Indlela Esuka Ekukhononeni Iya Esinqumweni

Isimiso somthetho sinikeza uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle lokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokugcina ukuhleleka emphakathini. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lendaba ihilela ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, indaba yomkhaya, noma icala lobugebengu, uhambo olusuka ekukhononeni kokuqala ukuya enqubweni yokuphetha lulandela ukulandelana okungacacile. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye (ukusuka ekuncengweni okungatholakali, ukuqulwa, nokukhanga okungase kwenzeke) okuhlanganisa wonke amaqembu ukwenza izinqumo eziqondiswe ulwazi, ukusingatha izimo, nokuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo nenqubo engokomthetho. Lesiqondiso siphula izigaba eziyinhloko zomthetho (nazomthetho owenziwe ngokulandelanayo), sinikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo kubafundi, othisha, nanoma yimuphi umuntu oweqasha izinkantolo.

Izisekelo Zesimiso Esingokomthetho

Isimiso somthetho sisekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu eziyinhloko: izinkantolo ezichaza futhi zisebenzise umthetho, abameli abasekela amaqembu, kanye nezinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho eziqinisekisa ukuvumelana neziyalezo zenkantolo futhi zigcine ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ingxenye ngayinye isebenza phakathi kwemithetho ehleliwe − njenge-Federal Rules of Civil Procedure e-United States.

  • Amakhonsathi: I-Venones lapho izimpikiswano zomthetho zinqunywa khona. E-U.S., lesi simiso sihlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa (izinkantolo zesifunda noma izinkantolo eziphezulu zesifunda), izinkantolo eziphakathi, neNkantolo Ephakeme. Inkantolo ngayinye iphethe i-62.0 orgat (umz., uhulumeni v.) kanye negunya lomuntu siqu emaqenjini.
  • Actorney:[ ochwepheshe belayisense abamelela amakhasimende, banikeze iseluleko esingokomthetho, futhi balungise amabhukwana adingekile. Kumelwe banamathele emithethweni yezimiso futhi bangasiza ekuxazululeni izingxoxo.
  • I-Leat forforcement: Imishini enjengamaphoyisa, iminyango ye-heff, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni (FBI, i-Marshals yase-U.S.) iphoqelela iziyalezo zenkantolo, isebenzise inqubo, futhi ihlole ukuziphatha okungemthetho.

Ngaphandle kwalezizinsika, ezinye izinqubo zempikiswano (ADR) − ukudlulisa nokukhipha nokukhipha indledlana kwezindlela ezengeziwe zokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwenqubo engokwesiko. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame uhlobo oluthile lwe-ADR ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Isigaba 1: Ukuqeda Ukukhononda

Uhambo luqala ngokusemthethweni lapho umkhangisi (umuntu noma inhlangano efuna ukukhululeka) efaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kuyincwadi engokomthetho esho isisekelo esiyiqiniso salokho okushiwoyo, isho inkolelo-lwazi engokomthetho (umz., ukunganaki, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulahlekelwa umkhiqizo), futhi icela ikhambi elikhethekile lemali noma umyalo.

Ukukhetha Inkantolo Enembile

Ngaphambi kokukhipha isikhalo, umkhankasi wecala kumelwe anqume ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo enegunya. isikhulu esingaphansi sibhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo lokuzwa uhlobo oluthile lwecala (umz., imvume kahulumeni yokukhipha amaphepha elungelo ethunyelwa enkantolo kahulumeni; izehlukaniso eziningi ziya ezinkantolo zombuso). umbuso [ udinga ukuba ummangalelwa abe nobudlelwane obuncane kakhulu ne-alum. U-Fiiling enkantolo engalungile angaphumela ekuxoshweni, kubekezele yonke inqubo.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Ukukhononda okuphumelelayo kumelwe kuhlanganise (1) amazwi acacile amaqiniso aphakamisa ukusho, (2) isisekelo somthetho sokukhululeka, (3) isidingo sokwahlulela. Izinga lemininingwane elidingekayo liyahluka-hluka ngegunya; amanye adinga “ukuncenga” (inkulumo emfushane necacile) kuyilapho abanye befuna“isicelo esiqondile” (amaqiniso aqondile). Izibonelo zezici eziyinhloko:

  • Amagama awo wonke amaqembu namakheli awo.
  • Imibono ebonisa isici ngasinye sembangela yesenzo.
  • Isicelo esiqondile sosizo (isib., R180 000 sezindleko zokwelapha).

