Isingeniso

UFederalism uyisimiso sokwakha esifakwe eMthethweni-sisekelo we-United States ohlukanisa igunya lobukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Lokhu kwabiwa kwamandla kuchaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nombuso futhi kusekele izimfundiso eziningana zomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nemfundiso yokuvikela uhulumeni wesizwe. Ukuvikela kombuso ekuvikelekeni kusebuthweni akudingi ukuqulwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yazo, isivikelo esisekelwe eSiphendulweni sezwe futhi esichazwe ngelenumfonsi yombuso. Ukuqonda ukufakwa kwemithetho yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho phakathi kwemithetho yombuso nesimiso somthetho kudingekile ekuqondeni indlela i-mthetho wezwe olawulayo lapho ulondoloza isimiso somthetho wezwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi, izinqumo eziyinhloko zeNkakhulu, ngaphandle, nezicingosimanje ze-sombuso wokuvikela i-soshayo ehlelwe ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezibuzwe elibuzwe elibunjwe yizimiso ze-uni.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yombuso Wobukhosi

Umqondo wokuzimela ukuvikela kombuso ubuyele emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi, lapho uMbuso wawungeke ubekwe khona ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, imibuso yamukela lesi simiso, izibheka njengezinhlangano ezizimele phakathi kwesimiso esisha sikahulumeni. Ukwenziwa kwemithetho-sisekelo ngo-1788 kwakha uhulumeni wezwe onamandla alinganiselwe, kodwa imibuso yalondoloza ubukhosi bayo ngaphandle kokuba inikezwe uhulumeni. Impikiswano yokuthi imibuso ingaqulwa yini yizakhamuzi ezizimele enkantolo yombuso yaqala ngokushesha ngemva kokusungulwa.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye neChisolm v.

Isinqumo esisheshayo seSichibiyelo seshumi nanye kwakuyisinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme ePhakamileyo Chajolm v. Georgia (1793). Uma kunjalo, izakhamuzi ezimbili zaseNingizimu Carolina zamangalela isifundazwe saseGeorgia ukuba zibuyisele isikweleti. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi iSiphakamiso III senkantolo yeSishayamthetho esigunyaziwe esigunyaziwe ukuba sizwe ilalele izindaba phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zombuso othile, ngokuphumelelayo ivumele izicathulo ngokumelene nezizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yazo. Isinqumo sabangela ukuvukwa kwamacala ehulumeni, esasaba ukukhukhuleka kwembulwa kwecala nokuncishiswa kwezwe. Ekuphenduleni, kwahlolwa futhi kwagunyazwa yizigebengu-Agalamulasi-1795, esifundeka kanje ukuthi: “Umthetho wezwe lase-United States, noma imvume yomthetho wombuso wezwe noma i-Enyukethe, noma iSifundazwe seZwe seZwe, noma seZwe, noma sezwe.”.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye sabuyisela ukugonyelwa kombuso okwakujatshulelwe iChholm. Sibonisa ukuhlehliswa kwemithetho: ijaji likahulumeni alikwazi ukusetshenziswa njenge-fraum ukuze liphoqelele amazwe ukuba azivikele ekufuneni iziphakamiso zomuntu siqu, kanjalo kulondoloze isithunzi sikahulumeni kanye nenkululeko yokuzibusa. Lokhu kuhlala kuyisisekelo sombhalo sesimiso sokuzivikela sombuso ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ubumbano Njengesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

UFederalism akayona nje isizinda; yisimiso sokwakha esinikeza incazelo ekwakheni ukuzivikela kombuso. UMthetho-sisekelo wakha isimiso sokubusa esimbaxambili lapho kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nemibuso inamandla azimele. ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisa lokhu ngokugcina ezindaweni yonke imibuso engaphathiwe i-United States. Kulesi sakhiwo, ababusi abakho imingcele yokubusa kahulumeni wombuso; bayizikhulu ezizimele ezinelungelo lokuvikela enkantolo yangasese ngaphandle kokuba bavume noma bavumele uMthetho-mthetho.

Ubukhosi Obubodwa Nesimiso Esingenakuhlanganiswa

Imfundiso yezimiso ezimbili zokubusa. umbusi ngamunye phakathi kwezimbulunga zazo. Njengezinhlangano ezizimele, ikhona ilungelo elingokwemvelo lokukhululeka ezinkantolo eziphoqelelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela njalo ukuthi lokhu kugonyelwa akusona nje isiphakamiso somthetho kodwa umthetho ongokomthetho. uHans v. uLouisiana [u-1890], iNkakhululo ikholelwa ukuthi iSiphendulo seshumi nanhlanu siqukethe isimiso esibanzi sobukhosi esimelela izakhamuzi zabo siqu, nakuba umbhalo wesimende ukhuluma ngesusihle ngezakhamuzi kuphela. ISivumelo sikahulumeni esingu-Gade, isho ukuthi “ubufakazi obucacile obuwumthetho womthetho - sisekelo owenziwayokuhloselwe ukuvikela izigwebo zonke izigwebo. ” isho ngokungakhethi abancintiswa yikona kombuso wombuso ngenxa yokuncintiswa yizo ezibusayo, kodwa ishoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshosho ngokusobala ukuthi

Indima Kahulumeni Ekulinganiseni Amandla Esifunda

UFederalism usebenza futhi njengokuhlolwa kwekhono lombuso lokuvikela uhulumeni. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, uMkhandlu ungathola ukuzivikela kombuso okuzimele kuphela lapho usebenzela ukunikeza igunya elingokomthetho futhi uyiveza ngokucacile injongo yayo yokwenza kanjalo. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaze lamandla ngokulinganiselwe, ikakhulukazi emashumini eminyaka amuva. Isibonelo, ku-[FL:0] Seminolevvvvvvvv. Florida[ [1966], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi i-Congressbonment ayikwazi ukuvikela ubukhosi ngaphansi kwegunya layo lezentengiselwano. Isinqumo sigcizelela ukuthi izimiso zezwe zidinga ukulondolo ngaphandle kokuba ukuvuselelwa kwe-Rescrationtion, ikakhulukazi ingxenye ye-5 ye-Genetic Conbercence, ikakhulukazi ye-Genetic Couragetion, enikeza igunya le-ocestery. Le Komiti yombuso yesizwe iqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sesizwe sesizwe sigunya likahulumeni sesi somthetho sinyelwe ukusekela amandla esingu-so

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Eliyinqaba

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izinqumo eziningi eziphawulekayo eziye zathuthukisa ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso wobuzwe nokuzimela kobubusi.

Hans v. Louisiana (1890)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, Hans v. Louisiana yanwetshwa iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye sokungaphucuki kwezentengiselwano ezalethwa yizakhamuzi zikahulumeni uqobo. I-literantiff, isakhamuzi saseLouisiana, yanikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthola isithakazelo ezibophweni zikahulumeni. INkantolo yalahla isuti, iphethe ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye sasingesona sokuzivikela kombuso; kunalokho, uMthetho-sisekelo uveza ukuthi ukuzivikela ezisusweni zomuntu siqu enkantolo yombuso. Lesi sinqumo siyitshe lemfanelo yemfundiso yesimiso somthetho wanamuhla futhi ngokuvamile ikhonjiwe ngesihloko sokuthi ukuvikeleka kukahulumeni kungokomthetho wezwe.

Ingxenye ethi Young (1908)

Ukwehluka okuphawulekayo ekunqabeni uhulumeni ukuba ulwelwe uhulumeni. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi isikhulu sezwe esingenzi ngokungemthetho sikhutshwe igunya lombuso elingokomthetho () (08). Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo yathi isikhulu sesizwe singamangalela isikhulu sikahulumeni ukuba siphoqe ukumiswa komthetho kahulumeni ozimele. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi isikhulu sezwe esisebenza ngokungemthetho sihluzelelwe sikhutshwe igunya lombuso futhi sincishiswe igobe igunya lombuso futhi ngenxa yalokho singaphansi kwemithetho ye-so. Le nqubo ivumela ukuba inkantolo yezwe ilungise imibandela eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokulahla ngokuqondile umthetho kahulumeni nemithetho engokomthetho yelungelo kahulumeni: uhulumeni ngokwawo uqobo uhlala ukuzivikela, kodwa izikhulu zayo zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zivumelane ne-buthelogosa. Le mithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho efuna ukulawula izindawo zomphakathi, futhi imele ukulawulwa kwempilo.

Seminole Friest v. Florida (1996)

USiminole Tribe v. Florida, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngokuthi iNkantolo ingasivikela imibuso ngaphansi kwe-Indiya Commerce Claus. Isizwe esivamile samangalela isifundazwe saseFlorida ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuxoxa ngokholo oluhle ngokuphathelene nokugembula, njengoba kufunwa yi-Indian Gaming Regural Act. INkantolo, esinqumweni esingu 5-4, sathi iSishaya iSishaya - mthetho singenalo gunya lokuvikela isigaba sombuso ngaphansi kweSishayamthetho I, kuhlanganise nomthetho weClaus. Umbono omkhulu, umbhali, ukhuliswe yiJaji elingu Rehnquist, wagcizelela ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sobukhosi se-Agadimentelliant kulinganiselwe kwegunya lonke. Lokhu kugcizelela kakhulu ukubusa kwesimiso sokuvikelwa kwemithetho ye-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wonke.

Alden v. Maine (1999)

Ngemva kwe-. Ngaleyondaba, iNkantolo yadlulisela umqondo wokuzivikela kombuso ngokusemthethweni enkantolo enkantolo elbhen v. Maine[ [1999]. Izikhulu zezehlulelo zafaka umbuso weMaine ngenxa yokusebenza isikhathi esengeziwe ngaphansi kwe-Moir Actal Act. LeNkantolo yasekela ukuthi uMthetho-Constitution uvimbela futhi isamba somthetho wecala esiyimfihlo ezinkantolo zawo siqu ngaphandle kwemvume kazwe. Nakuba isiphazamiso seshumi nanhlanu sisebenza ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela, iNkanto engokomthetho yathola ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezimiso ezisemthethweni ezinkantolo zemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho enkantolo. Lesinqumo sigcizelela ukuthi umthetho ukunciphisa isilinganiso esiyisisekelo semithetho enkantolo yemithetho ehlangene, futhi uhulumeni esihlangeneyo.

Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002)

I-Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002], iNkantolo yasebenzisa izimiso zokuvikela ukunqanda ukunqanda ukulawulwa kukahulumeni. I-panel yangasese yafuna ukuletha isikhalo phambi kwe-Federal Maritime Commission emelene ne-South Carolina State Ports Authority yokunqabela amalungelo okumisa idokopho. LeNkantolo yasekela ukuthi isivikelo esijatshulelwa amazwe enkantolo engokomthetho sinyusela ukuthulwa kwemithetho yezelule izinhlangano zezempatho zikahulumeni. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi ukuvumela amaqembu azimele ukuba ahlulele phambi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni zezwe.

Izici Ezihlukile Nokulinganiselwa

Nakuba ukugonywa kwesimiso sombuso kubanzi, izimiso zombuso wobuFederalism azinakulinganiswa. futhi zivumelana nezimo eziningana ezivumela amalungu azimele ukuba athole usizo kohulumeni bakahulumeni noma izikhulu zabo.

Ukuvuma Nokuhlala Endle

Uhulumeni angavuma ngokuzithandela ukuquliswa enkantolo kahulumeni. Lemvume ingaboniswa ngemithetho kahulumeni, ngokuvela enkantolo ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukuzivikela, noma ngokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni ezinezimo ezidinga umnqandi wokuzivikela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni ehlanganyela esimisweni esigunyaziwe sikahulumeni, ingavuma ukumangalelwa ngenxa yokuphula izimfuneko zomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ifuna ukuba noma imuphi umlweli “aqine futhi angabi nasici,” abonise ukubaluleka kokuzivikela kobukhosi bezwe.

Ukukhishwa Kwenhlangano Ngaphansi Kwengxenye 5 YeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISivumelwano singase silwele ukuvikela uhulumeni ekulweni ngokusemthethweni uma sithatha isinyathelo sokulawula ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqatshelwa komthetho-mthetho. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Fithickbruck v. Ingxenye 5 yeSichibiyelo se 144th ISichibiyelo sangokwa-14. ISichibiyelo se 145 sasihloselwe ukwandisa igunya lesizwe ukuze sivikele amalungelo abantu, futhi ilungiselelo laso lokuqinisekisa ukuthi iSishaya umthetho ulwelo lunikeze amandla okulawula ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwamacala lapho kuhlelwa ukunqandwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho. [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FULT] [FLT] ububanzi [FOLT] [12] [12], iNkathi ye-Cunigromession [evel] ebekwe yi-Empemperst], iveza ukuthi i-evision i-Evision i-Evisiontion i-Evictive ihlelwe yi-Errust

Izimpahla Ezimelene Nezikhulu ZoMbuso: Imfundiso Ehlukile

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, imfundiso ex Young ivumela izisu ezimelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zikhululeke ekunqanyulweni komthetho kahulumeni oqhubekayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni imithetho yomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni ngokumelene nezenzo zikahulumeni, kusukela ekuphuleni amalungelo omphakathi ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile. Ukukhululeka kulinganiselwe ekuyaleni futhi akunwebeki ukujezisa okungabangela ukulahla izinxephetho, okungafaneleka ngokuphumelelayo ngokumelene nombuso. Imfundiso ilondoloza ukuvikeleka kwemithetho yesizwe kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uhlala uphakeme.

Isudi Le - United States Noma Lamanye Ama - United States

Inkantolo ePhakamileyo iye yathi iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye saklanyelwa ukuvikela imibuso emacaleni angeyomuntu siqu, hhayi ezenzweni zikahulumeni wezwe noma ezinye izifundazwe. Lezi zisumo ziyavumelana nemithetho kahulumeni ngoba zihilela ababusi ababhekene, kunokuba abantu ngabanye bangenele ubukhosi bukahulumeni.

Izingxoxo Nezinkinga Zangesikhathi Esizayo

Izimiso zokuvikela uhulumeni ezizimele ziyaqhubeka zibangela izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezingokwezimiso, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho imithetho kahulumeni ifuna ukulawula ukuziphatha kombuso.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

Ekulandeleni komthetho we-Affordal Care Act (ACA), izikhulu zibekela inselele yamalungiselelo ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokwanda kweMedicaid. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela igunya lika-ACA lomuntu siqu kumthetho we-ACA iNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [202], yalinganisela amandla kahulumeni ukuba aphoqelele iMibuso ukuba yandise uMdicaid ngokusongela ukususa izimali ezikhona. INkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi isimo esinjalo sasiyikhomba ikhomba ngokungafanele futhi siphula izimiso zomthetho. Ukuvikelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho kwafeza indima ethile ngoba amaqembu abantu abazimele ayengenakukwazi ukushoshosho ngokuqondile ukuthi angayifuni i-ACAA akhona. Inkantolo i-garbian i-mmorison. I-garn i-mthetho i-sethinative i-modultism i-morison argieduction i-motion i-motion i-mo

