Isifungo sobumongameli sesikhundla singaphezu kakhulu kokusho ingoma yemikhosi eyenzeka njalo eminyakeni emine ezinyathelweni zeCapitol. Kuyisikhathi lapho uMongameli ozayo ezibopha khona ngokomthetho eMthethweni womthetho futhi amukela imingcele nemisebenzi yesikhundla esinamandla kakhulu ezweni. Lomusho owodwa, omiswe eSigabeni II, iSiqendu 1, soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., uchaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likaMongameli nesimiso somthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Ngokufunga “ukuvikela, nokuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe,” uMongameli uyavuma ukuthi wonke amandla ombuso asuka kuleyo ncwadi yesisekelo, hhayi entando yomuntu siqu, ukudumisa noma iqembu lezombangazwe. Isithembiso sisho obala ukuthi igatsha legatsha lisesimisweni somthetho olinganiselwe, isisekelo somthetho, nencazelo engokomthetho womthetho, futhi iveza ukubusa kwale ngokomthetho.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando YeSigodlo Somongameli

Abakhi boMthetho - sisekelo baphikisana kakhulu ngokuthi amandla okubusa akhona. Abaningi babemangele ukwenza isikhulu esikhulu esingase sifane nenkosi.

Ulimi oluqondile lwesifungo lwathathwa kakhulu esifungweni sokubekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi saseBrithani, lapho inkosi yafunga khona ukubusa ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Nokho, inguqulo yaseMelika yashintsha ukwethembeka isuka kumnikazi wombuso iye kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Lokhu kwakuwukuyeka okukhulu: umsebenzi oyinhloko kaMongameli awuwona umcimbi, umbhishobhi, noma ngisho umkhethi, kodwa ebhukwini eliphakeme lesizwe. Isifungo sivela eSiphakamisweni II, i-Claus II, isigaba 1, u-Clausce 8, futhi singesinye sezifungo ezimbili kuphela esichazwe ngokucacile eMthethweni-mthethweni-mthethweni.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, umbhalo wokuqala weSiphakamiso II wavumela uMongameli ukuba “aqinise” kunokuba“afake ingubo” uma benemibono engokwenkolo yokufunga. Lendawo ibonisa ukuzwela kwabahleli bemidanti ukuhlukahluka kwenkolo nesifiso sabo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mlandeli ofanelekayo ongase avinjelwe esikhundleni. Umthetho - sisekelo Uphendulwe [ unikeza ukukhulumela okuningiliziwe ngokuziphendukela kwale nkulumo.

Akuwona umongameli ngamunye oye washo isifungo ngaphandle kwesenzakalo. Ukuphambuka okudume kakhulu kwenzeka ngo-1853, lapho uMongameli Franklin Pierce ekhetha ukufushanisa [ kunokuba afunge, njengoba ayengumProfespian ozinikele owayekholelwa ukuthi isifungo sithatha isigwebo saphula izimiso zakhe ezingokwenkolo. Muva nje, uMongameli uHerbert Hoover naye waqinisekisa. Lezizenzakalo zigcizelela ukuguquguquka okwakhelwe embhalweni − ukuvumelana okuye kwavumela isifungo ukuba sihlale singaguquki emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesisindo Esingokomthetho

Isifungo asisona nje isiko; siphethe amandla angokomthetho abophekayo. Ngokuthatha isifungo, uMongameli uthatha umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo ongaphoqelelwa ngokujeziswa futhi, ezimweni ezingavamile, ukumangalelwa ngecala lobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele njalo ekutheni isifungo sibopha uMongameli ukuba athathe imingcele yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ku-Neagle [1890], iNkanto ephawula ukuthi isibopho sikaMongameli “ukunakekela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka” /aa amazwi avela ku-Cherreal Claus (Artle II, isigaba 3).