Lapho sesibhaliwe, isikhalo sifakwa kunomabhalane wenkantolo, futhi kukhokhelwa imali (intela yokukhokha intela itholakala emaqenjini aphansi athola imali). inkantolo ibe isikhipha izicelo, ezinikezwa ummangalelwa kanye nekhophi yecala.

Isihlokwana 2: Ukusabela Kwesikhulumi

Ngemva kwenkonzo, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokujwayelekile izinsuku 21-30 enkantolo kahulumeni) ukufaka impendulo. Ukwehluleka ukusabela kungaholela ekwahlulelweni okungahlulelwa kummangalelwa.

Izinhlobo Zokusabela

  • Impendulo: Impendulo evame kakhulu. Ummangalelwa uyavuma noma uphika impikiswano ngayinye futhi angaphakamisa isivikelo sokuvuma (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukulinganiselwa kwengozi, ukunganaki).
  • Ukukhipha: Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma zonke izikhalo zommangalelwa ziyiqiniso, umthetho awunikezi khambi, noma inkantolo ayinagunya. Ukunyakaza okuphumelelayo kuqeda icala kusheshe kuphele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibalaumenti: Ummangalelwa angazisholo ukuthi umelene nomphathi we-paltiff. Umkhohlisi kufanele aphendule i-stalclaim.

Uma ummangalelwa efaka impendulo, icala lidlulela eqenjini lokuthola. Uma kukhishwa isenzo sokuxoshwa, inkantolo izohlela ukuqulwa kwecala ukuze inqume.

IsiHlelo 3: Ukuthola – Ukuqoqa Ubufakazi

Ukuvubukulwa kuvame ukuba yisigaba eside nesinzima kakhulu sokuthola ukwaziswa. Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshana ngemininingwane namaphepha ukuze zithole amaqiniso, zifake izimpikiswano, futhi zihlole amandla ezindawo zazo. Ukwaziswa okutholakele kubanzi: noma iziphi izinto ezingahlelekile ezivumelana nento ethile noma isivikelo zingatholakala.

Amathuluzi Okuthola Okuvamile

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Idili lingabuza ngamaqiniso esizinda, ukufakaza i-IC, kanye nemibono engochwepheshe. Ngokuvamile ilinganiselwe emibuzweni engu-25 enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • Izilinganiso: Ubufakazi obuphilayo obuyiswa phambi kwentatheli yenkantolo (futhi ngokuvamile ifakwe ividiyo). Ama-Attorney abuza ofakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo, futhi ama-CD angasetshenziswa lapho kuqulwa icala noma uma ufakazi engekho.
  • Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zamabhukwana, izithombe, ama-imeyili, noma obunye ubufakazi obubonakalayo. Ukutholakala kwe-electronic (eיpially) manje kuyingxenye eyinhloko ye-lithiging, idinga amaqembu ukuveza imetameter nezokuxhumana kwe-minu.
  • Isicelo sokugunyazwa: omunye ucela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso athile. Ukuvumela kunciphisa izimpikiswano zokulingwa.

Izindaba ezitholiwe kumelwe zenziwe ngokubambisana. izinkantolo zinikeza izijeziso zokukhishwa kwecala (ukubhujiswa kobufakazi) noma ukwehluleka ukusabela. Amacala amaningi ahlala phakathi nangemva kokutholwa ngoba lezi zikhungo zithola umbono ongokoqobo wamathuba azo okuqulwa kwecala.

Isigaba 4: Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwezinkathi Nemihlangano

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kungaba yiliphi iqembu elithatha amafayela ukuze lilolonge izinga lecala noma liqede icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Imihlangano yezenkantolo nomahluleli osizayo ilandelana kwenqubo.

Isihluthulelo Sokuhamba Kwangaphambili

  • [[INTLOBO] I-Motion yeSinqumo sesifushaniso: Impikiswano yokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi umuntu ohambayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma evunyiwe, icala liyaxazululwa ngaphandle kokulingwa.
  • [ Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obungabalulekile, obucwasayo, noma obungakholekiyo obungashiwo lapho kuqulwa icala. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphandle kobufakazi bokukholwa kwangaphambili noma isithembiso sesakhiwo.
  • i-Motion ku- Compel:[ ifakelwa uma omunye ehluleka ukuphendula izicelo ezitholakele. Inkantolo ingayala ukuba kuthotyelwe futhi ibeke izijeziso.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwemicikilisho engcwele: kwemikhuba exhaphazayo yokuthola noma izikhalo eziyize.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwezimo

Umahluleli angase abe nengqungquthela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze axoxe ngamathemba okuxazulula izigwebo, amise izikhathi ezimisiwe, futhi amise imithetho yesisekelo yokuqulwa kwecala. Umphumela wohlelo lwezenkantolo ulawula ukuziphatha kwecala futhi uvimbele izimangaliso.

Isicathulo 5: Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ekwahlulelweni okufingqiwe futhi lingaxazululwa, liqhubekelwa ecaleni. Icala liyimpikiswano yomphakathi yobufakazi kanye nezimpikiswano phambi komahluleli (icala eliboshiwe) noma phambi kwejaji. Umthwalo wobufakazi emacaleni amaningi ezakhamuzi “ukuqashelwa kobufakazi” (cishe kungabi njalo). Emacalani ezigebengu, indinganiso isho ukuthi“ ayinakungabaza okunengqondo.”

Izici Zokuqulwa Kwecala

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (I-Voir Dire): Ama-Attorney angabuza abajahi abangase bakhiphe ubandlululo. I-jurers ingashaywa ngenxa yembangela noma ngezinselele ezilula (isibalo esilinganiselwe).
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izingxenye zonke zinikeza ubufakazi ezilindele ukubuveza. Lokhu akuwona ubufakazi ngokwazo kodwa ibalazwe lomgwaqo lamajaji.
  • Unikezelo lobufakazi: I-paltiff iveza icala labo kuqala, isho ofakazi nokwethula imibukiso. Ummangalelwa anganqamleza i-prexlamane. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esephumile, ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe. Icala i-Rebuttal ne- suŕ́protacytal lingalandela.
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo:[ Izinhlangothi zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele balawule ngokuvumelana nabo. Umahluleli ube eseyala abasizi-jaji ngomthetho osebenzayo (iziqondiso).
  • Jurlibration neVerdict: Abasizi bamajaji ngamabomu ngasese futhi babuyisela isinqumo. Ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli uphikisana nokwaziswa okutholakele nomphumela womthetho.

Umahluleli ubeka imithetho ngokuphikisa, okusiza ukulondoloza amaphutha ukuze umuntu akhange.

Isigaba 6: Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwehora

Ngemva kwesinqumo noma ukwahlulela, umcimbi olahlekelwayo angase abeke inselele ngomphumela ngezenzo zangemva kwenkantolo noma ngesicelo.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komcimbi (ENkantolo Yamacala)

  • [[NT.0] Ukuqulwa kwesinqumo njengendaba yoMthetho (JOL):[[[FL:1] Ama-Ague ukuthi ijaji elinengqondo alikwazanga ukufinyelela isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo.
  • [[NT.:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: kusekelwe emaphutheni angokomthetho (umzk., ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, ukuziphatha okubi ngokweseluleko) noma ukweqisa (noma ukunganele) kulimaza umklomelo.
  • [ I-Motion ku-Alter noma ukwahlulela okunganqamukiyo: Izicelo zokuba inkantolo ilungise ukwahlulela ngezizathu ezithile.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Uma inqumbi iphikiswa, umkhandlu olahlekelwayo ungafaka isaziso sokudlulisa icala ngenkantolo efanele. Ukudlulisa icala akulona ikhambi elisha; libukeza umlando wokuqulwa kwecala ngamaphutha angokomthetho. Imicimbi inikeza amaphimbo abhaliwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuzwakala izimpikiswano zomlomo. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma i-evend (ehlehlela emuva) icala ngenxa yecala eliqhubekayo.

Esimisoni sikahulumeni waseU.S., abamangalelwa bangadlulisela isikhalo eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yaseU.S. futhi, uma besanelisekile, bacela iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. ukuba ithole imvume yokudlulisa i - certiorari (etholakala cishe engxenyeni eyodwa kuphela yecala).

Isicathulo 7: Isinqumo Phakathi Nokuhlala

Kunoma isiphi isikhathi ohambweni olungokomthetho, “‘ ngisho nangemva kokuba kufakwe icala elingokomthetho, amalungu angase akhethe ukuhlala. Ukuhlala kugwema isikhathi, izindleko, nokungaqiniseki ngecala nokungaqiniseki. Amacala omphakathi angaphezu kuka-95% ahlala ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala.

Izinzuzo Zokuhlala

  • [ Imiphumela:[ Imikhosi ilondoloza izindleko zomthetho ezibalulekile futhi igweme izindleko zenkantolo.
  • Isikhathi esibekayo: Izindawo zokuhlala zingafinyelelwa emasontweni noma izinyanga, hhayi eminyakeni.
  • Privtacy: Izindawo zokuhlala zingagcinwa ziyimfihlo; ukuqulwa kusobala.
  • [Control:[ Isigaba sizenzela isinqumo saso siqu, ngokuvamile sidala kakhulu kunendlela yenkantolo (umz., ukukhokha okuhlelwe kahle, ukuxolisa, izibopho).

Ukuxazulula Imishini

Ukuhlala kungalula ukuhlelwa yilena:

  • [[[UMTL:0] Izingxoxo [ phakathi kwabameli.
  • [ I-mediation ```''''''''''''''''''''ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi esiza amalungu athole isisekelo avumelana ngaso.
  • Arbitution `isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophayo' singu-arbitor (ngokuvamile esisetshenziswa ezivumelwaneni zezentengiselwano).
  • [ Imihlangano yezikhulu ezithenene lapho umahluleli noma imaji esunduzela khona isinqumo.

Lapho isikhala sesifikile, amaqembu enza isivumelwano sokuhlala akhulule ummangalelwa kwezinye izikweletu. I - paltiff ikhipha icala ukuze lisuswe (ngokuvamile ngobandlululo, okusho ukuthi ngeke lisuswe).

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kohlobo Lomuntu Onecala

Nakuba inqubo yokukhanyisa kwezakhamuzi ilandela izigaba ezivamile ezichazwe ngenhla, ezinye izingxenye zomthetho zisonta ngendlela engavamile:

  • [[I] Umthetho womkhaya: uhlanganisa ukukhishwa okuphoqelelwe kwezindaba zelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, futhi izinkantolo ngokuvamile “zinendima yokukhipha isehlukaniso.
  • [ I-Injiry: Ukuvubukula kungahlanganisa kakhulu amarekhodi ezokwelapha nobufakazi obungochwepheshe bokulimala. Izilinganiso zokulinganiselwa ziqinile.
  • Impikiswano: Ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa imfuneko yamajaji, futhi ukukhononda kumelwe kuhlanganise isivumelwano.
  • [ Ukucwasa: Izindaba eziningi zidinga ukubekwa icala lokuphatha (ukukhipha i-EOC) ngaphambi kokumangalela enkantolo.

Amacebiso Awusizo Ekuhleleni Isimiso

Kubafundi nabafundisi abafunda inqubo engokomthetho () nakunoma ubani ohilelekile ngokwakhe — ukugcina lezizikhombo engqondweni kungaludambisa uhambo:

  • Uxwebhu Yonke: gcina amakhophi akho konke ukuncenga, ukuhambelana, nobufakazi. Sebenzisa uhlelo lwezikhathi ukuze ulandelele izikhathi ezifingqiwe.
  • Buza nge-adline: Izinsuku eziphuthiwe zingasho ukuxoshwa noma ukwehluleka. Ngaso sonke isikhathi kuqinisekisiwe izinsuku zokubhala nonobhala wenkantolo.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Cabangela ADR Kuqala:[ Izinkantolo eziningi ziyayifuna, futhi zingalondoloza imali ngisho noma ingalixazululi ngokuphelele icala.
  • I-Communicate With Our Attorney: Ubuhlobo bommeli busebenza kangcono kakhulu uma ikhasimende litshelwa futhi lihilelekile.
  • [ Lungela ukulibala:[ Ikhofi elivalweyo lenkantolo ye-chweba nempikiswano yokuthola kuvame ukubangela ukubambezeleka. Isineke sibalulekile.

Isiphetho

Uhambo olusuka ekukhonondeni ukuya ekuxazululeni luyindlela eqondile. Luyashesha ukuveza isisekelo esiqondile. Ngokuhlela, ukuphendula, ukuthola izinto, ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukulingwa, futhi ngokunokwenzeka lungasinciphisa ngokuthatha isikhathi eside. Isiteji ngasinye sidinga ukunakwa imininingwane, ulwazi ngemithetho ehleliwe, nokucabanga okufanelekile. Kubafundi, ukufunda lezi zigaba kunikeza isisekelo esingokoqobo sokuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Kubantu abahilelekile ekuchazeni, ukujwayelana nenqubo kunciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kunisize ukuba nisebenze ngokuphumelelayo neqembu lenu engokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umphumela uyisa isahlulelo sokwahlulela, isivumelwano esingumlamuleli, noma umbono ophakeme, ekugcineni isimiso somthetho sinikeza indlela yokusebenza komthetho.

Ukuze ucwaninge ngokwengeziwe ngalezi zihloko okuxoxwa ngazo, hlola la mandla anedumela elihle: