Ithonya lezombangazwe e-United States lilolongwa yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezifuna ukubusa umthetho nenkambiso yomphakathi. Phakathi kwalezi, amaKomiti e-Political Action (PAC) anendima eyinhloko, ikakhulukazi lawo angahlangene nenhlangano, inyunyana, noma inhlangano yamalungu — eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-PAC angezona ezixhunyiwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okungacubungulayo kobuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC angezwani nemizamo yawo yokuzama ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukuhlola isisekelo sawo esingokomthetho, ukungenela okufanelekile, kanye nemiphumela ehlangene nenqubo yentando yeningi.

Ukuchaza amaPapa angazihlanganisi

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe angamakomiti ezombangazwe azimele aphakamisa futhi achithe imali ethonya uhulumeni, umbuso, noma ukhetho nemithetho yendawo. Ngokungafani ne-PACs — emiswe futhi ixhaswe yizinhlangano zezisebenzi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, ama-angano, noma amanye amaqembu amalungu — ama-PAC asebenza ngaphandle kwenhlangano exhasayo. Akhiwa abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu abantu ahlanganyela umqondo wezombangazwe, ukugxila, noma isimiso semithetho. I-Federal Ecomment Commission (FEC) ibabeka njengesigaba "ex - externect" ngoba abaxhunyiweyo" ngoba abalawulwa noma ababoshelwa yinhlangano ethile.

Le -PAC kumele ibhaliswe ne-FEC, imibiko yamafayela yembubhiso evamile, futhi inamathele emikhawulweni yomnikelo — okwamanje u-R1 500 ngokhetho ngalunye noR35 000 ngonyaka, nekomiti yesizwe enemingcele ephakeme yezindleko ezizimele. Ukuzimela kwayo kuyazivumela ukuba zijikelele ngokushesha phakathi kwemijikelezo ye-odoli nemikhankaso, zizenze abadlali abasheshayo abaqhakazileyo enkundleni yezombangazwe. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-Club for Growth, EMILY’s List, neNational Rifle's Political Victory Fund Fund — nakuba le ngxenye yokugcina ihlangene ne-PACC ukuze ikwazi ukuhlanganisa amalungu enhlangano, amaqembu amaningi ahlobana nohlelo oluhambisana nohlelo olusemthethweni lusebenza ngendlela efanayo.

Indima Yokuzitika Ngebhizinisi Lezombangazwe

Ukuthungatha kuwumkhuba wokuxhumana ngokuqondile nabenzi bemithetho, izisebenzi zabo, noma izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ukuze zithonye ukudalwa, ukuguqulwa, noma ukunqotshwa komthetho noma imithetho. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuhlangene neminikelo yomkhankaso, ukunxusa kuwumsebenzi ohlukile olawulwa yimithetho ehlukene yokuveza — ngokuyinhloko i-Lobbing Discive Act ka-1995. Izinhlangano ezingenela ukunxusa kumelwe zibhalise iSigele nendlu kanye nemibiko yemininingwane ephelele yezindaba zazo, izindleko, kanye nezikhulu ezithile ezithintekile.

Imizamo yokuqasha ingathatha izindlela eziningi: ukuqasha abangenisi beminyango, ukuhlangana namafemu angaphandle angenisa izingcingo, ukuxhasa ngemali nokucwaninga namaphepha amhlophe, ukuqhuba imikhankaso yokulawula izimpande, nokuhlela imihlangano ehlangene nabenzi bezimiso. Ku-PAC, ukudlulisa kuwumkhondo oqondile wokuthuthukisa izinto eziza kuqala zesimiso ngaphandle kwemingcele esebenza ekubhikisheni iminikelo — ngokwesibonelo, intengo engenamkhawulo ingasetshenziselwa ekufuneni izingcingo, kanti iminikelo iphelile. Lokhu kwenza ukuba u-PACs angenele umphelelisi onamandla ekusebenziseni imali ekhethekile, avumele ushintsho lwenqubo eqhubekayo ngaphandle kwemijikelezo kuphela phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhetha.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwezingoma Ezingaxhunyiwe Nezokuzilibazisa

