Table of Contents

Inqubo yokulungisa imithetho ehlelwayo nomthetho-sisekelo imelela enye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, ivumela izimiso zomthetho ukuba zivele zishintshe lapho zilondoloza ukuzinza nokulunga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezingeni likahulumeni, lombuso, noma lendawo, ukulungisa inqubo kusebenza njengebhuloho elibucayi phakathi kwesidingo sokuhlala njalo kwemibhalo engokomthetho eyisisekelo nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinselele ezivelayo. Ukuqonda uhambo oluyinkimbinkimbi kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya ekutholeni kokugcina ukutholwa kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekutheni inqubo yentando yeningi intuthuko engokwentando yeningi intuthuko.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Isisekelo Soshintsho Lwentando Yeningi

Le nqubo ikhona njengenqubo yamabomu eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezisemibhalweni eyisisekelo yomthetho zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokuvumelana kwemibono yesikhashana yezombangazwe. Lokhu kulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kokuvumelana nokuzinza kuye kwaba uphawu lwemibuso ephumelelayo yezomthetho-sisekelo kuwo wonke umlando. Lenqubo ngokuvamile ihilela izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, impikiswano, nokuvuma, ngayinye isebenza njengendawo yokuhlola ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zifeza isithakazelo somphakathi futhi ziyasekela ngokwanele ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.

E-United States, iSiphakamiso Sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo sichaza inqubo yokushintsha uMthetho-sisekelo, kanye nenqubo ehlanganisa ukulungisa noma ukulungisa, nokulungisa okulandelana. Lesi siteshi sesigayo sesibili siye saphinda-phindwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, siveza ukuqonda okufanayo ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga kokubili ukucabangisisa nokuvunyelwa okucophelelayo.

Ukumiswa Okuhlongozayo: Ushintsho Olusekela Umthetho - sisekelo

Uhambo lokulungisa luqala ngokusikisela kwalo, isigaba esingathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngohlelo lomthetho oluhilelekile. Le ngxenye yokuqala ibalulekile ngoba inquma ukuthi imiphi imiqondo yoshintsho eyocatshangelwa ngokungathi sína futhi ikuphi okuzohlala kusikisela okucatshangelwayo.

Indlela Yokusungula Inhlangano

Iziphendu zingahlongozwa yiSishaya-mthetho esinamavoti amabili-ntathu eNdlu yabameleli naseSigeqeni; noma ngomhlangano ozohlongoza ukulungisa okubizwa yi-Congress ngesicelo sama-inthathu amabili amaqembu ombuso. Indlela yengqungquthela ibiyindlela ekhethekile yazo zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo kuze kube usuku lomlando waseMelika.

Kusukela ekuFumeni, uKhongolo-mfutho lusebenzise izinqubo zeSiphakamiso V ukuhlongoza izinguquko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu zomthetho-sisekelo, nezifunda ezigunyaze ukubuyiselwa kwamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kwalezi ezihlongozwayo, okuhlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights. Lo mkhondo ubonisa ukuthi kokubili ubunzima bokufinyelela ukusekela okudingekile kwe-atmajority kanye nokungalingani kwenqubo yokulungisa.

Imfuneko yokuvota okumabili amathathu kuwo womabili amakamu imele umnyango obalulekile. Indlela yokuqala idinga kokubili iNdlu neSigele ukuba kuhlongozwe ukuncitshiswa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuvota kwamalungu amabili-ntathu akhona (ukuhlanganisa ukuba khona kwe-quontam/ukuvota okungahlangani kwe-framem) futhi hhayi ukuvota amalungu ahlukene, akhona nangekho. Lokhu kubaluleke ngoba kusho ukuthi izibalo zisekelwe kulabo abavotayo ngempela kunamalungu aphelele, nakuba i-carmoram isafuneka.

Indlela Yomhlangano: Indlela Engakaze Ihlolwe

Nakuba indlela yokusikisela yengqungquthela iye yasetshenziswa ngokukhethekile, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza enye indlela ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo. Indlela yomhlangano yokulungisa ayizange isetshenziswe ngoba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezifundazwe azizange zinxuse ukuba iziKhomishane zibize umhlangano nganoma isiphi isihloko. Lendlela ihlanganiswe njengesivikelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda zingadlula i-Congress uma isishaya-mthetho sibonakala singazimisele ukuveza izibalo ezidingekile zokulungisa.

Imizamo engokomlando yokubangela umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo iye yasondela kodwa ekugcineni yaphela. Imibuso engu-30-2 yacela uKhongolo-mkhandlu ukuba ubize umhlangano ukuba uhlongoze uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwemali, futhi amashumi amathathu nantathu acela umhlangano ukuba uvumele indlu eyodwa yezindlu zomthetho-mthetho ukuba yabelwe ngokwesisekelo sezindawo ezihlukene zezwe noma ngokwezombangazwe kunokuba kube inani labantu, njengoba lemizamo iwehla amavoti amabili nevoti eyodwa ifinyele ama-3 amathathu, ngokulandelana.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zezakhamuzi Nezimfuneko Zokusetshenziswa KukaHulumeni

Kulelozinga lombuso, imibuso eminingi ivumela ukushintshwa kwezakhamuzi ngezinqubo zokucela. Lezizimiso zisiza izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zihlongoze izinguquko kumthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho ngokuqoqa inani elicaciswe livela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo. Izimfuneko zihluka kakhulu ezizweni eziphethe, ezinye zidinga ukusayinwa okulingana nesilinganiso esithile samavoti abekwe kukhetho oludlule, kuyilapho ezinye zimise izikhawu ezimisiwe.

Izinqubo zokuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi zimelela uhlobo oluqondile lokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi enqubweni yokulungisa, nakuba ziphakamisa futhi imibuzo ngokulinganisela phakathi kwedemokrasi eqondile nokubusa kwabameleli. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izinqubo ezinjalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukulawula izincwadi zabo ezibusayo, kuyilapho abagxeki bekhathazeka ngezithakazelo ezikhethekile eziphambili zokulawula lenqubo noma imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yokukhuliswa kakhulu kwezindlela zobuthakazeli.

