Isingeniso: Inkinga Yolwazi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Wezinombolo

Kulelizwe lanamuhla elixhumene kakhulu, umjikelezo wezindaba awupheli. Kusukela ngesikhathi sivula izingcingo zethu ukuya kumqulu wokugcina ngaphambi kombhede, sigcwele izihloko eziphambili, izixwayiso, futhi sihlanganyela. Nakuba lokhu kugcwala njalo kokwaziswa kunganika amandla, futhi kuveza inselele enkulu: sihlukanisa kanjani ukukhohliswa okunokwethenjelwa ekukhohliseni ngamabomu, ukuthatheka kwemibono, noma iphutha elingaqondile? Ikhono lokuhlola imithombo yezindaba ngokuhluzekile akuseyona imfuneko eyisisekelo yezembuyiselweni yentando yeningi. Ngaphandle kwayo, izakhamuzi zingalulaza kanjani ukuhlukanisa imiphakathi, zilulaza ukuthemba ezikhungweni zezimiso zezimiso. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kungani kucatshangelwa ngokugxeka ukusongela kwezindaba, ukuhlola indawo yanamuhla, nokunikeza izinqubo zokufuna ukuqonda okwengeziwe kokwaziswa.

Ukuqonda Ukucabanga Okubucayi

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukucabanga okugxekayo yinqubo edinga ukuqondiswa yokuhlaziya, ukuhlaziya, nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa ukuze kwenziwe ukwahlulela. Idlulela ngalé kokukwamukela ukwaziswa ngokunganaki kuya ekuhloleni ubufakazi, imicabango, nokucabanga okuhluzekile. Ngokomongo wezindaba, abantu abacabanga ngokuhluzekile bahlome ngamathuluzi okumelana nokusebenzisa izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwabo nemiphakathi yabo.

Izingxenye Zokucabanga Okubucayi

Ukucabanga okuhluzekile akusona isenzo esisodwa kodwa iqoqo lamakhono ahlangene.

Ukuhlaziya: Ukwakhiwa Kwesigijimi

Ukuhlolwa kuhilela ukuhlanganisa indaba engxenyeni yayo ehlangene: ukusho okunikezwayo, ubufakazi, imithombo ecashunwe, nolimi olusetshenziswayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ufunda isihloko esikhulu esimemezela "Izinga le-Skylottet e-Downtown," umcuphi ogxekayo ubuza: Iyini ngempela i-"skyrottet"? Uma kuqhathaniswa nayiphi inkathi? Yimaphi amacala ahlanganisiwe?? Ngokuhlukanisa umyalezo, umfundi uveza lokho okushiwo ngempela futhi yini ephucwe.

Ukuhlola: Ukuhlola Ukubukeka Nokuhlenga

Ukuhlola kuyingxenye yokwahlulela, lapho umfundi enquma ukuthi umthombo uthembekile nokuthi okuqukethwe kuyavumelana yini nezindaba ezikhona. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlola umbhalo wengosi, ubuchwepheshe bomlobi, nokwethembeka kobufakazi obukhonjiwe. Isihloko esicaphuna imithombo engaziwa engaqiniseki babhali akumelwe iphakamise amaflagi abomvu aseduze. Umthetho omuhle wesithupha uvivinyo lwe- CRAP[: LANC, Relevance, Authority, Authority, nenjongo.

Ukwehluleka: Ukufinyelela Isiphetho Esinengqondo

Ukunganaki kuyisenzo sokucabanga ngobufakazi obuye kuneziphetho. Kuyaqakala ukuthi, isiphetho kumelwe silandelwe ebufakazini, hhayi ekucabangeni okufiselekayo noma ekuthatheni ubandlululo kwangaphambi kokuvela. Uma umthombo wezindaba uthi isimiso esisha sabangela ukukhula kwezomnotho, umfundi kumelwe ahlole ukuthi ukwaziswa kusekela ngempela ukuhlobana komsizi noma ukuvumelana nje. Izincazelo eziqinile zisekelwa amaphuzu amaningi okwaziswa azimele kanye nezingxoxo ezinengqondo.

Ukuchaza: Ukucabanga Okudwebayo

Ukuba ukwazi ukuchaza kungenxa yesizathu sokuba uthembe noma ungathembi indaba yezindaba kuyisici sokucabanga okugxekayo. Kuphoqelela umcabangeli ukuba ahlele imicabango yakhe futhi athethelele ukwahlulela kwabo. Lapho exoxa nabanye izindaba, echaza ukucabanga kwakho ." Lombiko ucaphuna imithombo eyinhloko esekelwe kuhulumeni wezesayensi, futhi umlobi unesizinda sezomnotho""." ukhuthaza abanye ukuba bahlole ngendlela efanayo.

Ukukhumbula: Ukuhlola Iziqu Nokuhlaziya

Ukucabanga kuyisici sokuzikhumbuza, lapho umcabange ephikisana khona nokucabanga kwabo, ukusabela ngokomzwelo, kanye namachashaza angenzeka. Sonke sinokuthambekela kokuqonda okungashintsha indlela esizichaza ngayo izindaba. Siqaphela ukuthi sithambekele ekwazisweni okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zethu ezikhona (ukuqinisekisa ukucwasana) kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ekuhlolweni okunenjongo. Ukubheka izinto kuhilela ukuhlobana okukhulu kwendaba mayelana nokwaziswa, ubani ozuzayo kulendaba?

Indima Exakile Yezindaba Ezweni Elibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Idemokrasi esebenza ixhomeke ekukhetheni ngolwazi. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde izindaba, abazokwenzela, nemiphumela yezinqumo zezimiso. Imithombo yezindaba, ngesimo sayo esifanelekile, isebenza njengenja egadayo, umqaphi wengxoxo yomphakathi, kanye nomzila wokubeka amandla esibopho somthwalo. Isidingo sale misebenzi siye saqashelwa kusukela ekusungulweni kwedemocratics yanamuhla.

Umsebenzi Wokugada: Ukubeka Amandla Ukuze Ulandise

Izembulo zokuhlola ngokomlando zidalule ukonakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokungabi nabulungisa kwezimiso. Kusukela eWatergate kuya kubika kwamuva kakhulu ngokuqapha kukahulumeni nokungalungi kwezezinkampani, izintatheli ziye zanikeza ukuhlola okubalulekile kokuthi izimiso zokukhetha zona kuphela azinakuqinisekisa. Ukuze lenja egadile ukuba ilume, nokho, umphakathi kumelwe ukwazi ukuhlukanisa ukulandisa okungathi sína ekuhlaseleni kwe-gallerast. Ngaphandle kwamakhono okucabanga ahluzekile, izakhamuzi zingalahla ukudalulwa okuqotho ngokuthi "izindaba zokukhanka" noma zamukele izihlazo ezihlanekezelwe njengeqiniso.

Ukwakha Inkululeko Yomphakathi

Idemokrasi ayiyona nje indlela yokuvota; iyingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Izindaba zinikeza isisekelo esivumelanayo samaqiniso okungaphikiswana ngakho. Uma umphakathi uhlanganyela isisekelo sokwaziswa okuqinisekisiwe, ukungavumelani kungagxila ezindinganisweni nasezinto eziza kuqala kunakulokho okwenzekayo ngempela. Kodwa uma ukudukiswa okunganembile kungcolisa indawo eyodwa − uma amaqembu ahlukene ekholelwa ngokuphelele ukuthi ama-"facts""", futhi umphakathi uwohloka ube ungena olwazini olunobutha.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano Nokulandisa

Izindaba zibuye ziqhubele phambili ukuthatha isinyathelo emphakathini. Izindaba eziphathelene nezindaba zomphakathi, izinqumo zebhodi lesikole, imithetho yokuhlela indawo, nokhetho lwendawo zivame ukuba nethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kunezihloko zezindaba zezwe. Ukubheka izindaba zendawo ngendlela ebucayi kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza amahholo edolobha, ukuvota ngobuhlakani ngezinyathelo zomphakathi, kanye nokusekela ushintsho. Izakhamuzi ezimukela noma ezilahla zonke izindaba zendawo ngokunganaki azinakukwazi ukungenela ngokuphumelelayo ezinhlanganweni ezilawula indawo yazo.

Inselele Ekhulayo Yokwaziswa Okungalungile

Izimiso zezokuxhumana zezokuxhumana ziye zashintsha kakhulu indlela ekhiqizwa ngayo, esakazwa ngayo, futhi zisetshenziswa ngayo. Ama-plugit ezokuxhumana, ama-tem communter, ama-eapps okusesha, ne-oplugin (i-apps) yenza ukuba ukwaziswa kusakazeke ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili) kodwa futhi kuvuza okubangelwa imizwelo. Le ndawo ivundile ukuze kuchume.

Izinhlobo Zokuphazamiseka Kolwazi

Ukucwaninga kwezazi nezinhlangano ezifana ne projekthi ye-FLT News ye-Fastraft ukwakheka kuhlukanisa phakathi kwezigaba ezintathu:

  • [[UMTL:0] messiformation:[ Ukwaziswa okungamanga okuhlanganyelwa ngaphandle kokufuna ukulimaza. Umuntu angaphinde afake isici esidukisayo ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi kuyiqiniso.
  • I-Discope: Ulwazi olungamanga oludalwe ngamabomu lubuye lusakazekele ekukhohliseni noma ekubangeleni umonakalo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izihloko zezindaba ezicakiwe, amakhekhe, kanye nemikhankaso yethonya elihlangeneyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] .Malformation: Ulwazi lweqiniso oluhlanganyelwa ngenjongo yokulimaza, njengezincwadi ezivuzayo ezikhishwe ngaphandle komongo noma ezihlelwe ukudukisa.

Imishini Yamanga Asemangeni

Ubumposiso busakazekela kuyo yomibili imiklamo yabantu yokusebenza kwengqondo neyamapulatifomu. UClickbait izihloko eziphambili ubangela amagebe okwazi ukufuna isinqumo. iPropagandada[ ivame ukusebenzisa izigaba ezikhona zomphakathi ukuze isekele. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [awunqanyulelwa izibalo [[FLT:]] ingathola izikhalazo noma ibonwe kabi ukuze isekele indaba yamanga. Ibhalwe ukuthi [[FLT]] [inte:] lapho inkulumo yesazi sezombangazwe ikhushuliwe ephawulileyo.]

Ngisho noma indaba engamanga ilungiswa kamuva, ukulungisa ngokuvamile kusakazeka kancane kakhulu kunamanga okuqala. Lokhu kwenzeka, okwaziwa ngokuthi "ithonya eliqhubekekayo," kusho ukuthi imibono eyiphutha yokuqala ivame ukuphikelela ngisho nangemva kokulahla ngokuqondile. Yingakho ukucabanga okucatshangelwe kahle kumelwe kwenzeke [ ngaphambi ukuhlanganyela, hhayi nje ngemva kwalokho.

Ukuqukethwe kwamakheni ajulile nesiqukethwe i-Al ejwayelekile

Intuthuko yamuva yokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kwezakhi zofuzo yenze kwakwazi ukwenza izinto ezingokoqobo kakhulu kodwa ezisungulwe ngokuphelele. Ama-Jiefakes angabonisa isazi sezombangazwe esisho okuthile esingakaze sikusho, noma isenzakalo esiqanjiwe esingakaze senzeke. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuthola buthuthuka, kanjalo nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwalokhu kukhohlisa. Ukucabanga okungathi sína kulenkathi kumelwe kuhlanganise ukungabaza okunempilo kokuqukethwe okuzizwa kuphelele noma okubangelwa ngokomzwelo, ikakhulukazi uma kuhambisana nobandlululo olungakho.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokusakaza Imithombo Yezindaba

Izindaba ezinhle ziwukuthi la makhono angafundwa futhi asetshenziswe yinoma ubani. Ngezansi kunezinqubo ezisekelwe kubufakazi ezituswa yizisebenzi zezincwadi, izintatheli, nochwepheshe bezokubhala.

Sebenzisa Indlela Yokunyakazisa (Izinyathelo Ezine)

Njengoba yasungulwa isazi se - digital, uMike Caulfield, indlela yokubhala nge - SIFT iyindlela elula kodwa enamandla yokuhlaziya ngokushesha ukwaziswa okungajwayelekile.

  • [[UMTL:0] Meka:[ Ngaphambi kokwabelana noma ukwenza, yima. Zibuze: Ngiyawazi lomthombo? Ingabe lokhu kungathiwa kungaphezu kwamandla akho? Uma kunjalo, kuqinisekiswe kuqala.
  • Hlanganisa umthombo: Ngubani umqambi noma inhlangano engemva kwalokhu okuqukethwe? Banamakhono ani? Liyini idumela labo? Sebenzisa iWkipedia noma ezinye izincwadi zokubhekisa phambili ukuze ufundeke ngokushesha.
  • Thola ukwenezelwa okungcono: Esikhundleni sokuhlola u-qumnelo olulodwa uma uhlukanisiwe, funa okunye ukubika okuthenjwayo ngesihloko esifanayo. Ingabe isikhulumi sezindaba esinedumela elihle (njenge-Associated Press, Reuters, noma BBC) sibika amaqiniso afanayo?
  • izisho, izingcaphuno, nemithombo yezindaba emongweni wokuqala: Bheka umthombo wokuqala wezibalo noma ingcaphuno. Ngokuvamile, ngaphandle kokuhlela imibhalo ebhalwe phansi iguqula injongo yokuqala. Ukuphenyiswa okusheshayo kwemishwana yezihloko kungaveza itekisi eliyinhloko noma ingxoxo.

