Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Se - Oath Engumongameli

Isifungo sobumongameli asiyona imfuneko engokomthetho-mthetho ehlanganisa umphathi ophethe ozayo nomthetho ophakeme wezwe. ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, Clause 8 ye-U.S. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umusho owodwa okumelwe wonke umongameli awusho ngaphambi kokuthatha isikhundla: Ü lolulimi luye lwahlala lungashintshi kusukela ngo-1789, lubonisa amandla ombuso ukuba ngiyisebenzise ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi luyovikela futhi luvikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.[#821; Lolu likhothathiselele kakhulu (noma i-APrompseants #217; ukukhomba okumelwe kube yimingcele engokomthetho.

Isifungo sifeza izinjongo ezimbili ezihlukene. Okokuqala, siqinisekisa obala umongameli i-’ ukuzinikela kumthetho-sisekelo kunanoma yimuphi umbutho, isithakazelo somuntu siqu. Okwesibili, siveza isibopho esingokomthetho: ukuhluleka ukusekela isifungo kungaba isisekelo sokungagunyazi. Abaferamers bafaka isifungo ngamabomu eMthethweni ngokwawo, ngokungafani namahhovisi amancane lapho uMkhandlu ungagunyaza khona ifomu (Aticle VI). Lokhu kugcizelela i-presidenti’ indima ekhethekile njengoba isikhulu esisodwa sibekwe i-̴ ukunakekela kokuthi uMthetho ubulawe ngokwethembeka. ” i-&821;

Ukusebenzisa Amagama Aqondile Nokuchaza

Nakuba amazwi onke equkethe isisindo. “ Sholemn afunga i-̵ asho isithembiso senkolo noma sokuziphatha, kuyilapho esinye isifungo se-#8220; i-Afrrict ̵ ivikela labo abangafuni unembeza. “ yenza i-̶ isho ukukhuthala, ukuthembeka, nokunamathela emthethweni. Isibopho esithathu i-— i-“ i-preserve, i-̶ ivikela, futhi ivikela i-#821; i-&821; i-isss ngokusemthethweni ukuze igcizelelwe. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziphawula ukuthi i-#220; i-&82222; ukugcinwa kwe-Constices, i-&222; i-evievie; i-effect, i-effectal, i-evolue, i-ev.

Ngokomlando, amongameli baye banezela inkulumo ethi #8220; ngakho ngisize i-God ̵ ngemva kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo. UGeorge Washington waqala lomkhuba, nakuba kungadingekile. UFranklin Pierce wakhetha ukuvuma kunokufunga eBhayibhelini; uTheodore Roosevelt wafunga ngeBhayibheli kodwa wakhipha incazelo engeziwe. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kufanekisela isifungo i-̱ ukuvumelana nesisekelo somthetho sisekelo waso oqinile.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando

Umkhosi wokumisa uye wakhula kusukela emkhosini wesigungu esivamile seSigele waba umbukwane omkhulu wasobala, kodwa isifungo i’ isifungo asikashintshi. UGeorge Washington wenza isifungo ngoApril 30, 1789, eFederal Hall eNew York City. Wabeka isandla sakhe eBhayibhelini ayelibolekile ngokushesha futhi wanezela iSifungo manje i-#820; ngakho wangisiza mina uNkulunkulu. ̵ emakhulwini eminyaka, indawo yaya eCapitol ̱ yangaphambili futhi kamuva yaya ngasentshona, futhi isifungo sabekwa nguMahluleli oMkhulu we-United States kusukela ngo1797 (uJohns wayengowokuqala ukusithola eMthethweni omkhulu). I-Calndommon yathatha i-Moosterystey Ault.

Isifungo siye sathathwa nangezikhathi ezingavamile. Ngokufa kukaWilliam Henry Harrison ngo-1841, uJohn Tyler wenza isifungo ekamelweni lakhe lasehhotela, emisa isiqalo sokulandelana kukamongameli. Ngo-1923, uCalvin Coolidge wafuywa nguyise, umphakathi ovamile, epulazini lomkhaya ngelambu le-lambu. Lezi zikhathi zibonisa ukuthi isifungo i̱ amandla omthetho awuxhomekile ekuzithobeni; uxhomeke ekukhulumeni kwamazwi agunyaziweyo phambi kwesikhulu esinegunya.

[[UMTL:0] I-External i-[ I-Muzilla of Congress inikeza ukuqoqwa kwemisebenzi yokunikezela [ ukulandelela isifungo i-̱ umlando.

Inqubo Ye - Electoral: Ukusuka Ekubeni Omashini Kuya Ekholijini Le - Electoral

Inqubo yokukhetha inqubo ekhethwa isizwe ukuthi sikhethe ozothatha lesosifungo. Ngokungafani nemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yentando yeningi lapho undunankulu ekhethwa khona yiningi lemithetho, isimiso se-U.S. sihlanganisa imicimbi eminingi yeziteshi: iziteshi zemicimbi namaqoqo, imihlangano yesizwe, ukhetho oluvamile, ne-Electoral College. Izisefo zesigaba ngasinye ne-acgree zishoshoza izinqu ezithandwayo ngemithetho eye yaqala emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Imishini, Ama - Caucuuse, Nendlela Eya Ekuhlanzweni Kwamagama

Isimiso esiyinhloko savela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengenguquko yokunciphisa amandla abaqashi beqembu. Namuhla, umbuso ngamunye uphethe ukhetho oluyinhloko (ibhola elilula) noma i-caucus (umhlangano wesikhathi esiningi weqembu) lapho amalungu eqembu ekhetha khona izihambeli ezithembiswe ukubhalisa i-bhasosha elithile. Umphumela awukhona ukuhlukanisa kuphela; amaqembu asebenzisa amafomu ahlukene, futhi abanye abameleli abaleki abasusiwe (umz. Democratic ̴ u-supered failders ̶). Inkathi yokuqala isuka ku-February kuya kuJune yeminyaka yokuvota, kanye no-Hamshirey amasiko ahamba ngemithetho yokuqala yemithetho nemithetho yesifunda.

Lenqubo ihlolisiswa kakhulu ngoba yelula insimu egcwele umuntu oyedwa eqenjini. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi amandla angaphambili angaba amaphutha: uJohn Kennedy ̱ ngo-1960 ukunqoba okukhulu kwaseNtshonalanga Virginia kwaqinisekisa umKatolika ukuthi anganqoba umbuso omkhulu wobuProthestani, kuyilapho ngo-2016 Donald Trump ̱ ufeza ngamandla ezindaweni zokuvula izakhiwo ezikhungethe insimu ephithikile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso samanje sinikeza ithonya elingalinganisiyo ezindaweni zokuqala, ezingamelelimeleli kakhulu izwe. Imizamo yokujikeleza ikhalenda noma ukudala isici esiyinhloko sesizwe iye yaqhubeka ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Ukukhethwa Okuvamile Nekholiji Le - Electoral

Ukhetho oluvamile lwenzeka ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovemba. Abavota ngokobuchwepheshe bafaka izibhaxa zezincwadi zemali yabavoti abathembise umongameli, hhayi abavoti ngokuqondile. Laba bavoti bakha i-Electoral College, ehlangana ngoDecember ukuze bavote izikhulu. Umbuso ngamunye iÙ inani labavoti lilingana nomelo lwawo (Izihlalo zendlu kanye nezihlalo ezimbili zeGawula), kanye nabavoti abathathu abengeziwe be-Fopenthian Columbia (Ty-353 Intelligement). Kuzo zonke izifunda ngaphandle kukaMaine ne-Nebras, umzuzi wevoti ethandwayo yonke leyo ndawo emele (&88; abavoti (i-#220; umthetho we-unionsts).

I-Electoral College ibilokhu iphikisana kusukela yadalwa. Abakhi be-Frames bahlongoza njengokuvumelana phakathi kokhetho lukaKhomishane kanye nokuvota okuthandwayo, besaba kokubili ukubusa kwesixuku nokusebenzisa kabi umthetho. Nokho, iye yaveza ababusi abahlanu abalahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo: uJohn Quincy Adams (11824), uRutherford B. Hayes (1888), uGeorge W. Bush (2000), noDonald Trump (206). Icala ngalinye lavivinya ilungelo lenqubo yokhetho futhi labangela ukuba kuthathwe inguquko noma ukumiswa. I-National Popular Voentstate Convention, umzamo wokuvimbela i-Elctoral Collegency, uye wathathwa ngamazwe angu-16 nayi-656 e-Plaves of Columbiaeaves, kodwa izinsukwana ezingu-20 ezimfandla ezifunekayo.

I-External i- I-National Archives no Adrectoraust igcina ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwekholeji [ nemininingwane engokomlando nenqubo.

Abagxeki Abangenalukholo Nabashintshwe Ngokomthetho

Nakuba abavoti belindeleke ukuba bavotele abathembise ukubhalisa i-Bernie Sanders, cishe cishe ngamaphesenti anye kuzo zonke izivoti baye baba yi-#8220; i-̵ i-̬ i-&812; i-Overties kunoma omunye. Ngo-2016, abayisikhombisa abavoti abavela ezifundazweni zeDemokratiki abavotela uBern Sanders nabanye, kanye nabavoti abambalwa baseRepublication abavotelela abatha abatha abathathi abahlukeneyo). Lesinqumo saqinisa i-Elctal Collegemental#8; umsebenzi othandwayo. . Washington

Ukuhlangana: Ukunamathela Enkantolo Nomthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo sobumongameli nenqubo yokukhetha asizimele; zikha uchungechunge olulodwa lomthetho. Inqubo yokukhetha inquma ukuthi ubani ozohola, kodwa isifungo siguqula umnqobi abe yisikhulu somthetho-sisekelo esingokomthetho. Ngaphandle kwesifungo, ngisho nomnqobi wezwe oweqile ngeke asebenzise amandla kamongameli ngokwemithetho. Ngaphandle kwenqubo esemthethweni, isifungo singebhekiswe kumphathi wemithetho, singenza umthetho ungabi namthetho owenziwe.

Isihlwathi Njengokuqinisekiswa Kokugcina

Umthetho usemthethweni ukhona ngokulandelana kwezinyathelo ezingokomthetho: ukukhethwa kwabavoti, ukumiswa kwamavoti, ukumiswa kwesifungo sokhetho (ngoJanuwari 6), futhi ekugcineni ukuthathwa kwesifungo. Isifungo ngasinye kumelwe sivunyelwe ukushintshela. Ukhetho olugunyaziwe, olunjengo 2000 Bush Ó uGore impikiswano kanye nezinselele zokhetho ezingu 2020, kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kwesigaba ngasinye. Ngo- 2000, iNkantolo Ephakeme i-̱ isinqumo sasenziwe ngomthetho wakhe wokugcina [[FLT: 0] Bhush v. Gore ] ngokusemthethweni yagcina ngokulandisa izimpikiswano eFlorida, iholela ekuvuleni kuka-George. Njengoba u-Bush enqoba. Umedush wathatha umthetho wakhe wokugcina umthetho wakhe ngaphansi kwemiphumela engokomthetho ka-Elgly, noMbungu - ngokomthetho ka-Elsonson wathatha i-E. Waseya wathatha i-kade ka-200.

Lokhu kuhlangana kusho ukuthi ukuhlasela inqubo yokukhetha kungangena kushintsho. Uma izingxenye ezinkulu zezikhulu zomphakathi noma zezombangazwe zenqaba ukhetho i-’ ukuqashelwa, umongameli ozayo i-’ igunya linciphe. Isifungo asinakulungisa umbono oyiphutha ngokuyisisekelo wokungalawuleki, kodwa sinikeza ukubuyiselwa okungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwe-1876 Hasbes ̫ Tilden, u-Rutherford B. Hayes ̱ Shanges Connessaume saqala ngaphansi kwefu lemiphumela yokuphikisana ngokhetho; nokho isifungo sakhe sesikhundla saqashelwa yiwo wonke amagatsha nohulumeni bangaphandle, simvume ukuba alawule.

Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Umsebenzi obucayi wesifungo uwukumisa ukuthunyelwa ngokuthula kwamandla. Lapho umongameli ophumayo nomongameli ehlanganyela emkhosini ndawonye, uphawula ukuqhubekela phambili naphezu kokubuya kwabahlali. Isiko lomongameli ophumayo owayekhona ekunikezelweni alikho ngokomthetho kodwa liye laba inqubo kusukela uJohn Adams Thomas Memos Ù u-Thomas &217; ukunikezelwa okungalindelekile ngo-1801. Ongakholekiyo kwenzeka ngo-1829 (u-John Adams akayanga ku-Andrew Jackson ̱), u-1877 (umongameli akayangasayi e-Haye e-̱), futhi umongameli oqalayo (uDonaldaldum) emhla ka-Xebango-88; umongameli ophumayo kanye nomhla nenkanyezi (umhla ka-2017; umhla ka-2017) umongameli ophumayo, umhla nenkambo wakwayo, umongameli ophumayo, u-2017; umhla ne-Ess.

I-External act: Iprojekthi yobuKhosi base-America e-UC Barbara inikeza ukwaziswa lonke ikheli lokuvula isifungo nesifungo [ ukubukeza.

Imibono Exakile NeOath’ Indima Eqinisayo

Umlando ulandisa ngezenzakalo eziningana lapho inqubo yokukhetha yaphikiswa kangangokuthi ukufaneleka kukamongameli ozayo kwakulengiswa esilinganisweni.Esenzeka ngasinye, isifungo sasisebenza njengesenzo esingokomthetho esizinzisayo esavumela ukubusa ukuba kuqhubeke lapho izingxabano zixazululwa noma ziqedwa.

I - 1824 “ Corrupt Bargain ”

Kukhetho lwango-1824, akukho mmeleli owathola amavoti amaningi akhethiweyo (U-Andrew Jackson wahola ngo-99, uJohn Quincy Adams wayeno-84, uWilliam Crawford 41, noHenry Clay 37). Per Catherine, iNd House of Deaders yakhetha umongameli kwabathathu abaphezulu. uHenry Clay, owayenethonya njengoScorerter, wafaka ukusekela kwakhe ku-Adams, owazuza ivoti yendlu futhi kamuva wamisa uClay njengoNobhala weZwe. Jackson noHennerton wagxeka u-#820; i-corrupt.#821; lapho u-Adam ethatha isifungo ngoMarch 4, 1825, u-Péaunio ngokomthetho, uma nje ewungcolisiwe ngokuphatha kwakhe emuva. I-Annson yanikeza igunya elingokomthetho, nakuba i-Anskills.188; u-18182.

Ukuhlehla Kwango - 1876

Ngo-1876, uRepublican Rutherford B. Hayes noDemocrat Samuel Tilden babhekene nempikiswano eyaphumela ekutheni amazwe amathathu aseningizimu (i-Florida, iLouisiana, iNingizimu Carolina) kanye ne-Oregon. Bobabili abalwayo bathi banqoba. Umbuso wakha i-Electoral Commission eyakhipha zonke izivoti zokhetho kuHayes, yamnika ukunqoba. ukunqoba kwaseNingizimu Democrates wavumelana nokwamukela umphumela wokuncintisana nokukhishwa kwamabutho ezwe (ukuphela kwe-Constanton). Lapho uHangasifungo sangasese ngoMarch 3, 1877 (njengoba uMarch 4 wawa ngeSonto), futhi obala ngoMarch 5 &817; ukukhotyokwa komthetho akuzange kuphenywe noma inkantolo, naphezu kokuvinjwa kwemvume enziwa ngokuphumelela kakhulu.

Indaba Ka - 2000 Nendawo Yamahlanze

Ukhetho lwango 2000 phakathi kukaGeorge W. Bush no-Al Gore lwaxhomeke kumavoti angu-37 eFlorida ngemva kokuncintisana okunzima. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukulandisa bush v. Gore, ngokuphumelela isho ukuthi i-Bush inqobile. Gore yavuma ngo-December 13, futhi Bush yafunga isifungo ngo-January 20, 2001. Nakuba amaDemocrates amaningi abheka umphumela njengomthetho ongekho emthethweni, i-Gore yamisa igunya elingokomthetho. Ushintsho olunokuthula, kuhlanganise noGore&817; indima njengoMongameli weNkadeli phakathi nonyaka ka-19696, yagcizelela inqubo yomthetho.

Inkinga Yokushintsha Kwezinguquko Engu - 2020

Ukhetho lwama-2020 lwabhekana nezinselele ezingenakuqhathaniswa: amacala enkantolo angaphezu kuka-60 ahluleka ukugumbuqela imiphumela, futhi uMkhandlu wahlaselwa ngoJanuary 6, 2021 phakathi nesiqinisekiso. Nokho imishini yomthetho-sisekelo yahlangana futhi yavota, iKholiji ye-Congress yaqinisekisa uJoe Biden ̱ ukunqoba ekuqaleni kukaJanuary 7, futhi uBiden wathatha isifungo emini emini ngoJanuary 20. Naphezu kokubhikisha nengxenye ephawulekayo yokukholelwa kokhetho, isifungo sehhovisi sanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sesimiso esisha. UMnyango woBusimende weJanu, igatsha lezempi, kanye nalo lonke ihhovisi ngokushesha laqaphela ukuthi uBiden ungumphathi-sikhulu wezikhulu, uveza indlela isifungo sezombangazwe esiwuvivika ka-Speaul esenzeka ngayo esingokomthetho.

“ Isifungo sobumongameli siyitshe elingokomthetho elikhiyela ikhothamo lokhetho. ngaphandle kwalo, izakhiwo zokubusa kwentando yeningi zingawohloka zibe izikhundla zegunya ezincintisanayo.”

Imibono Eqhathanisayo: Ama - oath Kwezinye Izici Zokukhulekela

Ukuhlola ezinye imibuso ezibusa ngentando yeningi kuqokomisa lokho okuhlukile ngendlela yaseMelika nangalokho okukhona emhlabeni wonke.

Izimiso Zasephalamende

EUnited Kingdom, inkosi ayifaki isifungo sobumongameli lapho ingena; kunalokho, inkosi yenza uchungechunge lwezimemezelo e-Accession Council (kuhlanganise ithembisa ukusekela ukulandelana kwamaProthestani nokugcina iSonto laseScotland). UNdunankulu, njengenhloko kahulumeni, akafungelelwanga isifungo sasobala somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo; imane ithatha isifungo sokwethembeka nesifungo esingokomthetho phambi koMkhandlu wePriviny. Lokhu kubonisa umthetho-sisekelo ongabhalwanga futhi iqiniso lokuthi igunya eliphethe lisuka kumbusi kunokuba lithathwe kukhetho oluthandwayo. Ngokungafani, umongameli u-̱ igunya nje lithatha umthetho-sisekelo, hhayi isiqu somthetho wezwe.

AmaRepublic Omthetho - sisekelo

IFrance̱ umongameli ufunga phambi koMkhandlu woMthetho-sisekelo noMhlangano wesizwe, efunga ukuhlonipha uMthetho-sisekelo futhi avikele isithakazelo sesizwe. I-India#8217; umongameli ufunga ukuthi uzolondoloza, avikele, futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho, abonise inqubo yokukhetha kwentando yeningi yase-U.S. iJalimane̱ umongameli wezwe ophethe wenza isifungo esingase sihlanganise ukuntengantenga okungokwenkolo, okufana ne-U.

Umehluko oyinhloko ukhona kumthetho wesifungo i-’. Kunezifungo eziningi, ukufakwa komthetho ngokwawo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi isifungo siyisenzo sokugcina sokuthi ngempela umongameli umnyango wobumongameli. Ezimisweni eziningi, umphumela wokukhetha ufaka ihhovisi; isifungo simane siyimfuneko yokuthatha imisebenzi. Kodwa iSifungo II sithi umongameli uzakuthatha isifungo i-#820 ngaphambi kokuba angene ekwambuleni kwehhovisi lakhe, i-&8221; akukho muntu oba ngumongameli kuze kuthathwe isifungo. Lokhu kwahlolwa ngo-2009 lapho uBackbaba - &17; isikhulu sifunga ngo-January 20 (umhla ka-20) ephinde agweme umthunja olandelayo (umphaza) ngisho noma yimuphi umongameli osuba umphamba owe) nongamele umkhumbi - ngokomthetho.

[ I-External insubruption:[ i-Constitution Society inesiqhathaniso esiwusizo sezifungo [[[QULT:2] ezibanzi emhlabeni wonke[.

Isiphetho

Isifungo sobumongameli nenqubo yokukhetha kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlu lwemali yomthetho-sisekelo owodwa. Inqubo yokukhetha ihlanganisa intando yentando yeningi, kodwa isifungo esiguqula labo abayoba yigunya elingokomthetho. Ngazinye sixhomeke kwezinye: ukhetho ngaphandle kwesifungo esingokomthetho luyoshiya umongameli engenamandla; isifungo ngaphandle kokhetho olungokomthetho siyoba isiko elingenanjongo. Ndawonye, baqinisekisa ukuthi amandla amakhulu aseMelika uPresituease ukwenziwa kuphela ngemva kokubonakaliswa komthetho obala kwesivumelwano sokuzikhethela nomthetho obala. Esimisweni esakhiwe emandlani ahlukeneyo nasemalininini, isifungo esingumqondisi we-nex siwukuhlobana okugcina umphakathi kubantu nokubusa umthetho.

Ukuqonda lobubuhlobo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda uhulumeni waseMelika, omboza ezombangazwe, noma ohlanganyela okhethweni. Isifungo asisona nje isikhathi somthetho-sisekelo; isikhathi lapho ukhetho i ̱ ukukhetha kugunyazwa ngokomthetho. Njengoba ukhetho lukhula ngokuphikisana ngokwengeziwe futhi luthembana ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi, isifungo sihlala siyinqaba engokomthetho. Sikhumbuza wonke umongameli ozayo ukuthi igunya lakhe lilinganiselwe, isikhashana, futhi liphathiswe bona kuphela lapho bekhonza ngokwethembeka uMthetho-sisekelo abafunga ukuwalondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela.