Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni buyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika, ukulolonga izimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwesakhamuzi ngasinye. Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani owenzani futhi kungani kubalulekile hhayi kubafundi nakothisha kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo ekulawuleni. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlukana kwemibuso, ukuziphendukela kombuso, kanye nemiphumela yangempela yala malungiselelo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ukusuka emfundoni nasempilweni kuya elungelweni elingokomthetho naselungelweni lokuvota, ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwemibuso nezwe kuyaqhubeka nokuzinza, kubonisa ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukuqonda Umbango

UFederalism uyingxenye yomthetho-sisekelo yokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi nohulumeni besifunda. E-United States, lesi simiso sadalwa ukuba silinganisele ubunye besizwe nenkululeko yendawo, sivimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ihlanganise igunya eliningi. U.S.Constitution[ ihlela le gede, kanye nezimiso [i] nezimiso zesizwe ezihlukene [i-"FLT] [i] ezibekwe kuhulumeni wezwe] kanye [[FLT]] ne-'umthetho owenziwe imibuso egcinwe yizikhungo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seNkaliso seze. Ngokusholo oluphezulu, uhulumeni usuka ku "umphako okhethekile" wemithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yemisebenzi ephakathi ye-" lapho le progredition iveza khona ukubambisana kwemithetho yokwahlulela ephakeme kakhulu, njengoba kusiza lemithetho ehlukene, ihlelwe kahulumeni ukuba ihlelwe kabanzi namuhla, ihlele izicive izicise.

I-Federalism ayiwona umqondo ozimele; iye yashintsha kakhulu kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Phakathi neRepublic yokuqala, uhulumeni wombuso ohlangene wagcizelela izigaba ezihlukene zegunya, uhulumeni wamazwe ugxile ezimpikiswaneni ezilinganiselwe. Inkathi iNew Deal ingeniswe embusweni wombuso obambisanayo, lapho ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni baqala khona ukuhlanganyela imithwalo yemfanelo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nenhlala- ciwano nesisekelo sezenhlalakahle. Muva nje, ukuphakama kwe "inhlangano entsha yezwe" ngaphansi komongameli abanjengoNixon noReagan ehloselwe ukuguqula amandla awenziwa ngemithetho yokuqondisa nokucukulwa kwezwe. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlukana kwamandla kuyaqhubeka kuxoxwa ngezingxoxo zezombangazwe, izinqumo zenkantolo, nangamaqembu omphakathi.

Amandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Uhulumeni usebenzisa igunya ngemibuso ehlelwe ngokucacile eSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo, esaziwa njengemibuso ebalayo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuqondisa ezohwebo zezwe, ukusungula imali, ukumemezela impi, nokuphathana kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Nacessary ne-Fathernet Claus [ inikeza amandla aqondisweyo, avumela ukuba iSishaya - mthetho sidlulise imithetho ebalulekile ukuze kubekwe imisebenzi yayo ehleliwe. Isibonelo, uhulumeni wezwe umisa amahhovisi eposi futhi, ngaphansi kwe-Chambel Claus, ungalawula imisebenzi yezentengiselwano, njengemigqa yebhanki ne-temcom. I-Supremacracy Claus [ucle] imisa futhi umthetho owenziwayo lapho kuphakama izingxabano zemithetho yesizwe, ukuqinisekisa izinqubo zesizwe ezingoko zezwe ezingoko zezwe njengezezwe.

Ngalé kwalemibuso eyisisekelo, uhulumeni kahulumeni uye waba nendima evelele ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi, ekuvikelweni kwezindawo ezizungezile, nasekulondekeni kwesizwe. Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kanye ne-Umnyango wezeMpilo nezeNkonzo Zobuntu zimisa imithetho esebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifunda. Ikhono lokukhokha futhi lisebenzisela inhlalakahle kahulumeni wonke, njengoba lingahlanganisa izimo zokunikeza i-in-aid ekhona amazwe athile angenisa izimiso ezithile. Le-fiscal ibingumshayeli oyinhloko wethonya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezivinjelwe ngokwesiko, njengemfundo kanye nokuthutha.