Sebenzisa Ukufunda Kwamuva

Abahloli beqiniso abavamile ukuchitha isikhathi behlola ingosi eyodwa noma isihloko ngokujule. Kunalokho, bavula ama-tab amasha bafune ukuthi imithombo ithini ngengosi noma ngesiqu se-odoli. Lendlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi ifunda nge-panel text[, iphumelela kakhulu kunokufunda (ukuhlala ekhasini elilodwa). Uma uhlangana nendaba ephuma engosini ongakaze uyizwe, vula ifasitela elisha bese uhlola igama laleyo ndawo kanye "i-crible,""as," noma "i-i-"i-conversaver"."."

Hlola umqambi nomklamo wekhasi

Ezinye izingosi ezinamanga zilingisa ukubukeka kwezindawo zokukhipha imibiko esemthethweni, zisebenzisa izilogo, ukuma, kanye namagama ezindawo ezifanayo (umz., "abcawnews.co.co" esikhundleni se "abcaws.go.com"). Hlola i-URL yangempela. Izinhlangano ze-Legitimate zomnyuziyamu zivame ukuba nomlando omude, izimiso zomhleli ezicacile, kanye nokwaziswa okufinyele. Futhi funa "Ngesithulo". Ikhasimende lezindaba eliqotho lizochaza ukuthunywa kwalo, ukusekela, nokulungisa kwayo.

Ukuphikisana nezinhlangano ezihlohlayo

Izinhlangano eziningana ezizimele, ezingenayo isigaba zilandelela futhi zilahle amanga amagciwane. Ngaphambi kokuba uxoxe ngeshwa, hlola lemithombo:

  • Izintsopes – I-'endalini enkulu nengalikhonziwe engosini ye-inthanethi.
  • [[UMTHLO:0] IFACT - Igxile ekufuneni okungokombangazwe, ibalaselisa kuyi-Qiniso-O- Meta.
  • FactCC.org – A engeyopartisan yohlelo lwe-Annenberg Policy Center.
  • [[AFLT:0] Iqiniso Nje iQonda – Iqembu le Associated Press elinikezelwe ukuhlola iqiniso.

Qaphela ukuthi akukho nhlangano ehlola iqiniso enephutha, futhi bona ngokwabo bangacwaswa. Nokho, ukusebenzisa izisethi eziningi ezizimele ezihlola amaqiniso kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlola izimpikiswano.

Qaphela Ukuyenga Okungokomzwelo

Ukungaqondi kahle kuvame ukuxhomeka ekubangeleni imizwelo enamandla: intukuthelo, ukwesaba, ukukhumbula noma injabulo. Uma indaba ikwenza uzizwe uzizwa ukhathazekile, kuwuphawu lokuqapha. Zibuze: Ingabe lendaba iklanyelwe ukungicasula ngakho ukuba ngiyihlanganyele ngaphandle kokucabanga? Ingabe kuyangikhanga ukuba ngizibonakalise ngiyithathele indawo? Okuqukethwe ngokomzwelo kusakazeka ngokushesha kunokungathathi hlangothi, futhi abadlali abaxhaphazayo basizakala ngalokhu.

Ukuqonda Nokunqoba Isiyalo

Ngisho nomcabango ozimisele kakhulu angawela ezihibe zokucabanga. Ukuqaphela lokhu kucwasana kusisiza ukuba sikuqaphele.

Ukuqinisekisa I - Bias

Sifuna futhi sikhumbule ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zethu ezikhona ngaphambili. Kuzo zonke imithombo yezokuxhumana, imithetho yamanani ikhulisa lokuthambekela ngokusibonisa okuningi kwalokho esihlanganyela ngakho. Ukuphikisa ukuvuma, ukufuna ngamabomu imithombo yezindaba ethembekile emibonweni ehlukahlukene. Funda imibhalo yemithombo yokuqala kunokuthembela ezifushaneni ezichazayo ezivumelana nezwe lakho.

Ukusebenzisa Ikhono Lokuphehla Umzimba

Izenzakalo ezicacile, zamuva, noma ezithinta imizwelo zikhunjulwa kalula kakhulu kunezinto ezingokoqobo zezibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko owodwa ophawulekayo wobugebengu ungase ube nobufakazi bokugadla kobugebengu, ngisho noma amazinga obugebengu ehla. Ukugwema lokhu bandlululo, ngaso sonke isikhathi kusekelwe ukwaziswa (_abuza amazinga, izimo, nezinga eliphansi, kunokuthembela ematheni akhumbulekayo.

Umphumela We - Dunning-Kruger

Uma singazi kangako ngendaba ethile, kulapho sithambekele kakhulu ekuzikhandleni ngokweqile. Lokhu kungaholela ekuzibekeleni phansi noma ekwamukeleni izindaba ngaphandle kokuhlaziya ngokwanele. Ukucabanga okugxekayo kudinga ukuthobeka kwengqondo (8) ukuzimisela ukuvuma ukuthi kungenzeka unephutha futhi uthuthukise imibono yakho esekelwe ebufakazini obusha. Ukufunda nokushintshwa kwezindaba kuwumkhuba omuhle wokulondoloza isizotha samabhishobhi.

Ukufundisa Ukucabanga Okubucayi: Indima Yemfundo

Ukufunda nokugxeka akuyona into engokwemvelo, kodwa izikole, amayunivesithi, imitapo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zonke zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlomisa izakhamuzi ngalamakhono.

Imisebenzi Yekilasi Nangalé Kwalo

Imfundo ephumelelayo yezokuxhumana yokufunda nokubhala ifeza okungaphezu kokuhlola nje okusobala ukuze ihlanganise isayensi ebanzi yokukhiqizwa kwezindaba, ukusakazwa, nokusetshenziswa. Lezi zimo ezilandelayo ziye zabonakala ziphumelela:

  • [ umbuzo wokungacunuli: Imfundo yekilasi lapho abafundi bevuzwa khona ngokubuza "uyazi kanjani? kunokuba bajeziswe ngenxa yegunya eliyinselele.
  • Sebenzisa izibonelo zezwe langempela: Hlaziya izindaba zamanje ezingeni ezihlukahlukene zokwaziwa. Xoxani ukuthi yini eyenza umthombo uthembeke nokuthi yimaflagi abomvu angawafuna yini.
  • Ukuhlola okunemininingwane yezezindaba ezibanzi ezihlanganisa izihloko: ukuhlolwa okubucayi kobufakazi akulinganiselwe kwikilasi lobuthakathi. Abafundi kufanele bakusebenzise emlandweni lapho behlola imibhalo yokuqala, kusayensi lapho behlola imiphumela yokutadisha, futhi ngezibalo lapho bechaza izibalo ezindabeni.
  • fundisa imithombo yezindaba:[ Ukuqonda indlela inzuzo yokukhangisa, izifekethiso, nemithetho yokuhlela izihloko ezisemqoka ehlelayo egcina imibiko kusiza abafundi ukuba baqaphele ukucindezela kwezentengiselwano kanye nokuqondisisa.
  • Imisebenzi yokucwaninga yokusayina: Abafundi babhale indaba ephikisanayo enqamule izikhangiso eziningi, baqhathanise futhi baphawule umehluko ngokugcizelela, ukushiyeka, nokufushanisa.

Imfundo Yabantu Abadala Nokufunda Ukuphila Konke

Akuzona izingane ezidinga lamakhono kuphela. Abantu abadala bahlaselwa ngezindaba ngezokuxhumana futhi ngokuvamile bagxile kakhulu emikhubeni yabo. Imitapo yomphakathi, izikhungo zomphakathi, namapulatifomu e-inthanethi anganikeza amashabhu okufunda ukufunda nokubhala. Izinhlelo ezinjenge iProjekthi yezindaba yeSimemezelo sokubhala ngeposi inikeza abafundi babo bonke ubudala imithombo yamahhala.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Oqhubekayo Wezakhamuzi

Intando yeningi ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli. Idinga ukushiseka, ulwazi, nokwethenjiswa. Ukucabanga okubucayi yinjini yalelo sithembiso, kuvumela umuntu ukuba aphume ekuthengeni ulwazi aphumele ekutheni abe umhlanganyeli okhuthele ekuphileni komphakathi. Izinselele zingokoqobo: imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi yokuguqula ulwazi, amagumbi olwenziwe ngemithetho-algorithm, kanye nomthamo omkhulu wento esiyisebenzisayo nsuku zonke. Kodwa amathuluzi okuhlangabezana nalezo zinselele angokoqobo futhi afinyeleleka.

Njalo lapho simisa ngaphambi kokuxoxa, ukuhlola umthombo, noma ukulandelela ukuthi kuvelaphi, siqinisa kokubili ukwenza kwethu izinqumo nempilo yesimiso sentando yeningi esibanzi. Sizifaka ekuxhashazweni futhi sibangele isidingo sokusakaza amaphephandaba aphezulu. Ezweni lapho noma ubani engasakaza khona noma yini, ikhono elibaluleke kakhulu ikhono lokuzicabangela thina ngokwethu ngobungqabavu, ngokuthobeka, nangengqondo evulekile kodwa engabaza. Ikusasa lentando yeningi lixhomeke kulokhu.