Indaba SAMINOLE FURL v. Florida, 517 U.S.1996], iyisinqumo esiphawulekayo emthethweni womthetho-mthetho eUnited States obuye wahlela imfundiso yokuvikela ubukhosi kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe. Emkhandlwini wayo, icala lahlola ukuthi uMkhandlu ungasebenzisa igunya lawo ngaphansi kwe-Indiya Commerce Claus ekuvikeleni imibuso eqinile futhi, ngokwengxenye, izizwana, i-Oritiname Melika. Ukubusa akuyikona kuphela ukulinganisela amandla eqedweni kodwa futhi kwaqinisa isimiso esithiya isibopho sokuvikela isibopho ngaphandle kokuba uvume ngokuqondile noma umthetho owenziwa ngokuqondile ukuba ulwe noma ilungiselelo lomthetho womthetho owembutho, noma ukuhlolwa ngomthetho we-Ediyanverne, noma ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa ye-gest Counicnverst Councial.

Isizinda Secala

Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kwe [[FLT: 0] USiminole v. Florida, kuyadingeka ukuhlola umongo ongokomthetho noyiqiniso owabangela ukuphikisana. Icala lavela ku- I-Indian Gamigatary Act [IGRA] [[FLT]] [[FLT] ka 1988], umthetho kahulumeni owamisa ipulani lokuqondisa ukugembula emazweni amaNdiya. IGRA yabekwa ekuphenduleni ngokukhathalela ubugebengu obuhleliwe nesidingo sezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yesizwe, futhi ifuna ukuba ixoxisana ngokholo oluhle nezizwe ezigebelelene. Uma isimo sezwe elilahliweyo, isigaba sezizwe sigunyaze ukuxoxa ngemithetho yenkantolo.

I-Seminole Fride yaseFlorida yayifuna ukusebenzisa ugembu lwendlela yokugembula ezindaweni zayo zokugembula ngaphansi kwe-IGRA. Isizwe sazama ukuxoxa nombuso waseFlorida, kodwa uhulumeni wenqaba ukuhlanganyela kulenqubo, ucaphuna ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho kokugembula ngaphansi komthetho weFlorida. Ukuphendula kwalesi sizwe safaka icala elingokomthetho enkantolo yombuso enkantolo kahulumeni, sifuna ukugunyaza ukuxoxa nge-IGRA. IFlorida yaxosha isuti enhlabathini ethi ivikelwe yisivikelo umthetho wokuwina ngokuvikela kwesimiso somthetho ngaphansi kwe-Pramende yeshumi nanye.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye, esagunyazwa ngo-1795, siyanikeza: "Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe njengonyusela kunoma yisiphi isinyathelo somthetho noma sokulunga, aqalwa noma aqulwe noma amangalelwe omunye wase-United States yizakhamuzi zeZwe elithile, noma yizakhamuzi noma iZiqulo zanoma yisiphi iZwe Langaphandle." Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza lokhu kulungiswa kwesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni, ivikela izigwebo ezihlabeni zecala likahulumeni enkantolo yombuso ngaphandle kokuba imvume kahulumeni noma iSishayamthetho ngokusobala i-Hulumente i-jains ezivikelayo ngokusebenzisa umthetho oqinile.

Umbuzo oyinhloko ongokomthetho USiminole Tribe v. Florida ukuthi uMkhandlu wawungasibekela uhulumeni uhulumeni ozimele ngaphansi kwe-Indiya Commerce Clause, onika uKhongolo amandla "okulawula intengiselwano ne-Indian Communic Communic Communics. Isizwe saphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi i-Indiya Commercionation Claus yayinegunya elihlukile, yanika uKhomishanelo ukuqeda ukuvikela kwezwe ezindabeni eziphathelene nezindaba zoMdabuko-Melika. Izwe laphikisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kwesimiso somthetho kudinga amazwi acacile nokuthi intengiselwano Claus, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-Endiyanterst Claus, noma i-Interstate, ayinikezanga isisekelo somthetho omthetho odingekile.