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC nama-PAC kanye nokuya ezindaweni ezihlukene. Nakuba amanye ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ehileleka kakhulu ekufuneni izimvume, amanye agxila cishe kuphela eminikelweni yomkhankaso noma ezimali ezimele. Isinqumo sixhomeke emigomweni ye-PAC ehleliwe, imithombo, nesakhiwo esingokomthetho. Isici esiyinhloko siwukuthi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abhekene nemingcele encintisanayo ezindaweni eziya emikhankasweni kunasemkhankasweni — angabambelela ngaphandle kwemingcele, uma nje ehambisana nezimfuneko zokubhalisa nokubika. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, izimali zawo zenjongo yokuvota ziqiniswa yimingcele kahulumeni.

Ukuhleleka okuhleliwe

Ama-PAC amaningi aphumelelayo asebenzisa indlela ehlangeneyo: aphakamisa imali evela kubasekeli, anikela kwabazo abahambisana nendaba yabo, futhi afunela labo abasunguli bomthetho abafana nabo ngemva kokhetho. Lokhu kwakha indida lapho ukusekela umkhankaso kwakha khona umusa, futhi kuqinisa khona izimfuneko zenkambiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC egxile ekulungiseni intela inganikela ekusekeleni intela ethile eqondile. Inkululeko ka-PAC ivumela ukuba ihlale igxile empikiswaneni yayo embangweni yayo eyisisekelo ngaphandle kokuphambukiswa izithakazelo zenhlangano yomzali.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwemithombo

Imininingwane evela i-opensets, iqembu lokucwaninga elingaxhunyiwe, ibonisa ukuthi ama-PAC asetshenziswa imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - R2000 ekumiseni izimali zawo phakathi kuka 2000 no-2020, ngokuchitha imali eyandayo emjikelezweni ngamunye wokhetho. Nokho, ingxenye yokusebenzisa imali ephelele egunyazwa i-PAC incane uma iqhathaniswa nezinhlangano zezezentengiselwano. Ama-PAC angenayo avame ukuhlela amanani amakhulu emali yawo ekumiseni iminikelo ngaphezu kokuyaluza, ebonisa ukuthunywa kwawo okuyisisekelo kwezikhulu ezicushwe njengezemizwayo. Noma kunjalo, isethiwe ephansi kwemali eqondiswe ezindaweni ezizungezile noma ezidunjini — njengemisweni ebanzi — imithombo engenakusetshenziswa kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezingekho ezindaweni eziphambili ezisekwehlawulwa ngengxenyeni engxenyeni engu-50) ngaphansi kweze-0 (5).

Izimfuneko Zomsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nezokuvikela

I-PACC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe isebenzise uxhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho elawula kokubili izimali zezezimali nezokunxusa. I-Federal EFomment Campainsel Act (FECA) kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo, kuhlanganise ne-Bipartisan Campaign Reformation Act ka 2002 (BRA), ibeke imingcele yomnikelo futhi idinga ukukhishwa njalo kwemali kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi ye-FEC. Imisebenzi ehlelwa ngokwehlukana yi-Lobbing Disloasurence Act, egunyaza ukubhalisa uma inhlangano isebenzisa umuntu oyedwa noma abangenisi bemiya ezindaweni ezihlala khona futhi ichitha imali engaphezu kwe-demins elingana nemisebenzi (iR1,000 ngekota nge-R1,R1,1,50 nge-R1, ku-R1,1, ku-R1,000, ku-R1,000, ku-injini ye-yonke).

