeme uhlelo olushayo lwezwe lwezwe lezwe elizimele-ficulone-fissssss ukuze kuxazululwe lezindaba zesimiso.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo buyisenzo esiqhubekayo sokulinganisela. Ukubambisana kuchuma ezindaweni ezifana nemfundo, ukusabela ngenhlekelele, nezezisekelo, lapho imigomo ehlanganyelweyo nezisusa zemali zivumelana khona. Ukulwa kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa, isimiso sezindlu, nezindaba zamasiko, lapho izindinganiso nezinto eziza kuqala ziwohloka khona. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kudinga ukwazisa ngezimfundiso ezingokomthetho njengeDillon’s Sounce, inqubo yombuso wezwe, namaqiniso ezombangazwe emiphakathini ehlukene. Abafundisikole nabafundi, bahlola lezizikhundla eziphambili zemisebenzi yezenjongo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ekusebenzeni komhlaba. Njengoba abantu bezwe beba nokwanda kakhulu ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nasemisweni esimiso sombuso wezwe, ukuqina kakhulu, izinga lobudlelwane obungokombuso wezwe nendawo yomphakathi kuyokhula kuphela.