Indima Yokusekela Nokusekela

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo ethile eqondile esetshenziswayo, ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kudinga ukuxhaswa noma ukusekelwa yinani elithile lamalungu noma izikhulu. Kuyi-Congress, kuhlongozwa izinqumo ezihlangene okumelwe zenziwe amalungu endlu noma iSigele. I-Congress ihlongoza ukulungisa okusemkhankasweni wesinqumo esihlangene, futhi njengoba uMongameli engenayo indima engokomthetho enqubweni yokulungisa, isinqumo esihlangene asiyi eWhite House ukuze sisayinwe noma sivume.

Lokhu kukhishwa kukaMongameli enqubweni yokulungisa kumelela ukushiya okuphawulekayo kwenqubo yezimiso ezivamile zomthetho futhi kubonisa ukuqonda kwabasunguli ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zinezigaba ezikhethekile ezihlukaniswe nomthetho ovamile. Nakuba iSiphakamiso I ngxenye 7 sinikeza ukuthi wonke umthetho kahulumeni kumelwe unikezwe umongameli ukuze asayinwe noma athole i-veto, iSiphakamiso V asinikezi mfuneko enjalo yokulungisa umthetho-mthetho ogunyaziwe ogunyaziwe, ngakho umongameli akanamsebenzi osemthethweni kule nqubo.

Ukubukezwa Kwekomiti Nokukhishwa Kwemithetho

Uma nje isilungiso sesihlongoziwe ngokusemthethweni, singena esigabeni sokubukeza okunzulu nokucabangisisa. Lesi sigaba sifeza izinjongo eziningi: sivumela ukuhlola okuningi ngolimi nohlongozo lwalesi sihlongozo, sinikeza amathuba okufakazelwa komphakathi nobufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi sisiza abamisi-mthetho ukuba bacwengisise isiphakamiso ngaphambi kokuba sifike evoti yokugcina.

Isabelo Sekomiti Nezindlebe

Kuneziqu zomthetho, izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zivame ukubelwa amakomiti ahlobene nendaba yawo. La makomiti anezimemezelo lapho ochwepheshe, abagcini bezimali, namalungu omphakathi anganikeza ubufakazi ngemiphumela engase itholwe yi-accomption. Izindaba zamakomiti zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlukanisa imiphumela engalindelekile, ukucacisa ulimi olucaciwe, futhi akhe umbhalo ozoveza izimpikiswano ezilandelayo.

Isigaba sekomiti sinikeza ithuba lokulungisa noma ukuguqula. AmaKomiti angasikisela izinguquko zolimi lokuqala, afake amalungiselelo acacisayo, noma ngisho nokutusa ngokumelene nokuqhubekisela phambili ukusikisela uma kutholakala izinkinga ezinkulu. Le nqubo yokuzinqumela isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko eziye zabekwa phambili zibhalwe kahle futhi zimele ukukhetha okuhle kwezimiso.

Impikiswano Yezimbobo Nenkulumo Yeningi

Ngokulandela ukubukezwa kwekomiti, ukuhlongozwa okuhlongozwayo kudlulela phansi kwegumbi lomthetho ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano. Lezinkulumo-mpikiswano zifeza kokubili imisebenzi esebenzayo nengokomfanekiso.

Izimpikiswano ezimayelana nokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo zivame ukudonsa ukunakekela okukhulu komphakathi nokusakazwa kwezindaba, ikakhulukazi lapho izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zithinta izindaba eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kuhlola komphakathi kusebenza njengokunye ukuhlola ngenqubo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izishayamthetho kumelwe zithethelele izikhundla zazo kubantu abazimele nokuthi umphakathi uthola ithuba lokuhileleka ezindabeni ezihilelekile.

Imfuneko Ephakeme

Imfuneko yokuvunyelwa kwemibhobho emikhulu imelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zenqubo yokulungisa. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile, odinga kuphela ukubuyiselwa kweningi, umthetho-sisekelo ofuna ukusekelwa okuphakeme. Lemfuneko ibonisa ukuqonda ukuthi imibhalo eyisisekelo engokomthetho akumelwe ishintshwe kalula futhi ushintsho kufanele lulawule ukuvumelana okukhulu kwezombangazwe nemibono.

Imfuneko yesithathu esibili kuKhongolose isho ukuthi izinguquko eziphumelelayo kumelwe zithole ukusekelwa yizo zombili izigaba ezinkulu zezombangazwe ezisezimweni eziningi. Lokhu kudingwa kungabhekwa njengokunamandla noma ubuthakathaka besimiso. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwangempela futhi kuvimbela iqembu elilodwa ukuba lingafaki intando yalo emibuzweni eyisisekelo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lenza inqubo yokulungisa ibe nzima kakhulu futhi ivumele idlanzalo elincane ukuba livimbele izinguquko ezingase zisekele umphakathi.

Inqubo Yokuthola I - rate: Ukusuka Ekutheni Uyoba Nezingane Zokutholwa

Ngemva kokuba iSishaya - mthetho noma umhlangano usuhlongoze ukulungiswa, kumelwe kwamukelwe ngaphambi kokuba ube ingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo.

Izindlela Zokugudluza

To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either the legislatures of three-quarters of the states or by ratifying conventions conducted in three-quarters of the states, a process utilized only once thus far in American history with the 1933 ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment. The choice between these two methods lies with Congress, which specifies the mode of ratification when it proposes an amendment.

Indlela yokuqala yokulungisa idinga o-3-sine bamalungu ombuso wokulungisa ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ngokunye, uMkhandlu ungafuna ukuba imihlangano emithathu emine kahulumeni evumela ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo, kanye noMkhandlu uchaze lendlela yesibili yokulungisa kanye, yeSichibiyelo Sakuqala, esaguqula iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesishiyagalombili esamisa i-Prohibition.