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nokuqondiswa

Amaqembu ezemvelo afuna ukuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni enjenge-Celean Water Act noma i-Cease Act ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile abhekene nemingcele ezimeleyo yokuvikela imvelo. Imfundiso yezehlukaniso i-Young inikeza indlela yokukhululeka okunganqamukiyo, kodwa umonakalo ophinde washintshwa ngenxa yokuphuka kwangaphambili awutholakali. Lokhu kuhlela amasu omthetho ozokwephula indawo ezungezile, okumelwe agxile ekuphakaleni okuqhubekayo kunokufuna isinxephezelo sengozi esenzile. Umthetho ulinganisela uqinisekisa ukuthi akuyonakali imikonakalisa izikhala, kodwa abagxeki abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kungashiya abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kwekhambi lokulimaza izingozi zikahulumeni.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemali Nobukhosi BukaHulumeni

Ukuzivikela kombuso kuvela futhi ekuwineni ngecala. Ku-Central Virginia Community College v. Katz[[FLT:] (2006]], iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yathi ukuvikeleka kwamacala emali akuzivimbeli izinkantolo zokulahlekelwa yimali ezilawula ukulahlekelwa yimpahla yetyala, kuhlanganise nempahla egcinwe ngumbuso. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi iBankruptic Claus Caeska Claus ekhuselwe umbuso ngokuzenzekelayo ngenxa yokuthi ukulahlekelwa yimali kungokomlando kuhlangene namandla okukhipha izikweleti nempahla. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhishwa kwesakhiwo sombuso lapho isakhiwo semali singenayo.

Ukuhlangana KukaMbusi Wezwe Ezinkantolo Ezingezansi

Izinkantolo eziphethe i-Federal ziyaqhubeka zincintisana nobukhulu bokuzivikela kobukhosi emongweni ohlukene, njengesutus ngaphansi kwe-Melika enoMthetho wokukhubazeka noma i-VII woMthetho we-Civil Rights Act. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho singamelana nokuphulwa kweSichibiyelo se 145, kodwa kuphela uma ikhambi le-state yezomthetho lihlangene futhi lilingana nokulimala komthetho-omthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [iSibo] Samabhade kaTshetshiwe. [2001], iNkanto ekholelwa ukuthi i-Candelo lalingenayo isivikelo esisemthethweni sokucwaswa komthetho ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwe-ADADA ngenxa yokuthi umlando womthetho womthetho womthetho awubonisangabonisi isilinganiso sokucwa kwemithetho eqinile yemithetho ehlela imingcele futhi uqinisa imingcele yombuso.

Isiphetho

Imfundiso yokugonyelwa kombuso ihlanganiswe kakhulu nesimiso sobuzwe sokwakha. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwaso eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye ukuya ekusebenzeni kwaso kwanamuhla, ukuvikela komthetho-sisekelo kubonisa isibopho somthetho womthetho womthetho sokuvikela amakhosi azimele phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo igcizelela njalo ukuthi ukuvikeleka kuyisici esiyisisekelo sombuso, okumelwe kubekwe ngaphandle kwe-Prefective. I-Fretalism iqinisekisa ukuthi amakhosi angabusa ngaphandle kokwesaba impatho yangala yangasese, kuyilapho i-Exe Young efundisayo ne-Constivationstion ngaphansi kwe-Gramentation inikeza amathuba okugcinwa kwelungelo lombuso. Njengoba umthetho waseMelika uyaqhubeka ukulwa kwezwelo negunya elikhulu lombuso. Ukuqonda indima ewumbuso wombuso wobuhulumeni wonke wobuhulumeni ekuhleleni noma ubani odinga ukubusa imibuso engokomthetho wombuso wombuso oyinhloko wombuso.

[[FLT: 0] Ukufunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo:[ [FOLT]Cornell Information Institute – Elearth Relationment qha [[FLT:] Oyez – Chishizolm v. Georgia[[FLT:] ```6] . [FLT] .[FLT]]] [[FLT]] .[FLT]] .[FLT][1:7][1] .CM .[FLT][12][FLT]