I-PAC ingagunyaza i-PAC ngaphandle kokubhalisa njengenhlangano enxusayo uma imisebenzi yayo yokunxusa yenziwe izikhulu noma izisebenzi ezichitha isikhathi esingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-20 ekungeneni ezivakashini — nakuba lolu mnyango ngokuvamile ungaqondwa. Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe agwema ukubhaliswa ngokusebenzisa umagazini owenqabela ukufinyela ukuxhumana okuqondile nezikhulu eziboshelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, zingaqhuba imikhankaso yezokuxhumana nomphakathi ukuba uxhumane nabenzi bomthetho, ababhekwa njengezimpande zotshani futhi abangabhaliswanga. Le ndawo empunga ivumela ama-PAC ukuba athonyele ngaphandle kokubona okugcwele.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme singu-CIZINC . FEC (2010) ngokuqhubekayo ukulungisa indawo ngokuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise imali engenamkhawulo ezinkingeni ezizimele, okuholela ekunyukeni kwama-PAC amakhulu kakhulu. Nakuba ama-PAC anguhlobo oluhlukile lwekomiti engaxhumene nolungakhonzi — angamukela iminikelo engenakulinganiswa kodwa angakwazi ukunikela ngokuqondile kwababe sebeyamukela — ngokuvamile bangenela ngezinhlangano ezihlukene ezingangenisi nzuzo. Lokhu kuye kwenza umugqa ophakathi kwamakomiti ahlanzekile embubhini nezinhlangano ezingenisa inzuzo, kudala imikhondo emisha yethonya isimiso.

Izifundo Zezenzakalo Zeziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe Ngemisebenzi Esebenzayo Yokuzilibazisa

Iqembu Lokwanda

I-Club for Growth iyi-PAC ebambelele ngokulandelana esemthethweni e-pacs ehlangene nohulumeni olinganiselwe, intela ephansi, kanye nentengiselwano yamahhala. Ilondoloza ukunxusa okunamandla eWashington, isebenzisa abangenisi abangaphandle kanye nokuhlangana namafemu angaphandle. Imizamo yayo yokukhuthaza ukuthuthukisa umthetho wezezomnotho okhulayo, njengokulungisa intela nokungagunyazi. Icebo lomnikelo we-PAC likhuthaza nokusekela izinselele eziyinhloko ezimelene nezimiso ezingokwesithethe — iqinisa amandla ayo okusekela i-Clustrate. Abenzi bemithetho abamukela i-Clustration ngenxa yokusekela inguquko yezentengiselwa ivame ukuvuma inqubo yayo, ukwenza ubudlelwane obunye obuphakathi kokhetho nemisebenzi ekhuthaza ukukhokhwazwa.

AmaMelika Afuna Ukuchuma (AFP)

I-AFP ingenye yezindawo ezishintshwayo ezingaxhunyiwe kakhulu ekufuneni i-Purcess, eyasungulwa yiKoch bazalwane, iyi-501 (c) (4) engenanzuzo esebenzela i-PAC ehlukene, i-Melika ye-PUSTERSP. I-AFP ingenye yeziteshi ezisebenzayo kakhulu ezingaxhumelezeki, ichitha amashumi ezigidi ezigidi ekubangeniseni ngokuqondile, izikhungo zotshani zotshani, futhi ikhangisa. Ukusekela kwazo kuqala kuhlanganisa izimiso zezempilo zezentengiselwano, amandla okudevota, nenguquko yentela. I-FPP i-af' enkulu kakhulu yeminyango nezihloko zesifunda ivumela ukuba ihambisane imikhankampane emikhulu yemiza yocingo nenqingo ebanzi — njengezenzakalo zokubhalisa izitekozo zocingo nezindawo zasedolobheni. Izenzakalo ze-PAC ezisekela inzuzo yenhlangano eyodwa eyodwa esebenzela i-yo ukuba ikwazi ukusekela inzuzo ende.

Isikhungo sezombangazwe se-Sierra Club

Ohlangothini lwendawo ezungezile, i-paculco's center ye-pac (i-paC engekho oxhumanayo) isebenza ekhonsathini nge-Sierra Club's 501(c)(4) ne-501(c)(3). I-PAC isekela i-pro-evironmentation, kuyilapho ingalo ye-advocacy iqhuba ithonya elikhulu ekushintsheni isimo sezulu, amandla ahlanzekile, kanye namazwe omphakathi. i-Sierra Club iye yaphumelela kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni, ukunxusa, nokulungisa, nomsebenzi wokhetho — ngokwesibonelo, izikhali eziphoxakela amandla amalahle asenkantolo lapho ithinta i-Arhentelliction Agement ne- Congresstionssss ukuze isebenzise izinga eliqinile lokukhipha. Isimo sayo esingekhona esiphambili sikuvumela ukuba inzuzo esithinta izinhlangano noma inzuzo.