Indima Yemithetho KaHulumeni

Uma iziKhongolo zikhetha indlela yokushaya umthetho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziba abakhi besinqumo esiyinhloko. Abalawuli bafaka indinganiso ngokusemthethweni kuhulumeni wabo noma kuhulumeni ifuna umhlangano, kuye ngokuthi iSishaya-mthetho ngasinye sisho ukuthini. Khona - ke isishaya-mthetho ngasinye sibe siphikisana futhi sivote ukuthi singenza ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuphinde kulungiswe.

Ukuvota kwesifunda ngasinye noma ukuvota uku-rafy noma ukwenqaba ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuthwala isisindo esilinganayo, kungakhathaliseki inani lombuso noma ubude besikhathi kuyi-Union. Lokhu kulinganiswa kubonisa isimo sombuso wesimiso saseMelika futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anezwi elifanayo namakhulu afanayo enqubeni yokulungisa. Okwamanje, ngezifunda ezingamashumi amahlanu, ukuhlanganisa okungamashumi amathathu anesishiyagalombili kuyadingeka ukufinyelela emnyango wesithathu.

Imihlangano Evuselelayo YoMbuso

Inqubo yomhlangano yokulungisa, esetshenziselwa iSichibiyelo sokuqala samashumi amabili kuphela, ihilela imihlangano ekhethekile ekhethwe esifundeni ngasinye kunokuba ithathwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zasebenzisa imihlangano esikhundleni sezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuvuselela le nqubo ngoba kubonakala sengathi imihlangano ingaba nethuba lokugunyazwa kunabendlu yomthetho. Lokhu kwabonisa ukubalwa kwezombangazwe ukuthi iyiphi indlela engenzeka kakhulu ukuba iphumelele ekunikezeni indaba ethile ekhona.

Ngokuvamile le ndlela yomhlangano ibhekwa njengentando yeningi ngokuqondile kunokushaya umthetho ngenxa yokuthi izihambeli zomhlangano zikhethwa ngokukhethekile ukuba zicabangele ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo, kuyilapho izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zikhethwa ukuze zibhekane nezimpikiswano eziningi.

Izindlela Zokuphatha NomBhalo

Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ihilela izinqubo ezithile zokuqondisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubhalwa nokulandelelwa okufanele. Ngemva kokuba uKhomishane ehlongoza ukulungisa, umbhishobhi we-United States, ophethe i-National Archibral and Records Administration, unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha inqubo yokuhlukanisa, kanye ne Archivist eye waphathisa imisebenzi eminingi yokukhonza ehlobene nale misebenzi ehlangene noMqondisi we-Federal Register.

Umbhishobhi wazisa ngokomthetho izifundazwe, ngencwadi ebhaliwe eya kuMbusi wezwe ngalinye, ukuthi kuceliwe ukulungisa, futhi uMbusi ngamunye ube esefaka inguquko ngokusemthethweni kumthetho wendlu yombuso noma umhlangano wazo. Le nqubo yesaziso engokomthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izifunda zithola isaziso esingokomthetho futhi zingaqala ukucabangela ukubuyiselwa kwazo okuhlongozwayo.

Lapho uMbuso umisa ukulungiswa okuhlongozwayo, umArchivist uthumela ikhophi yokuqala noma egunyaziwe yesenzo sikaHulumeni, edluliselwa ngokushesha kuMqondisi weFederal Register, ohlola izincwadi zokuqinisekisa ukuthi imali ebhalwe ngobuso ifanele nokusayina okusemthethweni, futhi uma lamaphepha etholakala ehlelekile, avume ukuthi agunyaziwe futhi agcinwa ehlala egciniwe.

Indaba Yokulinganiselwa Kwesikhathi

Impikiswano eyodwa ebalulekile enqubweni yokuhlungwa kwezindawo ikhathalela ukuthi kunemingcele yesikhathi kuleyo ekhona imibuso okumelwe ithathe isinyathelo. ISiphakamiso V asisho ukuthi isilinganiso sesikhathi sokulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo, futhi akukho kulungiswa kwenkathi ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka esihlangene nayo. Nokho, uMkhandlu uye wahlanganisa imingcele yesikhathi ngokucabangela ukulungisa.

Ukulungiswa kokuqala okuhambisana nesilinganiso sesikhathi kwakuyiSichibiyelo sekhulu le-18 (Isivumelwano), esahlongozwa ngo - 1917, kanye noMkhandlu ohlanganisa nosuku lweminyaka eyisikhombisa olukhethwe ngokusemthethweni engxenyeni 3 ngezizathu zezombangazwe. Kusukela ngeSichibiyelo sama-20, uMkhandlu uye wahlanganisa isilinganiso sesikhathi sokuncitshiswa kwazo zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo.

Umthetho-sisekelo kanye nomphumela walemingcele yalesikhathi kusaphikiswana. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi uMkhandlu awunalo igunya lokubeka imingcele yesikhathi enqubweni yokunqanda, kuyilapho ezinye ziphikisa ngokuthi imingcele enjalo iyindlela enengqondo yamandla oMkhandlu wokunquma indlela yokuhlukanisa. Umbuzo uye waba nencazelo esebenzayo ezimpikiswaneni zokulungisa i-Excial Rights Refective, lapho imibuso yaqhubeka khona isekela esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba idlulile ikhawule.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo

Omunye umbuzo oyinkimbinkimbi uhilela ukuthi izifunda zingakususa yini ukuvuselelwa kwazo kokulungisa okuhlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zazama ukususa ukuvunyelwa kwazo kokulungisa okusasele, ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuphela kwamavoti okuvota. Umbono okhona, osekelwa ngomthetho ongokomlando, ukuthi amazwe awakwazi ukuqeda ukukhubazeka kwawo ngokuphumelelayo, nakuba lendawo ingamukeleki emhlabeni wonke.

Lendaba yaphakama kakhulu phakathi nokumiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, lapho iOhio neNew Jersey bezama ukubuyisela izintambo zabo zokuqala. UNobhala woMbuso ekugcineni waqinisekisa ukulungiswa kwazo njengoba kwagunyazwa, ebala womabili amazwe naphezu kokuzama kwawo ukuhoxa, futhi uKhongolo lwaqinisekisa lesi sinqumo. Lesi sibonelo sisikisela ukuthi uma umbuso usuyasithatha isinyathelo esiqondene nesidingo sezinsuku ezintathu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imizamo eyalandela yokuhlehla kwenkambo.

Ukutholwa Nokuqinisekiswa Kokugcina

Isikhathi sokulungisa ukufinyelelwa kwempumelelo ngenani elidingekayo lezifundazwe siphawula ushintsho olubucayi ukusuka ekuhlongozweni kuya emthethweni womthetho-mthetho. Nokho, kulandela izinyathelo zokuphatha nezinkonzo eziningi ngaphambi kokuba lenqubo iphele.

Kunini Lapho Isichibiyelo Siba Khona Esiphumelelayo?

Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuba ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokushesha lapho ugunyazwa abantu abathathu kwabane base-United States (abangu-38 kwa-50). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kuthatha ukusebenza ngokushesha ekwakheni kokugcina kwesifundazwe okudingeka ukuze sifinyelele emnyango, hhayi esikhathini esithile kamuva lapho ukufakwa kwemigqa kufakazelwa noma kumenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukulungisa kuba ingxenye esebenzayo yoMthetho-sisekelo uma ivunyelwa inani elidingekayo lezifundakazi, kunokuba ivunyelwe ngosuku lwamuva lapho ukuvuselelwa kwazo kufakazelwa, kungekho sinyathelo esiphinde sithathwe yiKhongolose noma yimuphi umuntu. Lokhu kusebenza okuzenzekelayo kubonisa ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokuzilungisa iwukuziqeda lapho izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho sezihlanganisiwe.

Ukugunyazwa Nokuhlanzwa

Nakuba ukulungisa kuphumelela ngokuncishiswa kwenani elidingekayo lezifunda, ukubhalisa okungokomthetho kufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile zokuphatha nezophawulo. Uma iHhovisi leFederal Register liqinisekisa ukuthi liye lathola inani elidingekayo lezincwadi zokuqinisekisa eziqinisekisiwe, lihlela isimemezelo esingokomthetho se Archivist sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kuyasebenza futhi liye laba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo, nalencwadi ekhishwe kuyi-Federal Register nase-U.S.

Izikhathi ezintathu, ngemva kokwaziswa ukuthi ukulungisa sekufinyelele emnyango wokuqeda, kwathatha isinqumo sokumemezela inqubo iphele ngokuphumelelayo, nakuba izenzo ezinjalo, nakuba zibalulekile ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe, zingadingekile, ngokwemithetho-mthetho, zingadingekile. Lezi zinqumo ze-convector zifeza imisebenzi yemikhosi ngokuyinhloko, ukuvuma ukuqedwa kwenqubo yokulungisa ngaphandle kokuba nomphumela ongokomthetho wokulunga noma ukuphumelela.

Izici Eziyi - ceremonial

Muva nje, ukusayina kwalesi satifiketi sekuyinkonzo yemikhosi yezikhulu ezihlukahlukene, okungenzeka ukuthi ihlanganisa uMongameli. Le mikhosi isho ukubaluleka koshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo futhi inikeza ithuba lokuqaphela umphakathi lokho okufeziwe okumelelwe ukubuyiselwa okuphumelelayo.

Nakuba uMongameli engenandima engokomthetho enqubweni yokulungisa, ukuthatha iqhaza komongameli emikhosini yokugunyaza ibonakalisa ukubaluleka okungokomfanekiso kokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo nendima kaMongameli njengomholi wesizwe. Lezizenzakalo zivame ukudonsa ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba futhi zisize umphakathi ufundise ngokulungisa okusha kanye nemiphumela yako.

Ukusebenza Nokuthunyelwa

Ngemva kokubekwa kwemigqa ye-ratiation nesiqinisekiso, ukulungisa okusanda kutholwa kumelwe kuhlanganiswe nesimiso somthetho futhi kusetshenziswe ezinhlanganweni ezihlobene nalokhu. Lesi sigaba sokusetshenziswa kwalesi simiso sihlanganisa izilinganiso eziningi futhi singathatha isikhathi eside lapho imiphumela egcwele yokulungisa isebenza.

Ukuhlaziya Imibhalo engokomthetho namadokhumende Angokomthetho

Isici esiqondile sokusetshenziswa sihilela ukuguqula imibhalo engokomthetho yoMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezincwadi ezihlobene nayo ukuze kuboniswe ukulungiswa okusha. Amahhovisi okunyathelisa kahulumeni akhiqiza izinhlelo ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa, futhi izitatimende ezingokomthetho zihlaziya imibhalo yazo engokomthetho. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kuqondisa kuphela, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yonke imithombo engokomthetho ibonakalisa ngokunembile uMthetho-sisekelo olungisiwe ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokomthetho nasekungeneni komphakathi emibhalweni enegunya.

Ngaphandle koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, amanye amaphepha amaningi angokomthetho angadinga ukushintshwa ukuze kuboniswe ushintsho olusha. Imithetho iziqondiso zokukhomba ukuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo angadinga ukushintshwa kobuchwepheshe, izimiso zingadinga ukubukezwa, futhi izindlela zikahulumeni nezinqubo zingadinga ukulungiswa. Izinga lokushintshwa kwalo kungaxhomeke ekulungiseni inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuchaza Nokusebenzisa Ukwahlulela

Mhlawumbe isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokusetshenziswa sihilela ukuchazwa komthetho wokulungisa okusha. Izinkantolo kuwo wonke amazinga kumelwe zinqume ukuthi ukulungisa kusebenza kanjani emacaleni athile nasezimpikiswaneni, ukuthi ulimi lwayo lusho ukuthini ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, nokuthi luhlobana kanjani namanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nomthetho okhona. Lenqubo yokuchaza ukwahlulela ingathatha iminyaka noma ngisho amashumi eminyaka ukuze ikhule ngokugcwele.

Amacala okuqala achaza ushintsho olusha ngokuvamile amisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezilawula ukusebenza kwayo ezizukulwaneni. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ukwethembeka kombhalo olungisiwe nezinhloso zalabo abahlongoza futhi bagunyaze lokho ngesidingo sokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezimweni okungenzeka ukuthi azilindelekile. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza umelela ibhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kokuthathelwa ukulungiswa okungokomthetho kanye nomphumela walo osebenzayo emthethweni nasemphakathini waseMelika.

Isenzo Somthetho Nesokuqondisa

Izinguquko eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga ukumiswa kwemithetho noma isenzo sokuqondisa ukuze zisebenze ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko ezinika imibuso emisha eKhongomeni noma ukudala amalungelo amasha ngokuvamile zidinga izisekelo zokuhlela ukuze zenze lawo mandla noma amalungelo asebenze. ISishaya-mthetho kungase kudingeke ukuba simise imithetho emisa izimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho, ukwakha izakhiwo zokuphatha, noma ukuchaza amagama asetshenziswa ekulungiseni.

Izinhlangano eziphethe zenza indima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ezingxenyeni zazo zomthwalo wemfanelo. Zingase zidinge ukubukeza izimiso, ukuhlaziya izincwadi zesiqondiso, izisebenzi eziqeqesha izimfuneko ezintsha, nokulungisa izinqubo zazo ukuze zivumelane nokulungisa. Ukuphumelela kwenguquko kuxhomeke kakhulu ekutheni izinhlangano eziphethe ziwenza ngokucophelela nangokwethembeka kangakanani lo msebenzi.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokuqaphela

Ukwazisa ukuthi umphakathi uqonda ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo omusha kumelela esinye isici esibalulekile sokumiswa. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano zemfundo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba zonke zidlala indima ekuziseni izakhamuzi ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokulungisa nokuthi kuthinta kanjani amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Le misebenzi yemfundo ibaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseni amalungelo abantu noma ekushintsheni izici eziyisisekelo zesimiso sikahulumeni.

Imizamo yemfundo yomphakathi ingahlanganisa izimemezelo ezingokomthetho, izimemo zemfundo, izimemo zenkonzo yomphakathi, kanye namawebhusayithi okwaziswa. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa noma imaphi amalungelo amasha adalwa yi-profection futhi ziqonde noma yiziphi izibopho ezintsha ezibekwa yiyo. Imfundo yomphakathi ephumelelayo isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zifeze izinjongo zazo futhi zihlanganiselwe esikweni sesizwe.

Ukubambisana Nokuphoqelelwa

Ukusebenza kuhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokulungisa okusha kuzo zonke izilinganiso zikahulumeni, futhi lapho kusebenza khona, engxenyeni yomuntu siqu. Lokhu kungadinga ukuhlola izinqubo, izinqubo zokuphoqelelwa, namakhambi okuphula. Ukuzivumelanisa nokuphoqelela kuxhomeke ekulungiseni isimo salokhu nokuhlelwa okungokomthetho okumiswe ukuze kusebenze.

Inguquko ebeka imingcele emisha embusweni kahulumeni, ukuvuma kungahlanganisa ukubukeza imithetho namasiko akhona ukuze kubonwe futhi kulungiswe. Ukulungisa okudala amalungelo amasha, ukuphoqelelwa kungahlanganisa ukumisa izinqubo zokulwela lawomalungelo lapho ephikiswa. Ukuphumelela kwalezimiso zokuthobela nokuphoqelelwa kuthinta kakhulu ukuthi ukulungisa kufeza ithonya lakho elihlosiwe.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: ISichibiyelo Sezinhlelo Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba lesi sihloko siye sagxila ngokuyinhloko enqubweni yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, ukuhlola indlela amanye amazwe abheka ngayo ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo kunikeza umongo obalulekile futhi kuqokomisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela ukuqina nokuvumelana nomthetho oyisisekelo.

Izimiso ZasePhalamende Nesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yephalamende inezinqubo zokulungisa ezihluke kakhulu kweze-Melika. Amanye amazwe avumela izishaya-mthetho zawo ukuba zilungise umthetho-sisekelo ngevoti enkulu ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba izifundazwe zihlawulise imibuso noma izifundakazi. Ezinye zidinga ukuchithwa kwephalamende nokhetho olusha ngaphambi kokuba ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo kuphele, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-votatethine inethuba lokuhlola izinguquko ezihlongoniswayo.

I-United Kingdom iveza indaba eyingqayizivele, ngoba ayinalo ibhukwana elilodwa lomthetho-sisekelo elibhaliwe. Kunalokho, ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo lwenzeka ngemithetho evamile, izinqumo zokwahlulela, nangemihlangano emikhulu. Lokhu kuvumelana nemibono kuvumela ukuvumelana okulula kodwa kunikeza isivikelo esincane ekushintsheni noma ekuthatheni izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izimiso Zokuxhumana Nokuthola Izimoto Eziningi

Izimiso ze-Federal ezifana nezeCanada, i-Australia, ne-Jalimane zidinga ukuvunyelwa kokubili emazingeni esizwe nangaphansi esizwe ekulungiseni umthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ezifana nesibonelo saseMelika. Nokho, izimfuneko ezithile ziyahluka. Ezinye zidinga ukuvunyelwa yizo zonke izifunda zomhlaba, kanti ezinye zidinga ubunye obukhulu noma obukhulu. Lokhu kuveza ukulinganisela okungafani phakathi kobunye besizwe nezifunda.

Inqubo yokulungisa iCanada iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, enezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa okudinga amazinga ahlukene okuvunyelwa. Ezinye izinguquko zidinga ukuvunyelwa kwazo zonke izifunda, ezinye zidinga ukuvunyelwa yiPhalamende kanye nezingxenye ezimbili zezifunda ezimelela okungenani ingxenye yomphakathi, futhi ezinye zingakhiwa yiPhalamende lodwa. Lendlela elandelanayo iqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zinezimiphumela ehlukene esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Intando Yeningi Nesimiso Somthetho - sisekelo

Amazwe amaningi afaka izinqubo zentando yeningi ezicini zazo zokulungisa inqubo ezizifunayo noma ezingakhethi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSwitzerland idinga amavoti athandwayo kuzo zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo futhi ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze inguquko ngokucela. Lendlela yentando yeningi eqondile iqinisekisa amazinga aphakeme okuhlanganyela okuthandwa kakhulu kodwa futhi ingaholela ekuphumeleni ekususweni yizinkanuko zesikhashana noma ukuqonda okungaphelele kwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

I-Ireland idinga zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze zivunyelwe yizimemezelo ezithandwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlongozwa kanjani. Lemfuneko ibonisa ukuzimisela okuqinile ekubuseni okuthandwayo futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo kumthetho-sisekelo zisekelwa umphakathi ngokuqondile. Nokho, kusho futhi ukuthi impumelelo yokulungisa ixhomeke kakhulu emikhankasweni yomphakathi yemibono kanye nekhono lokuchaza izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho ezisezilalelini ezivamile.

Amalungiselelo Angenakubizwa Ngamagama

Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa amalungiselelo angenakulungiswa nhlobo, noma angalungiswa ngezinqubo ezingavamile kuphela. Lama-"temory digitary" noma "amalungiselelo" avame ukuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo njengesithunzi somuntu, ukubusa kwentando yeningi, noma isakhiwo sikahulumeni. UMthetho weSisekelo waseJalimane, ngokwesibonelo, uvimbela ukulungiswa okungathinta isimo sikahulumeni noma izimiso zamalungelo abantu eziyisisekelo.

Ukuba khona kwamalungiselelo angalungiseki kuphakamisa imibuzo yefilosofi ngentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvikela izindinganiso ezibalulekile ekukhukhulekeni ngisho noma izakhiwo zesikhashana zingasekela izinguquko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulinganisela ikhono lezizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo lokuguqula umthetho wazo oyisisekelo, ongase udale ukuqina okungafakazela ukushintsha kwezimo.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwenqubo Yesichibiyelo

Naphezu kwendima ebalulekile ekuvumeleni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomthetho - sisekelo, inqubo yoshintsho ibhekene nokugxekwa okuhlukahlukene nezinselele okufanele zicatshangelwe.

Ubunzima Besichibiyelo Sobuqotho

Okunye ukugxeka okuvamile kuveza ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa kunzima kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuvuselela uMthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho kunokuvumelana okukhulu. Imfuneko yemvume yama-35 ezindlini zomthetho nezingxenye ezintathu zezifundazwe, idala izimpawu eziningi lapho ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kungahluleka khona. Uma kungathi cishe kungaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zendlu yabameli, noma ngaphezulu nje kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele, noma ishumi nanhlanu kulezo zigaba ezingamashumi amahlanu, ngeke kube yi-okulungisa izimpawu eziningi ngalendlela, okusho ukuthi idlana elincane lezwe likwazi ukuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-othengwa eMthethweni womthetho.

Abagxeki bakhomba ekulungiseni okuningi okuhlongozwe okuye kwagunyaza ukusekela okuningi ekuhloleni kodwa bahluleka ukufinyelela izilinganiso ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuze kuthathwe izingane. Baphikisa ngokuthi lobu bunzima buholela ekuhlaziyweni komthetho-mthetho futhi baphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zivuselele incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuchaza kunokuba bavumele abantu ukuba benze izinguquko ngenqubo engokomthetho. Abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi ubunzima bokulungisa buvikela ezinguqukweni ezisheshayo futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi iziphakamiso ezibanzi nezihlala njalo kuphela ziba yingxenye yomthetho oyisisekelo.

Indima Yamazwe Amancane

Ukulingana kwesilinganiso sezifunda enqubweni yokunandisa kusho ukuthi ngemiphakathi emincane kakhulu kunezwi elifanayo nezwe elinamanani amakhulu. Izifundazwe ezimelela ingxenye encane yesizwe zingavimbela ukuncishiswa kwezwe elimele imibuso eminingi yamaMelika. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lelilungiselelo alinayo idemokrasi futhi linika izakhamuzi zamazwe amancane amandla angenakulinganiswa.

Abavikeli besimiso samanje baphikisa ngokuthi ibonisa isimo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika futhi ivikela izithakazelo zemibuso emincane ekubusweni yimikhulu. Baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo umelela ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezifundazwe kanye naphakathi kwabantu, nokuthi ukulondoloza ukulingana kwezwe enqubweni yokulungisa inqubo yomthetho kahulumeni kulondoloza ukulingana okuqhubekayo. Le ngxoxo ibonisa ukungezwani okukhulu phakathi kobukhoma bentando yeningi nobuzwe obusebenza kuwo wonke umthetho we-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika.

Indlela Yomhlangano Engasetshenziswanga

Iqiniso lokuthi indlela yomhlangano engokomthetho yokulungisa izinto ayikaze isetshenziswe liphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ingabe ikhona yini indlela esebenzayo.

Abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi indlela yomhlangano kufanele isetshenziswe ukuvimbela ukumelana nokulungisa okuthile, kuyilapho abanye bekhathazekile ngokuthi umhlangano ungaba "umhlangano oweqayo" ohlongoza izinguquko ezingaphezulu kakhulu komthetho wakuqala. Lokhu kukhathazeka kuye kwanezela ekumadonseni kwezifundazwe ukuba ziqhube umhlangano ngisho nalapho zingase zisekele ukulungisa okuthile. Ukumisa imithetho nezinqubo zomhlangano womthetho-mthetho kungenza lendlela ibe ngcono kakhulu, nakuba ukufinyelela imithetho enjalo kuveza izinselele zayo.

Ushintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo Lwethukela

Ubunzima bokulungisa okungokomthetho buye baholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo komthetho - sisekelo okwenzeka ngezinye izindlela, ikakhulukazi ukuchazwa kokwahlulela, umkhuba womthetho, nesenzo sokuphatha. Nakuba lezizindlela ezivamile zoshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo zivumela ukujwayela ngaphandle kobunzima obungokomthetho bokulungisa, baphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi kanye nendima efanele yezinhlangano ezihlukene ekuthuthukiseni incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Abagxeki boshintsho olungokwemvelo lomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi luvumela abahluleli abangakhethwanga noma ezinye izikhulu ukuba bashintshe uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuvumelana okukhulu okudinga ukushintshwa. Baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zomthetho-sisekelo kumelwe zenzeke ngenqubo yeSiphakamiso V kuphela, ziqinisekise ukuhlanganyela nokuvunyelwa okuthandwayo. Abalweli boshintsho oluthukela baphikisa ngokuthi lumelela isici esidingekile nesingenakugwenywa sokubusa komthetho - sisekelo, ukuvumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ulondoloza ubuntu bawo obuyisisekelo.

Ikusasa Lesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Uma sibheka phambili, cishe izenzakalo nemibuzo eminingana kuyothonya ikusasa lokulungiswa komthetho - sisekelo eUnited States nakweminye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nenqubo Yesichibiyelo

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ingathinta indlela izinqubo zokulungisa ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuxhumana kwamanani nezokuxhumana kakade sekushintshe indlela imikhankaso yokulungisa nokuzilungiselela ukusekela. Izicelo ze-inthanethi, amahholo asemadolobheni, nemikhankaso yezokuxhumana engokwabantu ingafinyelela izigidi zabantu ngokushesha nangokungabizi, okungase kukwenze kube lula ukwakha ukusekela izinguquko ezihlongozwayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe budala izinselele ezintsha. I-mistinformation ingasakazeka ngokushesha, kukwenze kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuphazamisa kwezizwe ezingaphandle ezinquboni zezombangazwe zasekhaya, kuhlanganise nemikhankaso yokulungisa, kumelela usongo olusha olungase lungabhekisi phambili. Ukulungisa izinqubo zenkathi yobuchwepheshe kuyilapho kulondoloza isimilo sazo sobudemokrasi nesimiso sobudemokrasi kuyodinga ukunakwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukushintsha Umqondo Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi kwenza ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okukhulu okudingekayo ekulungiseni umthetho - sisekelo kube nzima kakhulu. Uma amaqembu ezombangazwe nabasekeli bawo bebhekana njengezinsongo ezingokwesiko kunokuba bancintisane nabangokomthetho, ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo emibuzweni engokomthetho - sisekelo kuba yinselele. Lokhu kuhlukana kwemibuso kungase kuholele ekulungiseni okuphumelelayo nokuncika kakhulu ezindleleni ezingahleliwe zoshintsho lomthetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukana kungabangela ukucindezela kokulungisa isimo okungenza kube lula, ikakhulukazi uma ukukhungatheka ngokukhubazeka komthetho-sisekelo kukhula. Ukuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zingaba ezifiselekayo kuxhomeke embonweni womuntu wokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Inselele iwukuthi ukulondoloza ukuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokudela izinguquko ezibangelwa yinqubo yamanje ewunikezayo ngokuxhamazela noma ngokugula.

Umthetho - sisekelo Wembulunga Yonke Nokufunda Ngesizwe

Njengoba idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke ilwisana nezinselele ezifanayo, amathuba okufunda ngokulunga ngezinqubo zomhlaba wonke ayakhula. Imfundo yomthetho-mthetho eqhathaniswa nayo iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo, futhi abenzi bomthetho-sisekelo abamuva ezimisweni ezintsha zentando yeningi ngokuvamile bafunda izinqubo zokulungisa ezimisiwe lapho beklama. Lokhu kushintshana kwemibono embulungeni yonke kungaholela ekusungulweni nasekuhlelweni kwezinqubo zokulungisa.

Izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nezimiso zomthetho eziwumhlaba wonke nazo zithonya ngokuqhubekayo ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho. Imibuzo yokuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo noma izimiso kufanele yini ingaguqulwa, indlela yokuvikela amalungelo amancane ezinqubweni ezinkulu, nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhileleka okunenzuzo okuthandwayo ekushintsheni komthetho-sisekelo kuyaxoxwa ngokwezimo zezizwe eziningi. Ukufunda kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene kungathuthukisa ukuqonda ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kwezimiso kungawufeza kanjani kangcono umthetho wentando yeningi.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kwabameleli Besichibiyelo

Kulabo abafuna ukuhlohla noma ukusekela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuqonda lenqubo kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Imikhankaso ephumelelayo idinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu, nomzamo oqhubekayo.

Ukwakha Izimali Nokusekela Okuqhubekayo

Uma kunikezwa izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu ezithatha izigaba eziningi, ukulungisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukusekelwa okudlula ukuhlukanisa, ukuqamba, nezindawo. Ukwakha imifelandawonye ebanzi kanjalo kufuna ukuhlukanisa isisekelo esifanayo, ukusikisela okukhangayo ezicini ezihlukahlukene, nokubonisa ukuthi ushintsho oluhlongozwayo lusebenza kakhulu ezindinganisweni ezahlukene noma emakhelini aqashelwa kabanzi.

Ukwakha ingxube ephumelelayo ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuvumelana ngolimi oluqondile nobukhulu bezinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Abameleli kumelwe balinganisele umbono wabo ofanele woshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo nesidingo esisebenzayo sokuthola ukusekelwa okwanele. Lokhu kungasho ukwamukela izinguquko ezinciphileyo kunokuba zibonwe ekuqaleni noma kuhlanganise namalungiselelo akhuluma ngezinkinga zabangaba abaphikisi.

Ukufundisa Abakhiqizi Bemithetho Nomphakathi

Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulungiseni imizamo ephumelelayo. Izakhamuzi nabenzi bezimiso akudingeki nje kuphela ukuqonda ukuthi inguquko ehlongozwayo ingenzani kodwa ukuthi kungani idingekile nokuthi ingasithuthukisa kanjani isimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Lo msebenzi wokufundisa udinga ukukhulumisana okucacile, ukulandisa okuphoqelelayo, nokuzibopha ngokuqhubekayo emapulatifomu nasezindaweni eziningi.

Ukusebenza nemithombo yezindaba, izinhlangano zemfundo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, namaqembu omphakathi kungasiza ekusakazeni ukuqaphela futhi kwakhe ukusekela. Ukunikeza izincazelo ezifinyelelekayo zezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho-mthetho, ukusingatha izinkathazo nokuphikisa, nokubonisa ukusekela okusekelwe kakhulu konke kusiza ekulungiseni imikhankaso ephumelelayo. Imizamo ephumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile inikela kakhulu ekufundiseni nasekufinyeleleni impela ngaphambi kokuba amavoti ahlelwe.

Isikhathi Esifanelekile Nesimo Sezombangazwe

Izinqumo ezihlongozwayo ezimayelana nezombangazwe ezilungisa isimo ziwathinta kakhulu amathuba azo okuphumelela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameleli kumelwe balungiselelwe imikhankaso emide engase ithathe iminyaka noma ngisho amashumi eminyaka. Izinguquko eziningi eziphumelelayo zidinga umzamo oqhubekayo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba bathole ukusekelwa okudingekile. Ukulondoloza amandla, ukushintsha amasu lapho izimo zishintsha, nokuphikelela kuyizimfanelo ezibalulekile zokulungisa ukuphumelela kokungalawuleki.

Isiphetho: Inqubo YeSichibiyelo Njengokukhipha Inkululeko Yentando Yeningi

Uhambo lokulungisa ukuthathwa kwenqubo yokuqala nokuthathwa kokugcina lumelela enye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi womthetho-sisekelo. Ihlanganisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlela, ukwakha imvume, nobukhosi obuthandwayo kuyilapho inikeza izimiso zokuziphendukela komthetho-sisekelo nokuzivumelanisa. Ukuqonda le nqubo akukhanyisi nje kuphela izinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokushintsha umthetho oyisisekelo kodwa futhi nezimiso ezijulile eziqondisa ukubusa kwedemokhrasi.

Ubunzima bokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo bubonisa ukwahlulela okuthi umthetho oyisisekelo akufanele ushintshe kalula noma kaningi. Izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, ukuphikisana, nokuvunyelwa zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola eziqinisekisa ushintsho oluhlongozwayo oluthi lugunyazwe ukuqondisa okubanzi nokuhlala njalo kunokubonisa izithakazelo zesikhashana noma izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe. Lo mcimbi onqumayo uhlukanisa ukususwa komthetho-sisekelo nokwehlukaniswe komthetho-mthetho ovamile futhi ubonakalisa ukuma okukhethekile kwemiyalo esekelwe ekuzibopheleleni okuwuhulumeni nokulondoloza amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokulungisa kumelwe iqhubeke isebenza njengenqubo yoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Uma ukulungisa okungokomthetho kuba nzima kakhulu kangangokuba ukuguquka okudingekile kungeke kwenzeke, umphumela kungaba ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo noma ukwencika ngokwedlulele ezindleleni zokushintsha ezingahleliwe zokungagunyazi kwenqubo yeSiphakamiso V ngokwentando yeningi. Ukulondoloza ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo yezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Inqubo yokulungisa ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile edinga ukushiwo nemfundo ngaphezu kwendima yayo ekushintsheni umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngokusemthethweni. Izimpikiswano ezihlongozwayo zinikeza amathuba ezingxoxo zesizwe ngezindinganiso eziyisisekelo, izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, kanye nendlela yokuqondisa inqubo. Ngisho nemikhankaso yokulungisa ingathonya ukuqonda nophuhliso lomthetho-sisekelo ngokugxila ezindabeni ezibalulekile nangokulungisa inkulumo yasobala.

Kuzo izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda isimiso sazo somthetho - sisekelo noma ezifuna ukuhlanganyela emizamweni yokusishintsha, ulwazi ngenqubo yokulungisa lubalulekile. Lolwazi lusiza ukuba kungenelwe ukuhlolwa komthetho oyisisekelo ngentando yeningi futhi lusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo, lapho lwenzeka, lubonisa ukuthi luthandwa ngempela futhi lufeza izithakazelo zesikhathi eside zohlelo lomthetho - sisekelo.

Njengoba imibuso ebusayo ewumthetho - sisekelo ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama - 21, inqubo yokulungisa iyoqhubeka ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvumeleni umthetho oyisisekelo ukuba ushintshe kuyilapho ulondoloza imfanelo yawo ebalulekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhuluma ngoshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, ukuqonda okushintshayo kwamalungelo, noma izinhlobo ezintsha zokubusa, lenqubo yokuzilungisa inikeza indlela ehleliwe yokuzivumelanisa okuphathelene nomthetho wentando yeningi kokubili izindinganiso zobuningi kanye nokubusa komthetho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, vakashela i- National Archives noma imithombo yokucwaninga e yomthetho-mthetho wesizwe Center[.