Ingxabano Engokomthetho Nempikiswano Yamandla Ombuso

Impikiswano iqaphele ukuthi iSizwe sinamandla phezu kwesizwe samaNdiya, athathwe ezimisweni ezimbili ezincintisanayo: indima kahulumeni engokomlando ekuqondiseni izindaba zomphakathi waseMelika nomthetho-sisekelo wokuvikela umbuso. Kodwa, esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayiqaphele ukuthi uMkhandlu unamandla phezu kwesizwe samaNdiya, athathwe kuyi-Indiya Commerce Conacial Clause neSivumelo Claus. Lo mbuso wamandla wawusebenziselwe ukulawula yonke into kusukela ekuhwebeni kwezwe ukuya ezindaweni zobugebengu. Nokho, umbuzo wokuthi lo mandla ayenwebela ekususeni amazwe awo okuzivikela kombuso ahlala engenakupheliswa.

Ezimweni zangaphambili, iNkantolo yayimise uhlelo lokuhlola ikhono lombuso lokuvikela i-Breat congress. Ku-[Fnnsylvania v.Union Gas Co. [1998], ubuningi beNkantolo babukholelwa ukuthi iNkantolo inganikeza iNkantolo ukuzivikela kombuso okuzimele ngaphansi kwe-Interstatestation Communment Clause. Lesinqumo saphuka futhi sabangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu, njengoba sasingenayo incazelo ecacile esobala. [[FLT:] USMINOLE . V

Impikiswano yesizwe yadwetshwa emacala aqaphela igunya elikhulu loMkhandlu ezindabeni zamaNdiya. Ngokwesibonelo, United States v. Kagama (1886) futhi ] uMorton v. Mancari [19774]], iNkantolo iqinisekile ukuthi uKhongolo lungahlanganisa izindlela ezithinta isithakazelo lapho luqondisa izizwe zamaNdiya. Isizwe saphikisa ngokuthi i-Clauskausce wayehlukile kuMnyango we-Internsternal Claus ngenxa yokuthi yayikhuluma ngesigaba esikhethekile sezinhlangano eziphethe i-— izizwe ze-Andram; ezasezakhe ingxenye yesimiso somthetho noma isimiso sombuso.

Izwe laseFlorida, elisekelwa i-amici eningi, laphikisa ngokuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sobukhosi kwakuyimfanelo eyisisekelo yombuso ongenziwa kuphela ngokubekwa kombhalo ocacile womthetho-sisekelo noma imvume ecacile yombuso. Umbuso waveza ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nenye sasingesona isilinganiso esingokomthetho kahulumeni kodwa sasiwukuqinisekiswa futhi komthetho ovamile owenqanda uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwalombono, noma isiphi isici saleso sokuzivikela kumelwe sibekwe ngokucacile emehlweni futhi sigunyazwe ilungiselelo elithile lomthetho owenqanda ukuvinjelwa, njengengxenye yesihlanu yeSiphendulo se-Genesahlu.

Isinqumo SeNkantolo Ephakeme

Esinqumweni esihlukene kakhulu esingu - 5-4, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngokuvuna uHulumeni waseFlorida, iphethe ngokuthi i - Indian Commerce Clause ayizange inikeze iSishaya - mthetho sombuso ozimele. Umbono wabaningi, owabhalwa yiJaji eliyinhloko uWilliam Rehnquist, wawusekelwe ezinsikeni eziningana eziyinhloko zokuchaza umthetho nohulumeni.

Okokuqala, iNkantolo yaqinisekisa isimiso sokuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sobukhosi siyisici esiyisisekelo somthetho - sisekelo, hhayi nje ukuzivikela okungokomthetho noma okungokwesiko. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nenye siqinisekisa lokhu kugobeka nokuthi sifinyelela ezihlahleni ezilethwa amalungu azimele ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba imvume noma iSishaya - mthetho sisebenze ngaphansi kwelungiselelo elikhethekile elingokomthetho elisixoshayo.

Okwesibili, iningi lahlukanisa phakathi kwemithombo ehlukene yegunya lobukhomanisi. INkantolo yaphawula ukuthi [ku- FATRItzrick v.[FLT] [1997], kwakuthi i-Congress ingamelana nombuso ngaphansi kweSigaxa 5 seSigqi seSigqi seMiphetho seshumi nane seSiphendulo sombuso ngoba ukunqandwa kwabekwa umngcele wezwe futhi kwakuwukunqandelwa ngokuqondile ebukhosini bukahulumeni. Ngokungafani, i-Indiya Commercioce Clace ne-Interstation Classiastem Clace zazingamiswanga imingcele yobukhosi bombuso ngendlela efanayo. Babemane banikezwa amandla okusekela eMkhandlwini weSivume, futhi iNkanto engafuni ukuvimbela uhulumeni ekutholeni uhulumeni kulelo olunjalo oluvamile.

Okwesithathu, iNkantolo yasiphula ngokuphandle isinqumo sayo sangaphambili ku-Pennsylvania v.Union Gas Co., ithola ukuthi ukucabanga kobuningi kwakuphikisana nohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ukuvumela iSishaya-mthetho ukuba uvimbele uhulumeni ngokumelene nentengiselwano ngentengiselwano ka Claus kuvumela ngokuphumelelayo uKhomishanale yeNguquko ye-Andeminth ngokumane nje ufake ilungelo lezentengiselwano kunoma yisiphi isimiso sezentengiselwano. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukulinganisela kwamandla eMthethweni womthetho womthetho wombuso phakathi kukahulumeni nohulumeni nezifunda.

Isinqumo sasicacile: ISishaya-mthetho sasingenakusebenzisa iSiphakamiso saso I, kuhlanganise ne-Indiya Commerce Claus, ukuba sitholwe izikhulu zezikhulu zesheya uma kulimala noma uma kuvela ukukhululeka ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni. INkantolo yathi uma uMkhandlu ufisa ukulawula ukusebenzelana kwesizwe nezizwe zamaNdiya, kumelwe uthembele ekuthatheni kwezwe isinyathelo sokuzithandela noma usebenzise amandla awo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se - 14 ukuze uqinisekise isivikelo noma inqubo efanele.

Ukucabanga Okukhulu Kweningi

Umbono kaMahluleli omkhulu uRehnquist wasusa ngendlela ephikisayo ukuthi i-Indian Commerce Claus yahlukile ngokwanele ukuba ithethelele ukunyuselwa. Wavuma ubuhlobo obuyingqayizivele phakathi kukahulumeni namaNdiya kodwa waphetha ngokuthi lobu buhlobo abuzange bushintshe isimo esiyisisekelo sobukhosi bukahulumeni. Waphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, ucabanga ukuthi izikhulu zivikelekile kusuthi enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba zivume noma zivume ukuba iSishayamthetho sisebenze ngaphansi kwelungiselelo elihlose ubukhosi obusebukhosini.

Iningi labuye lenqaba impikiswano yokuthi iSiphakamiso se-Forence vern Florida singahlukaniswa namanye amacala ezentengiselwano asekelwe ekuphatheni izizwe ngokomlando. Nakuba iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi izizwe ziyizinhlangano ezizimele negunya lazo likahulumeni, yaphawula ukuthi isivikelo sombuso weSiphendulo seshumi nenye seSizwe sasisebenza kunoma isiphi isamba seqembu lomuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nesizwe samaNdiya. Iqiniso lokuthi iSeminole Tribe yayingeyena gunya lokunikeza ilungelo lokukhokha iZwe laseFlorida enkantolo yombuso wezwe ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni.

Ukungavumelani

Umehluko, oholwa uMahluleli uJohn Paul Stevens, waphikisa ngokuthi iningi lalingakuqondanga kahle ukubusa kwamaNdiya kanye nobukhulu bamandla ombuso. IJaji Stevens waphikisa ngokuthi i-Indiya Commerce Claus Claus yayihluke ngokuphawulekayo ku-Interstate Communist Claus ngenxa yokuthi yayisebenzelana namazwe abusayo ayebusa uMthetho-sisekelo. Waphikisa ngokuthi igunya loMkhandlu wezindaba zamaNdiya lalilokhu lihlanganisa amandla okulawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe namazwe, nokuthi ukuvikelwa kwezwe kwakuyingxenye edingekayo kulelogunya.

UMahluleli uStevens wagxeka futhi iningi ngenxa yokushaya umthetho kakhulu uGas ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okwanele. Waveza ukuthi imfundiso yokubuka kufanele iholele iNkantolo ukuba igcine isiqalo esikhona, ikakhulukazi ngoba uMkhandlu wawuthembele kuso ekwenzeni imithetho efana ne-IGRA. Isinqumo somphakathi sasingadala isikhala esingokomthetho lapho amazwe ayengavele angazinaki izibopho zawo ngaphansi komthetho wombuso wamaNdiya, ashiye izizwe zingenalo.

IJaji uDavid Souter labhala ukungavumelani okuhlukile okulandelela umlando wokuvikela kobukhosi kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile ngokuncishiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye. Waphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yeningi yeSichibiyelo seshumi nanye yayinganembile ngokomlando nokuthi iSichibiyelo sasihloselwe ukulinganisela ukubusa okuhlukahlukene kuphela, hhayi ukudala ukuvikela okubanzi ngokumelene nezimiso zomthetho. NgokweJaji Souter, iNkantolo ibilokhu yandisa isimiso sokuzivikela sobukhosi ngaphezu kwencazelo yaso yokuqala, futhi SSiminole FOV. Florida yayiyisibonelo samuva salokho kwanda.

Ukuphikisa Isinqumo

Isinqumo ku USeminole Tribe v. Florida yayinemiphumela efinyelelwe kakhulu kumthetho wamaNdiya, ubuhlobo besizwe nemfundiso ebanzi ye-constance. Ukubusa okucacile kwekhono loKhongolo-kahulumeni elilinganiselwe lokulawula izinkantolo zomuntu siqu ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, okwakusho ukuthi izizwe azinakuthembela kusongo lwesukelo lokuphoqelela amazwe ukuba axhumane nokushayana. Lokhu kwaguqula ukulingana kwamandla eqenjinini le-India futhi kwadala indawo entsha engokomthetho yobudlelwane besizwe.

Umphumela osebenza ngokushesha kakhulu wawuwukuthi amalungiselelo e-IGRA okuxoxisana nombuso aye agcinwa ngokuphumelelayo. Umthetho wawulungiselele ukuthi uma uhulumeni wenqaba ukuxoxa ngokholo oluhle, isizwe singamangalela enkantolo kahulumeni ukuze siphoqelele ukuvumelana. Ngemva Séminole Tribe v. Florida, izizwe zazingeke zisakwazi ukusebenzisa lelikhambi ngoba amazwe alondoloza ukuzivikela kwawo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa kabi lesi sinqumo ukuze nje alahle u-Conneoph, azi ukuthi izizwe azinakho ukukho ukukhomba okungokomthetho enkantolo yombuso.

Nokho, isinqumo sabangela futhi ukushintshwa kwecebo. Izizwe zaqala ukuphishekela ezinye izindlela zokuqoqa iziphakamiso, kuhlanganise nokuxoxa kwezombangazwe, ukuhlelwa kwezwe, namakhambi okulawula kwezwe. Kwezinye izimo, izizwe zaphendukela kuMnyango Wezangaphakathi, owawunegunya ngaphansi kwe-IGRA ukunikeza izinqubo zokugembula emazweni esizwe uma uhulumeni enqaba ukuxoxa. Lendlela yokulawula yaba umsebenzi ogxekayo, nakuba yayingasebenzi kakhulu kune-Icester Congress.

Ngaphandle kokugembula kwe-Indian, lesi sinqumo saba nemiphumela ebanzi yemfundiso yokuvikela ubukhosi. Isinqumo sacacisa ukuthi uMkhandlu wawungeke uncike eSiphakamisweni sawo esivamile sokulawula ukuvikela kombuso, futhi waqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwamazwi acacile enjongo ye-contranion. Ngaleyo ndlela icala laba yitshe eliyinhloko yeRehnquist countactism jurisprudence, kanye nezinqumo ezifana ne United States v. Lopez [195] [195] kanye [[FLT:] Printz]. United States

Ezimweni ezilandelayo, iNkantolo yakha ngokucabanga ISAMINOLE FURLT v. Florida ukulinganisela ngokwengeziwe ikhono lombuso wokuzivikela kwe-Broose. Kimel v. I-Folte of Regents ne-[FLT] Board of Trust of the University of Alabamav. Garrett [[FLT:][2001], iNkanto ephethe ukuthi i-Breverse i-osecurecty ngaphansi kwesigaba se-5 se-intelligence uma umthetho ububanzi ububanzi obulinganayo futhi ububanzi benziwayo. Lezi zinqumo zemithetho ye-mthetho ye-Gwakhiyond lwemithetho ye-Orvel. Isinqumo sinzima kakhulu ukumelana amalungelo enkantolo engokomthetho wokwase-mthetho wokwase-mthetho.

Ithonya Lobukhosi Besizwe

Nakuba USiminole Tribe v. Florida yayiwukunqoba kweSeminole Friest, ayizange inciphise isikhundla esingokomthetho sokuzivikela kombuso wesizwe ngokwaso. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi izizwe zamaNdiya ziyizinhlangano ezizimele ezivikelayo ezivumelwaneni ezingafanele zesizwe noma ukuvinjelwa kwenhlangano. Isinqumo sabekwa imingcele yeSishaya-Hulumeni ukuba ibambe iso sokuzivikela kwesizwe ngokumelene nokuzivikela kombuso. Ngamanye amazwi, icala laliphathelene nobuhlobo phakathi kobukhosi bombuso nombuso, hhayi ngobukhosi obuyifa bezizwe.

Noma kunjalo, isinqumo sagcizelela ukumiswa kobuhlobo obungokomthetho phakathi kwezizwe nezifunda. Izizwe zagcina ukugonywa kwazo ezimweni ezihlukile ngamaqembu azimele, kodwa futhi zazilinganiselwe ekhonweni lazo lokumangalela izifundazwe. Lokhu kwabangela isimo lapho izizwe zazingeke zikwazi ukuphoqelela amalungelo azo ngokulula ngokumelene nohulumeni benkantolo ezwe, zibaphoqelele ukuba zithembele enhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe, ezinkampaneni zokuqondisa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zesifunda ukuze zithole usizo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kunamandla kuye kwabangela izingxabano ebuhlotsheni besizwe, njengoba ngokuvamile amazwe aye asebenzisa ukuzivikela kwawo njengemishuwashisi engxoxweni.

Okubalulekile Ebugwemeni ObuwuMbusi

USiminole Tribe v. Florida ibhekwa kabanzi njengezinye zezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela ukuzivikela komzimba emlandweni weNkantolo Ephakeme. Imelela inkulumo ecacile yokuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sobukhosi kuyisimiso somthetho-sisekelo esilinganisela amandla kahulumeni, ngisho nalapho uMkhandlu usebenza ezindaweni ezingokwesiko zendaba enjengezindaba zamaNdiya. Icala likhonjwa njalo eceleni kwe [[FLT:]] Hans v. Louisiana (190) ne[FLT:] Alden.[FLT] v.[FLD:][9] (1999] njengengxenye yesisekelo sesisekelo se-Julimetic.

Lesi sinqumo saqokomisa futhi ukungezwani phakathi kwemibono emibili encintisanayo ye-constitution. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kunomqondo wokuthi uhulumeni wezwe unegunya elikhulu lokulawula izindaba zesithakazelo sesizwe, kuhlanganise nobudlelwane nezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika. Olunye uhlangothi kusekelwe ukuthi amazwe azimele futhi avikelekile ngokwefa ngokungeniswa kwemithetho kahulumeni. [FLT: 0] USITINOLE FURLL v. Florida wehla waqina ohlangothini lombuso, futhi wenza kanjalo ngokulahla impikiswano yokuthi isikhundla esiyingqayizivele sezizwe zaseNdiya sithethelela ukuphuma kwemfundiso emisiwe.

Izazi ze-constalism, icala liyisibonelo esinamandla sendlela iNkantolo Ephakeme esebenzisa ngayo umqondo wokugoma kwenkululeko yokubusa ephoseni imingcele yamandla okubusa. Ukuphikelela kweNkantolo ekugunyazeni okucacile komthetho-mthetho wokukhipha impoqo kuye kwaphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba uqonde ngokwengeziwe lapho uhlela umthetho ovimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezwe. Futhi uye waphakamisa iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesihlanu esisekelwe kumthetho oqinile ovimbela ukumiswa komthetho.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nesihloko I

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu se Seminole Tribe v. Florida ukucaciswa kwayo kobuhlobo phakathi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye neSiphakamiso I soMkhandlu. Ngaphambi kwesinqumo, kwakunesiphithiphithi esikhulu ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye sasimane siyisilinganiso sombuso wezizwe ezahlukene noma ibhakede ezindaweni ezimelene nezifunda. INkantolo ixazulu yalena ukuthi iSiphendulo seshumi Nenye sibonisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo esisebenza kuyo yonke imiba ebekwa yimiyabo emelene namazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisekelo sikahulumeni.

Ngokuthatha phezulu I-gas ye-union , iNkantolo yacacisa futhi ukuthi iSiphakamiso I asizilawuli ngokuzenzakalela lesisilwili. Okuwukuphela kwezinhlelo zomthetho ezisekela ukuxoxiwa yilezo ezamiswa ngemva kweSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye nesenzelwe ukulinganisela ubukhosi bamazwe. Lokhu kuye kwasho ukuthi iNkathi 5 yeSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amanetha iyisicande semoto eyinhloko yokukhucululwa, kanti iSiphakamiso sami njengentengiselwano Claus ayibalulekile kakhulu kulenjongo.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo Nenani Lanamuhla

Ifa le SAMINOLE FURL v. Florida liyaqhubeka lihlela izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ekhulwini lama-20 kuya ku-20. Icala lihlala liyisithiyo ezizweni ezifuna ukumisa imithetho kahulumeni ngokumelene nezifunda, futhi likhonjiswe ezinqumweni eziningi ezilandelayo ezithi funa ukuvikela ubukhosi, kuhlanganise i-FOLD] Maritime Commission. South Carolina State Ports Authority[[ (2002] ne[FLT:]] iHofisi ye-VTRANTY yesivikelo ne-ADCOM.[FLT] V[FLD:5]]]) ngaphansi kwe-mthetho we-India.

Eminyakeni yamuva, ezinye izazi nabenzi bezimiso baye bacela ukusabela kokulawula ezilinganisweni ezibekwe [u- USiminole Tribe v. Florida. Iziphakamiso ziye zahlanganisa uku-Anding IGRA ukudala ezinye izimiso, njengokuhlela izinqubo zokulawula noma ukusebenzisa umthetho wezenyuselo. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi isinqumo sisekelwe ekuchazeni umthetho-mfashini kunokuhlelwa kwemithetho-mthetho, noma isiphi isiphi isinqumo somthetho-octunityration singadingeka nge-mendementationmentation okanye ukuchazwa kabusha kweSiphendulo se-11 seNkanto ngokwaso. Iqatshelwe ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kweNkanto ephakeme, ukuguqulwa noma ukuncishwa kwe-'i-'i-'i-FOR.[FLT:]

Kudokotela emkhakheni womthetho wamaNdiya, isinqumo silokhu siyisici esinzima senqubo yokuzibamba. Ama-attorney amele izizwe kumelwe acabangele ngokucophelela ukuthi umbuso ungamangalelwa yini enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yokwephula umthetho kahulumeni, futhi ngokuvamile kumelwe ahlole ezinye izindlela ezinjengokuququlula izikhulu zikahulumeni ezindaweni zazo zomuntu ngamunye ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye- [1988], okuvumela ukuba kuvele ukukhululeka okungavunyelweyo ngokungemthetho owe-omthetho. Lo msebenzi usebenza ngokuphambene nomthetho, kanti ukhona, ulinganiselwe kunesudi eliqondileyo emelene nombuso futhi awunikezikhambi ikhambi yezo lokulimaza.

Isiphetho

USeminole Tribe v. Florida yindaba engathi sína eye yachaza umthetho wanamuhla wokuzivikela kobukhosi. Ngokuthi uKhongolo lungasebenzisi iSiphakamiso salo sokuvikela uhulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisa isimiso somthetho-mthetho sobuhulumeni futhi yavikela amazwe esuswe enkantolo yombuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isinqumo sadala izinselele ezinkulu ezizweni zoMdabu zaseMelika ezifuna ukuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni ukuba inqande izifundazwe, ikakhulukazi emongweni we-gamea.

Indaba iyisikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela sobuso singesona nje isivikelo sezobuchwepheshe kodwa imfanelo eyisisekelo yobukhosi bombuso elinganisela ukufinyelela amandla kahulumeni. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngemva kwesinqumo, SAMINOLE V. Florida[ iyaqhubeka ithonya izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi izimiso zayo zihlala zisemqoka kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo yezentengiselwano ye-Antath Remitted [[[FLT:]] kanye ne-[FLT:] amaget ombuso we-asethi ye-cultive [[FLT] [FLT]] . Kubafundi bomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela iNka ngayo izithakazelo zeNkadengu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngalendaba, cabangela ukuhlola umbono ogcwele weNkantolo noma ukuhlaziya kwezazi okuhlola isinqumo emongweni we- we-ganoderial jurispulcince[. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ekucabangeni okuqhubeka kubumba ubuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe, amaqembu, amazwe, nohulumeni.