Amandla Ohulumeni Bombuso

Ohulumeni boMbuso abanawo amagunya aphathiswe uhulumeni okhethekile, njengoba kuqinisekiswa yiSichibiyelo seshumi. La mazwe agcinelwe avumela amazwe ukuba alawule ezentengiselwano ze-intratate, amise ohulumeni bendawo, aqhubele okhetho, anikeze imfundo yomphakathi, futhi alawule impilo nokulondeka phakathi kwemingcele yawo. Leligunya livumela imibuso ukuba ivumelane nemithetho ekhethekile kubantu bayo (ngoba ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia ingamisa imithetho eqinile yendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho iTexas ingasebenzisa izakhiwo zentela ezihlukene. Isimiso samalungelo ezombangazwe bamazwe siye saba isihloko esiphikelelayo kwelaseMelika, futhi ngokuvamile sisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola intando yeningi, izinhlelo zemithetho yesizwe ngaphambi kokuba ithathwe ngokwesizwe. Nokho, amandla ezwe alikho ngokuphelele; akumelwe i-sephule umthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho noma imithetho yombuso.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukunikeza ezinye izivikelo ngalé kwe-baseline kahulumeni, njengamalungelo abanzi emisebenzi yomuntu siqu noma emfundo. I-odoli futhi inamandla avumela ukuba amise imithetho yempilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nokuziphatha. Yingakho imithetho ephathelene nokuthengiswa kotshwala, ukukhokha, nobuchwepheshe bokulungisa izakhiwo zezindawo ihlukahluka kakhulu. Ikhono lokulawula izindaba zendawo lenza ohulumeni bahlulele ukusabela kakhulu ezidingweni zesifunda, kuyilapho uhulumeni wolwandle ugxila ekulungiseni isimiso sokulima, kuyilapho namuhla, wonke amagatsha akhona ephethe, amagatsha, aveza umthetho ombuso ombuso ombuso owezwe owenziwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngaphesheya kwenhlangano. [FOLD:0] US. US. State[FFULD]

Amandla Amanje: Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehlanganyelayo

Kokubili ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni basebenzisa amandla avumelanayo, okusho ukuthi bangathatha isinyathelo kanye kanye ezindaweni ezithile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhokha izintela, ukwakha imigwaqo, ukumisa izinkantolo, ukumisa imithetho, nokuboleka imali. Nakuba womabili amazinga engamisa intela yemali nokuthengwa, uhulumeni wezwe ngeke akhokhe intela kahulumeni, futhi asebenzise izivumelwano. Amandla akhona ngokuvamile adinga ukubambisana, njengoba kubonakala emikhankasweni yezezimali lapho ukuhlelwa kwezwe kuhlangene kwemithetho yombuso womthetho wombuso, lapho ukuhlangana kuvame kakhulu kunendawo ehlukene kakhulu khona. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wombuso wezwe unikeza intela yezenzwe zokwakha imigwaqo emikhulu, kodwa uphethe izakhiwo ezingokoqobo nokulondoloza izakhiwo.

Isimiso senkantolo esimbaxambili siyisibonelo sokusebenza kwamandla afanayo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu nawabantu, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziphendula imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, ubugebengu bukahulumeni, nezingxabano phakathi kwezwe. Uma amacala ehilela kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nombuso, umphumela ungaxhomeke ekulawuleni. Imibuso ye-Concional ibuye idlulele ekulawuleni okuphuthumayo. Okunye futhi kudlulele ekulawuleni okuphuthumayo (okubili i-Federal Eme Managency Managementment Agency (FEMA) nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zisabela ezinhlekeleleni, ngokuvamile zisebenza ndawonye ekuhlukaniseni imithombo. Lokhu kubambisana kombuso kubalulekile ekulawuleni izinto ezisebenzayo, nakuba kungaholela ekuxazululeni izindleko zokusetshenziswa kwezimiso nezimiso zezimiso.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nendaba Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukwabiwa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni kuthinta ukuphila kwaseMelika ngokuqondile, kusukela emalini yemfundo kuya entengo yezokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nesimo sendawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine amazinga afanelekile kahulumeni okulandisa futhi ziqaphele ukudayiswa kwezinqumo zezimiso. Ngezansi kunezindawo eziyinhloko lapho lokhu kulinganisela kumelela okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke.