Umphumela We - pacco Engaxhunyiwe Ekwephuleni Imiphumela

Ukulinganisa ithonya eliqondile lokuthola i-PAC engaxhunyiwe kuyinselele ngoba ithonya livame ukusakazeka futhi lingabhekisi ngqo. Nokho, ukuhlola okuningana kusikisela ukuthi i-PACs eqondiswe kahle, ingaguqula uhlelo lwayo. Ukucwaninga kweCent for Responsive Politics (Opensert) kubonisa ukuthi ama-PAC kanye nabanikazi bawo abona ukubuya okungabekezeleleki ekubekeleni izimali ngokwemithetho evumayo nangemiphumela esemthethweni esemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Club ekhuthaza ukuquluzela kwe-Trington ye-Propont Bank yokungenisa izikhundla ngo-2015 kwanikela ekucimeni i-mnyakazomthetho, kuhambisana nokuzuza kwayo kwe-flosovoluethi ekhululekile.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe athonya futhi isimiso ngokuguqula umbono womphakathi ngemikhankaso yokulawula i-advocation. Ukunxusa kwe-Sierra Club nge-Creat Power Plan kwasiza ekwakheni umfutho wotshani ogcina imithetho yendawo ezungezile iphambi komphakathi, ngisho nalapho isenzo sobungqungquthela sinqanyuliwe. Ngokufanayo, ama-American akhuthaza ukumelana nomthetho we-Affordable Care Act anezela ekulungiseni impumelelo ephawulekayo nasekuphikiseni okuqhubekayo okuvimbela ukufinyelela komthetho.

Nokho, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abhekene nokulinganiselwa. Inkululeko yawo ingaba inkemba enezinhlangothi ezimbili: ngaphandle kwesisekelo senkampani enkulu noma sobulungu obuhlangeneyo, angase antule imisipha yezimali ye-PACs. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila kwawo okukodwa kungawenza angasebenzi kakhulu ekuthatheni umthetho we-omnibus, lapho izithakazelo eziningi zilinganiswa khona. Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganisela, ama-PAC ahlala ekhona anethonya, ikakhulukazi okhethweni oluyinhloko nasemibasweni ye-ontace.

Ukugxeka Nokucabangela Okunobuciko

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC namalungu axhunyiwe buphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuvamile mayelana nokubonana nokulandisa kwentando yeningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzimela kwale -PAC kuvumela ukuba kusebenze ngaphandle kokucubungula kakhulu kune-PACs. Ngokwesibonelo, iminikelo engahlanganisiwe inganqwabelana evela kubantu abanikela ngeminikelo eminingi ehlala ingaziwa kuze kube ngemva kokukhetha, futhi imisebenzi yayo yokukhuthaza ingasekelwa nge-"sight mari" uma ingena ngezindlela ezingu-501(c)(4) ezingangenisingeniso. Lokhu kungabikho ukubona obala kungalulaza ukuqiniseka komphakathi ngenqubo yokwabela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnyango ojikelezayo phakathi kwama-PAC, izinkampani ezingenisa izikhungo, nezikhundla zikahulumeni uveza ukukhathazeka ngethonya elingadingekile. Abaqeshi nababesebenza ngaphambili bavame ukusuka eCapitol Hill ngokungenamdlandla bebhekisa phambili umsebenzi we-PAC, usebenzise ubudlelwane bomuntu siqu ukuze bazuze inqubo. Nakuba lezo zinkampani zisemthethweni futhi zivamile, zingadala ukubukeka — uma kungenjalo — ngezingxabano zesithakazelo.

Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ama-PAC ayisibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe nokukhuluma ngenkululeko. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yavikela ama-PAC kanye nokukhuthaza ngokungaguquki njengemisebenzi yeSichibiyelo sokuqala. Baphikisa ngokuthi ama-PAC azimele anika izakhamuzi ezivamile — ngeminikelo — izwi elingancintisana nezithakazelo ezigxilile zezezenkampani. Kulombono, ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC angexhunyiwe nokukhuthaza kumane kuyinqubo yemisuka yotshani noma amaqembu emibono ukuze athonye inqubo, njengoba nje izinyunyana nezinhlangano zezohwebo zezentengiselwano ziye zenza amashumi eminyaka.

Ukuthambekela Kwesikhathi Esizayo Kwe - PAC Engaxhunyiwe

Izici eziningana zingenza ikusasa le-PAC elingekho ezixhunyiwe. Okokuqala, ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwemitapo yezibalo — ngezindawo zesikhulumi njengo-Act Blue noWin Red — kuvumela ama-CC ukuba aphakamise imali evela kubantu abancane abanikelayo, anciphise ukuthembela kwabanikeli abambalwa abacebile. Lokhu kungawenza abe nesibopho esikhulu ezimpandeni zawo zotshani futhi angangeni kalula ukubamba izithakazelo ezikhethekile. Okwesibili, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nokwaziswa kwenza ama-PAC abeke izisulu eziqondiswe ngokuphumelela kakhulu — okubonisa ukuthi imiphi izivumelwano zivumelana kakhulu nezindaba ezithile eziqondile.

Okwesithathu, izinguquko ezingase zishintshe isimo. UMthetho we-DISCLOSE, owenziwe kumaKhongolokazi amaningi, ungadinga ukuba kubonakale kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwemali engokombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokunxusa okuhlobene nezindleko ezingezona inzuzo. Uma udluliswa, ungandisa ukuhlola ama-PAC angahlanganisiwayo imali manje ehamba ngamagobolondo angu-501(c). Ngokuhlukile, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esinciphisa incazelo yokungenela empilweni singanwebeka i-eculo yomthetho wokugunyaza ukubhalisa ngaphandle kokubhalisa.

Ekugcineni, ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe zaseMelika kungandisa ithonya le-PAC engekhona i-protocom. Njengoba ama-Purcement alinganiselayo eqanda, ama-PC angaxhumani nemithetho yemiqondo egunyaza ukubhekana nezinselele eziyinhloko nokuyengaza okuhloselwe kuyoqhubeka kunamandla. Lo kuthambekela sekuyabonakala kakade eHouse Freedom Fund naseKhotal Leavention Leadership Fund (i-PAC enkulu ehlangene nemizamo yokuzama ukukhuthaza). Intambo ephakathi kwe-votor, ukuthonya, nokukhipha i-advocacy cishe izoqhubeka ifiphaza, yenza i-PACs engaxhunyiwe ibonakale kakade esiphakathini sesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika sesikhathi esizayo esibonakala.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC angenazo izintambo nemizamo yokukhuthaza ukuvela kwemithetho ye-PC buyisici esibalulekile nesilungisayo secebo lezombangazwe laseMelika. Lamakomiti azimele asebenzisa inkululeko yawo ekulawuleni kwenkampani noma inyunyana ukuze asekele izimpikiswano ezithile, esebenzisa ukuxubana kweminikelo yemikhankaso nokunxusa okuqondile ukuhlela imiphumela yemithetho. Nakuba ebhekene nezinselele — kuhlanganise nokuvimbela imitapo nokugxeka okusobala — ikhono lawo lokugxila ngokungayekeleli emigomweni yawo yenkambiso liwenza abadlali abanethonya enqubweni yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lobudlelwano kudinga ukunaka komthetho, ukukhetha okuhleliwe, nomongo obanzi womkhankaso wezentengo nezentengo yeze. Abafundi nabenzi bezombangazwe, ukudlala phakathi kwe-PAC engekhona okuhambisana nokukhankani nokunikeza ifasitela elembulwayo eUnited States.