Isifungo sibuye sihlobanise nendima kaMongameli njengesikhulu. UMongameli akanakusebenzisa amabutho ngokwendlela ephula imiyalo yomthetho-mthetho, njengokulwa impi ehlaselayo ngaphandle kwemvume yokumisa. Isifungo sikhumbuza umlawuli-nhloko ukuthi ngisho nezinqumo zokuphepha kwesizwe eziqanjiwe kakhulu kumelwe zenzeke ngaphakathi komthetho-sisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo asisona isenzakalo esisodwa. Siyisimo lapho uMongameli ephethe khona ihhovisi. Zonke izenzo ezenziwayo lapho esehhovisi zingaphansi kwesibopho salesosifungo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igunya likaMongameli liboshelwe njalo ekuthembekeni komthetho-sisekelo. Ukucaciswa okungokomlando okumhlophe kokunikezelwa komongameli [ kugcizelela ukuthi isifungo besiyitshena labaphathi bonke kusukela kuGeorge Washington.

I - oath Nokwakhiwa Kwegunya Likahulumeni

Amandla Alinganiselwe, Hhayi Amandla Aphelele

UMongameli ufunga ukuthi “uvikela, uvikele futhi uvikele uMthetho-sisekelo.” Lolulimi luwulahla ngokuphelele noma yimuphi umqondo wegunya eliphelele lokubusa. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMongameli amandla aqondile abaliwe − njengomthetho owenziwe ngokwezinombolo, ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, nokuyala ibutho lezempi, kodwa lulinganiswa yimibuso yeSishaya-Mkhandlu neyokwahlulela. Isifungo siwukuvuma kukaMongameli ukuthi lemingcele ikhona.

Igunya lombuso, lisuka kuhulumeni wonke ovela ezindaweni nasemphakathini ukuya kuhulumeni wesizwe. UMongameli ungummeli omkhulu walawomandla aphathisiwe. Kodwa isifungo sikwenza kucace ukuthi uMongameli ngeke angalinyusi nhlobo igunya likahulumeni ngaphaya kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli akanakuyimisa i-habeas corpus ngaphandle uma ukuphepha komphakathi kuyifuna phakathi nokuhlasela noma ukuvukela (I, Ingxenye 9). Isifungo siqinisa ukuthi noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphithiphithiphithi sesimiso sezwe kumelwe sithethelele umthetho ngokomthetho.

Isihibe Njengokuhlola Ukubusa Kwabantu Ngokwengeziwe

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, isifungo siye sasebenza njengendinganiso yokuziphatha komongameli okulinganiswa kuyo. Phakathi nehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli uRichard Nixon walahlwa kabanzi njengokwephulwa kwesifungo sakhe. Izihloko zokungagunyazi kuNixon zahlanganisa izifungo zokuthi “wayehlulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka.” Isifungo sanikeza amagama asemthethweni okumenza abe nesibopho. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uAndrew Johnson akasayinwa ngo-1868 esekelwe ekuphuleni kwakhe uMthetho we-Tenure of Office Act, owawephulwa njengesehlolo yakhe lokuphula imithetho.

Muva nje, izifungo ziye zasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene neziyalezo zezikhulu, ukuqapha kwesizwe, namandla kaMongameli okuthumela amabutho phesheya. Abagxeki baye baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izenzo zezikhulu zikamongameli uBarack Obama zenza izenzo zezikhulu zokufuduka zikaMongameli noma uMongameli uDonald Trump ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ngenxa yalokho wephula imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lezizenzo zaziwukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha ngendima kamongameli engokomthetho. Lezinkulumo zibonisa ukuthi lesifungo sigqi sisaphila, sincintiswa ezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Indima Ye - oath Ekuhlukaniseni Amandla

Ukuzibusa Okuphethe Nemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

UMongameli uwukuphela kwesikhulu sikahulumeni esikhethwe yisizwe sonke, futhi lesi sifungo sigcizelela ukuthi igunya likaMongameli alikho ngokweziKhomishane noma ijaji (kodwa alinamagebengu). UMongameli unokuhlakanipha ekubopheni imithetho, ekuhlomaneni, nasekuqhubeni izivumelwano, kodwa akanakuthatha amandla omthetho eSishaya-mthetho noma amandla okwahlulela enkantolo. Isifungo sikhumbuza uMongameli ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lilingana, hhayi eliphakeme.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMongameli uThomas Jefferson ethola iLouisiana Territory ngo - 1803, ngasese wayengabaza ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo ugunyaza ukuthenga okunjalo.Naphezu kombono wakhe wokwandisa, waqaphela ukuthi isivumelwano nomthetho owalandela kwadinga ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Ukunamathela ngokucophelela enqubweni yomthetho - sisekelo kaJefferson, ngisho nalapho kungqubuzana nezifiso zakhe, kubeka isiboniso esisebenzayo.

Izingxabano Ze - interbranch Nesiqondiso Se - oath

Izingxabano zokwahlukana kwemibuso . njengezinye ezingaphezulu kwelungelo lokubusa, ukuvalwa kwezimali, nemibuso yempi, ngokuvamile kunciphisa imibuzo yokuthi uMongameli uye waphula isifungo sakhe yini. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yangenela, njengase- United States v. Nixon [19974]), lapho iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuvuma kukaMongameli ilungelo lokubusa akunakuqeda isidingo sobufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu. INkantolo isekela isinqumo sayo ngokwengxenye esisemsebenzini kaMongameli “ukunakekela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka."

Ngokufanayo, phakathi nokwephula kukaMongameli Trump ngo-202020, amamenenja e House aphikisa ngokuthi imizamo yakhe yokucindezela i-Ukraine ukuba ihlole imbangi yezombangazwe yaphula isifungo sayo ngokusebenzisa amandla angokomthetho ukuze izuze. ISigele sakhululwa, kodwa impikiswano esekelwe ekutheni ukuziphatha kukaMongameli kwakuwukwephula yini ukwethenjwa okungavumelani nesifungo. Lokhu kuphikisana okuphindaphindwayo kubonisa ukuthi lesifungo asiyona incwadi efile kodwa asiyona incwadi enegunya elisebenzayo emandleni ombuso.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando: Isigodlo Ezikhathini Zenhlekelele

Ukugcinwa Kwale Nhlangano: Impi KaLincoln Nempi Yombango

Mhlawumbe akekho umongameli owabhekana novivinyo olunzima kakhulu lwesifungo njengoAbraham Lincoln. Wathatha isikhundla ngo-1861 esenezifunda eziyisikhombisa kakade ekuhlolweni. Inkulumo yakhe yokuvula isakhiwo yagcizelela umsebenzi wakhe “wokuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo,” kuhlanganise nesibopho somthetho-sisekelo sokuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni kulo lonke i-Union. ULincoln waphikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa kwe-session kwakungekho emthethweni ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wadala i-Union ehlala njalo, nokuthi isifungo sasifuna ukuba amelane nokungahlangani.

Phakathi neMpi Yombango, uLincoln wathatha izenzo eziningi zempikiswano − waphakamisa i-habeas corpus, wavala izikhumulo zaseningizimu, futhi wakhipha i-Emanciption Procance j j sholong sholo. Wazivikela njalo lezi zinyathelo njengokudingekile ukuze afeze isifungo sakhe, ngisho nanjengoba abagxeki bammangalela ukuba enze njengomashiqela. Umbuzo wokuthi uLincoln uphule noma usekela isifungo uhlala uyindaba yengxoxo yezazi.

I - FDR Ne - New Declaration: Igunya Lama - Federal Elanda

Umongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wafunga phakathi nenkinga enkulu kakhulu yezomnotho emlandweni waseMelika. Izinhlelo zakhe iNew Deal zandisa kakhulu igunya likahulumeni − ukuveza, ukuqondisa, nokumisa umshuwalense wezenhlala-khaya. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye zalezi zinyathelo zephula imingcele yoMthetho-sisekelo kuhulumeni, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala izinhlelo eziningi zasekuqaleni ze-New Deal. Ukusabela kwe-FDR, kuhlanganise nesicelo sakhe sokulahla inkantolo, kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi wayeyihlonipha imingcele yemithetho yezomthetho-sisekelo ayeyifungele ukuyisekela.

Ekugcineni, iNkantolo yasekela izinhlelo eziningi zeNew Deal ngemva “kokuthakazela okwasindisa isishiyagalolunye,” futhi uMthetho-sisekelo walungiswa ukuze uvumele intela yeholo nokhetho oluqondile lwabaphathi be-seneta. Isenzakalo sibonisa ukuthi isifungo asiliqedi igunya likahulumeni kulolo hlelo lwe-1787; sivumela ushintsho olungokomthetho ngokulungisa nangokuchaza. Umsebenzi kaMongameli uwukusebenza ngaphakathi koMthetho-sisekelo njengoba sikhona nganoma isiphi isikhathi.

I - watergate Ne - Nexus Yanamuhla

Ihlazo laseWatergate liyisibonelo sanamuhla esicacile sokuphoqelela kwesifungo. UMongameli Nixon wawa ngo - 1974 ngemva kokuba iKomiti yeNdlu Yomshicile yagunyaza izihloko ezintathu zokungagunyazi, zonke zihlangene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa − izenzo ikomiti eyazisho ngokuphula isifungo sayo. Usongo lokungagunyazi, olusekelwe esifungweni, lwaphoqelela uNixon ukuba aphume esikhundleni, lubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokulandisa yoMthetho - sisekelo lapho iSishaya - mthetho sizimisele ukwenza okuthile.

U-Gerald Ford owalandela uNixon, wamemezela ngodumo ukuthi “iphupho lethu elide lesizwe seliphelile."" UFrad kamuva wabhekana nempikiswano yakhe siqu ngokuxolelwa kwakhe uNixon, abaningi abakubona njengokuphulwa kwethemba lomphakathi. Nokho isifungo sikaFord asifunanga ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo eziphelele zesimiso kuphela ukuthi wenza ngokuvumelana nokuvinjelwa komthetho.

Izincazelo Zanamuhla Nempikiswano Yesikhathi Esidlule

Imfundiso Ye - oath Nenhlangano

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuye kwavela impikiswano enkulu ngokuqondene namandla kamongameli. Abasekeli “bemfundiso yokubusa kwesikhulu” baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza wonke amandla okubusa kuMongameli kuphela, futhi amaKhomishana angakwazi ukuvimbela ukulawula kukaMongameli ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kufundwa kusongela ukwehlukana kwemibuso nomthetho. Izinhlangothi zombili zithi izifungo zisekela isikhundla sazo.

Labo abakhetha umongameli oqinile bakhomba isifungo njengobufakazi bokuthi uMongameli kumelwe athathe umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu wokwephula imithetho ngokwethembeka, okusho ukuthi abanakuboshelwa yizinhlangano ezizimele noma imithetho elinganisela amandla okususa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sifungo sifuna ukuba uMongameli ahloniphe izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nendima yeSigebengu ekuqinisekiseni izikhulu namandla eSishaya - mthetho sokwakha izinhlangano ezizimele. Ukubekwa kwezakhiwo zezinhlangano eziqhubekayo njenge-Consumer Information Protection Bureaunicare and i-Federal Tradential Commission kuveza lokhu kuphikisana okuyisisekelo.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nesicathulo

UMongameli uyakwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziningi zemibuso ephuthumayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kusukela ekumemezeleni isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe sokumisa amabutho ahlala emakhaya ngaphansi koMthetho we-Insurrection. Isifungo asikwenqabeli ukusetshenziswa kwala mibuso, kodwa sifuna ukuba asetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uGeorge H.W. U-Bush wafuna imvume yokumisa izivumelwano ngaphambi kokumisa i-Gulf War, eveza isifungo sakhe sokusekela imfuneko yomthetho-Constitution yemvume yokulwa. Ngokuphambene, umongameli u-Trump wasebenzisa amandla aphuthumayo ukuxhasa umngcele ngaphandle kwe-Congressmersive kwabes kwabelwa enkantolo njengegunya lakhe eliphakeme kakhulu. Izinkantolo zisekwe imingceleni yezindawo eziphuthumayo ngekhulu lamakhulu lama-20.

I - oath Njengethuluzi Lokuhlasela Enkulumweni Yezombangazwe

Namuhla, isifungo sobumongameli sivame ukusetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe. Amalungu oKhongolo-bumba, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi zivame ukubuza ukuthi isenzo esithile siyavumelana yini nesifungo sikaMongameli. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okungathathi sizathu kugcizelela amandla esifungo njengesisekelo sokuziphatha nomthetho. Inkulumo ethi “sivikele, sivikele futhi sivikele” iye yaba yisici esifinyelezelo sokwethembeka komthetho ngokomthetho, ngisho nalapho incazelo eqondile iphikiswana.

Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukunxusa okuphindwayo kwesifungo kungaba okungaqiniseki, okusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izenzo ezithatha imingcele engokomthetho. Abanye bagomela ngokuthi isifungo sinikeza isisekelo esivumelanayo sempikiswano − iphuzu lokubhekisela elihlanganyelweyo elikhumbuza wonke umuntu ukuthi umongameli uyihhovisi lomthetho-sisekelo, hhayi i-fiendom yomuntu siqu. [Izinqolobane zeSivumelo sesizwe eMthethweni [[] zinikeza umbhalo wokuqala nemongomlando wabafundi abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni ulimi oluqondile lwesifungo.

I - oath, Ukungahloniphi Nokulandisa

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuba uMongameli ahlonishwe “ukucabanga, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nama-Misdeam.” Isifungo sihlobene ngokuqondile nalendinganiso. Umongameli ophula isifungo sakhe (ngokusebenzisa kabi amandla abo, ngokuvimbela ubulungisa, noma ukuhluleka ukuphula imithetho) uveza icala elingathandeki. Abafaki bemithetho baqonda ukuthi isheke njengesehlo sokugcina kumongameli ozolahla ukuthenjelwa kwabo okungokomthetho.

Ukuqamba uJohnson ukuqamba umthetho wezomthetho kuye kwagxila ngokungaguquki ekuphuleni izifungo. U-Andrew Johnson wanxuswa ngokususa isikhulu se-khathekhathene ephula umthetho woMthetho we-Tenure of Office − ngesenzo akholelwa ukuthi sasingekhona umthetho. Ukuzivikela kukaJohnson kwakuwukuthi wayefake isifungo sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi i-Tenure of Office Act ngokwayo yaphula leyo mbhalo. ISigelethi uLerti ayizange ikhululwe ngokuyikhokhwakhwaza. URichard Nixon wabhekana nokungagunyazwa kobulungisa nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, iKomiti yeNyumba uJudiary eyayihlangene ngokukhethekile nesifungo sakhe. UBill Clinton wagcien wagconelwa ngemvume yokuqala yezomthetho, kodwa indlu ayizange ibophangala izifungo ezimbili. Isikhulu se-Donaldenn sawombili sawombili sawokukhipha izifungo.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi isifungo asisona nje esingokomfanekiso uma kuziwa ekuzilandiseni. singaba isisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokususa umongameli ehhovisi. Nokho, ukujezisa kuyinqubo yezombangazwe, futhi ukuzimisela kweSigele ukuboshwa kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni amandla alinganayo nakuzimiso ezingokomthetho. Ukugcinwa kwesifungo ekugcineni kuxhomeke okholweni oluhle lwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nokuqapha komphakathi.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwesigqi Esitsha

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla singelinye lamalungiselelo afingqiwe kakhulu kodwa anzulu kakhulu omthetho-sisekelo. Sihlanganisa uMongameli noMthetho-sisekelo ngendlela engekho umthetho noma umthetho wesikhulu. Siqinisekisa ukuthi igunya likaMongameli lithathwa kuMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ngamandla omuntu siqu noma ukuqashelwa okuthandwayo.

Kusukela ekusungulweni kokuqala kukaGeorge Washington ngo-1789 kuya ku-impela kwamuva kakhulu, isifungo besilokhu siyinto engapheli. Siye sashiwo amazwi abefundisi ababhekene nempi, ukucindezeleka, isiyaluyalu somphakathi, nehlazo lomuntu siqu. Kuye kwacelwa ukuba kuthethelelwe ukunwetshwa kwegunya likahulumeni ngesibindi nokugweba abaphangi. Bekuyindiswa ngokuthi abadunjiswa ngayiphi indlela.

Esimweni sanamuhla sezombangazwe lapho imingcele yamandla abusayo ivivinywa njalo, isifungo sisasebenza njengakuqala. Siyisikhumbuzo sokuthi uMongameli akangaphezulu kunomthetho kodwa uyisikhulu esiyinhloko serpublic yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma uMongameli efunga ukulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, lesosithembiso asipheli ekupheleni kodwendwe lwezikhundla zomthetho-mthetho. Sihlala njalo umzuzu ngamunye ehhovisi, sisebenza njengesisekelo sobuhlobo phakathi komongameli nohulumeni.