Imfundo

Imfundo isebenza kakhulu kuhulumeni, futhi izifunda zendawo eziphethe isikole, ukuqasha, nokuhlela izimali. Nokho, uhulumeni uthonya imfundo ngezimali nangomthetho, njenge-All Scheevereds Act (ESSA), edinga ukuba kumiswe izimiso zemfundo nokuhlola ukusebenza kwayo. Imithetho yamalungelo esizwe iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwemfundo okulinganayo, ukuvimbela ukucwasana okusekelwe ezinhlangani, ubulili, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Lokhu kuvumela amazwe ukuba athole izikhundla ezihlukene zokuhlola noma iziyalezo zokuxhasa, kodwa kumelwe avumelane nemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho ukuba ithole i-Titting I yezifundo ezidingayo. Ukucindezela komphakathi okusekelwe ekulawuleni isikole, ukucuphaka kwezelelwa kwemfundo ehleliwe, ukuhlola, nokuhlelwa kwemikhakhakhathi.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

Ukunakekela impilo kuyisibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwemibuso kahulumeni nohulumeni. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlela iMedicare asebekhulile futhi umisa izindinganiso zesizwe ngezinhlangano ezinjengezeze- ISivumelwano Sezempilo nezeNkonzo Zesintu. Amazwe anikeza izinhlelo zeMicaid, amisa i-ediction nenzuzo phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni. I-Affordicable Care Act yandisa ukugutshulwa kombuso ngokudala izimakethengiso ze-mishuwalense futhi yandisa uMdidid, nakuba amanye amazwe akhetha ngemva kokukhipha umthetho weNkathi yeNkakhulu. Lokhu kudala ukufinyelela kwezempilo ngqa phambili kweMidid kunaleyo engazange ikhona. I-COVID yandisa i-miligadi ebanzi, njengoba isakaza ukugomela kwezentengo ye-o ye-ovelwond, njengoba iphethe ukusakaza kwesimiso sezentengo yombuso wezempilo yomphakathi.

Izindinganiso Zendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sivame ukuqokomisa izingxabano phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni. I-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izinga lomoya wamazwe nezingamanzi ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Ceake Air Act. Nokho, imibuso ingasebenzisa imithetho eqinile, njengoba iCalifornia yenza ngezindinganiso zokukhipha imoto ngezindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivimbela eziphuma e-EPA. Lendlela emibili ivumela amazwe ukuba axazulule izinkinga zendawo, kodwa ingaholela ezimpikiswaneni lapho imithetho kahulumeni ishintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nemithetho elawulayo yamuva, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yokukhipha igesi kuye kwabekelwa inselele imibuso ukufuna ukulondoloza isivikelo esiphezulu. Imithetho yendawo engaphezulu isho izindleko zamabhizinisi zokukhokhwazwa ngokwendawo ehlukene, ithonya izinqumo zokusebenza lapho kusebenza.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu ngokuyinhloko unomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, uhlanganisa ubugebengu obuningi obufana nokweba nokuhlasela. Uhulumeni uphatha amacala aphakathi kwezwe, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokuphoqelela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kungadala ukuhlukana; ngokwesibonelo, imithetho kahulumeni ihlukanisa insangu njengesidakamizwa seShedyuli I, kuyilapho izifunda zikahulumeni eziningi ziye zayibhalisa ngokomthetho ukuze zisebenzise injabulo. Izimpi ezinjalo ziphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yemithetho kahulumeni, njengoba iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni kumelwe zinqume ukuthi kufanele zihlele ukubambisana noma ukugcinwa. Imithetho yemithetho nemithetho iphinde ihlukahlukahlukahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, ibonise ukukhetha okuhlukene kwemithetho eqeshweni, inguquko, nokuqondisa amaphoyisa. Uhulumeni ugunya uhulumeni ugunya uhulumeni ugunya uhulumeni wezomthetho ngokuvumela ukuba kube nezinhlelo ezithile, njengokukhuthaza izinhlelo zendikimba zeqembu lamaphoyisa.

Izifundo Zecala Kumpi Kahulumeni

Ukuhlola izindaba ezithile kwembula indlela ukuhlukana kwemibuso okusebenza ngayo, ngokuvamile okuholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho nasekuhloleni izimiso. Nazi izibonelo eziningana eziphawulekayo ezibonisa ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo kwegunya phakathi kohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Kusukela ngo-1969, inani elandayo lenkasa yezokwelapha esemthethweni ngo-1969, lasemthethweni inani lezifundazwe liye labhaliswa ngokusemthethweni ukuba lisebenzise i-cannabis ukuze lisebenzise ukwelashwa nokuzilibazisa, naphezu kokuvinjelwa kukahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho olawulayo we-Substances Act. Lokhu kuye kwakha indawo eqinile lapho amabhizinisi kahulumeni agunyaziwe esebenza khona ngaphandle kokuvumelana nohulumeni, ukuququlwa kwecala. Icala libonisa ukuthi amazwe angasebenza kanjani njengezehholo ledemokhrasi, ukukhipha ukwaziswa ngemiphumela engokomthetho esemthethweni, esemthethweni, empilweni yomphakathi, futhi intela eyaziswa yimpikiswa yimpikiswa yimpi yesizwe.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Amalungelo okuqapha aye ayindawo yokulwa phakathi kwezifundazwe nohulumeni wezwe. IVoting Rights Act ka-65 yamisa ukuqondisa kukahulumeni ukuvimbela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ezizweni nomlando wemikhuba enjalo. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. I-Hander[ [2013]) yalahla indlela yokunquma ukuthi iziphi izigaba ezidinga ukuhlelwa kusengaphambili, ivumela amazwe ukuba amise imithetho emisha yokuvota. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubekeni imithetho emisha eqinileyo, kanye nezimfuneko zokungena kokhetho kwasekuqaleni, ukuveza ukuphepha, kuyilapho eminye imithetho yokulahla lemithetho incitshiswa nokuhlongozwa kwemithetho ehlolwayo njengemithetho ye-Actives Act ukuze iqhubeke isesilinganisweni semali. [Foctervet]

Umthetho Wokufuduka

Ukuthunyelwa kwe-inmig kungumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, kodwa izifundazwe zivame ukuzama ukuthonya umthetho othinta ukuphila kwabafuduki. Ngokwesibonelo, i-SB 1070 yase-Arizona ngo-201070 yadinga amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole isimo sokufuduka phakathi namakhawulo, kuholela ecaleni leNkantolo Ephakeme lapho kugawulwa khona izingxenye ngenxa yokuphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni. Izenzo zibonisa ukuthi amazwe ahlukahluka futhi ekunikezeni izimvume zokuhamba ngezimoto kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abangabhaliwe, adala isimiso esihlukene. Amanye amazwe aye azibiza ngokuthi "accustory mentationsssmentments," ukubambisana neziphathimandla zezentethelekiso engokomthetho nezombangazwe. Lezizenzo zibonisa indlela amazwe angenza ngayo ukugcinwa kokuthunyelwa kwezentengiselwa phambili kwemisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokusebenza kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi.

Izinyathelo Zokulawula Izibhamu

Umthetho wezikhali ubonisa enye indawo yokucindezeleka kwezwe. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sichazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa izifundazwe zinenkululeko ebanzi yokumisa imithetho yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia imisa izikhathi zokulinda eziqinile nokuvinjelwa kwezikhali, kuyilapho omakhelwane bayo njengo-Utah benemithetho eyekelelayo. Umthetho we-Frederal ubeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuhlola isizinda se-National Point Criminal Vicking System (NICS), kodwa izifundazwe zingandisa lezimfuneko. Lokhu kuveza izinhlobonhlobo zobudlova bezikhali nezimpikiswano zokulawula kwezwe. Ukungakhokhi umthetho kahulumeni obanzi kuguqulela izigcawu zeze enkulu engxoxweni yokulawula izibhamu, ngemithetho ethile evumela ukususwa kwezikhali okwesikhashana kubantu ngabanye.

Isiphetho

Ukwabiwa kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni akulona ilungiselelo elimisiwe kodwa inqubo enamandla elolongwe umlando, ezombangazwe, nencazelo yokwahlulela. Kubantu, ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni okuphumelelayo edemokrasi − kuyacacisa ukuthi ubani onecala lalokho okuhlukayo futhi kungani izinhlelo zemithetho zihluka phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ukusukela emfundweni nasempilweni yempilo kuya emfucumfucweni namalungelo okuvota, ukubusa kombuso kuyaqhubeka kuthonya ukuphila kwaseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile. Njengoba izinselele ziveza ukulinganisela phakathi kobunye besizwe nokuvumelana nendawo kuyo kuyo kuyohlala kunesici esiyinhloko sokubusa. Ngokuqaphela indima yezinga ngalinye likahulumeni, abantu ngabanye bangasekela kangcono imithetho ebonakalisa izindinganiso zabo kanye namalungelo abo abawamukela amazinga ombuso.