Isingeniso

Ukugadwa kokukhetha sekuye kwaba isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Esikhathini lapho ukuqashelwa kwamacala okunganembile, ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe, nokusetshenziswa kwe-votel kusongela ukufaneleka kwezinqubo zokuvota, ukuhlola okuzimele kunikeza isivikelo esibucayi. Ukusuka ekubusweni kwemibuso emisiwe kuya ekuqhameni kwezizwe, ukuba khona kwabaphathi abaqeqeshiwe kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhetha kubonisa intando yeqiniso yabantu. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yokuhlola ukuma kokhetho ekusekeleni ngokulunga, ukubonakala, ukuphakama, nokulandisa, kuyilapho kuhlola izinselele nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eveza insimu.

Yini Ewukuhlolwa Kwendlela Yokukhetha?

Ukugadwa kwenqubo yokukhetha kubhekisela ekuqashelweni kwenqubo yokuvota ngezindawo ezizimele. Lezingqapheli zihlola ukuthi okhetho luqhutshwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho yezwe, izindinganiso zomhlaba, nezimiso zedemokrasi. Izinga lokuhlola lidlulela ngalé kosuku lokuvota ukuze lihlanganise wonke umjikelezo wokhetho: izisekelo ezingokomthetho, ukubhalisa, umkhankaso, ukuvota, ukubala, nokubala, nesinqumo seposi sokukhetha.

Izingqapheli zingaba ezisekhaya noma emhlabeni wonke, ngasinye siletha izinzuzo ezihlukene. Abaqondisi basekhaya ngokuvamile banokuqonda okujule kakhulu kwezempucuko nolimi, kuyilapho izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke zinganikeza ukuthembeka kanye nokusebenzisa kwezokuxhumana. Izinhlangano ezinjenge OSCE Office yeDemocratic Institutions ne-Humanits (ODIHR) ne [[FLT]] Carter Center [] Izinhlangano eziye zafaka izinkulungwane zezazi emhlabeni wonke, zikhipha imibiko eningi ethinta kokubili ukwethembana noshintsho.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlola Ukukhetha

Ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi eminingi ehlangene eqinisa ubuqotho bokuvota njengeqembu. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola izinzuzo eziyisisekelo ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubona Ithuba

Ukubona gcaba kuyisici sezindawo zokhetho olukholekayo. Uma izingqapheli ezizimele zithola imvume engabekelwe mingcele eziteshini zokuvota, amanani, kanye nemihlangano yamavoti, zingaqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo ziyalandelwa. Lokhu kubonakalisa kuvimbela ukukhohlisa, njengokufaka itomu noma ukuvota, futhi zidalule ukuhluleka kwenqubo ekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lwaseGhana lwama 2020, amaqembu ayizingqapheli asekhaya ahlanganisa zonke iziphakamiso, ukunyathelisa imibiko yangempela eqinisekisa izakhamuzi kanye nezisebenzi ezikanye nenqubo yobuqotho.

Ukwakha Ithemba Lomphakathi

Ukuthemba imiphumela enqunyiweyo kubalulekile ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe. Ukuhlola igebe phakathi kwabavoti nezinhlangano ngokunikeza ingxenye yesithathu engakhethi. Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, ukuba khona kwezibukeli ezihlonishwayo kunganciphisa amathuba obudlova bangemva kokukhetha. Ukuhlolwa komthetho wezwe [FLT:] i-National Democratic Institute (NDI) kubonisa ukuthi ukhetho olufezwa yimisebenzi ethenjwayo yezizwe zonke lubona ukuphendulwa kwevota futhi isilinganiso esiphansi semiphumela yokuncintisana. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, ukhetho luvame ukuhlelwa yizinsolo ze-palmss, kuholela ekuqhutyweni kwempi engokomthetho engokomthetho kanye nesiyaluya umphakathi.

Ukubona Izigwegwe

Ama-monitor aqeqeshelwa ukubona ukungavumelani okusukela emaphutha okuqondisa kuya ekuqondiseni ngokuhlelwa. Izindaba ezivamile zihlanganisa ukulahleka kwamagama abavoti erololweni, ukukhomba okungafanele, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba, nokuhlukumeza abaphikisi. Ukusheshe kutholakale kuvumela izinyathelo zokulungisa . njengokuvula iziteshi zokuhlola noma ukulandisa i-colot . Ngaphambi kokuba imiphumela iphele. EKenya ngo-2017, ukuvota futhi komvote, izingqapheli ziveza ukungavumelani kokudluliswa kwemiphumela, kubangela ukuba ukuhlolwa kwencwadi okubuyisela ukuthembeka okuthile enqubweni enkulu.

Ukulandisa

Ngokubhala ukuziphatha okubi nokukhipha okufinyelelwe, abaqondisi bokhetho bagcina izikhulu nezinhlangano zezombangazwe zinecala. Imibiko yabo ivame hlanganisa ukutusa ngezinguquko ezingokomthetho, ukuthuthukisa izisebenzi zokhetho, ukuthuthukisa imigaqo eqinile yokulwa nokonakala, nemfundo engcono. I-Post-cotion ibukeza imizimba enjenge Internationalment for Electoral Systems [IFES] iholele ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko ehlala njalo emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kobhaliso lwe-provotator eBangladesh nasekusungulweni kwamanxusa e-votator e-Tunisia.

Izinhlobo Zokuhlolwa Kokukhethwa

Ukuhlola okuphathelene nezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile.

Ukuhlolwa kokukhetha kuqala

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuvota, abaqondisi bahlola isimo se-othorial nezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza imithetho yokhetho ngenxa yobuqotho, ukuhlola izinqubo zokubhalisa, ukuhlola izimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso, nokuhlaziya ukuzimela kweziqu zabalawuli bezezimali. Imishini yokuvota ingase ibone izingqungquthela zeqembu lezemibutho kanye nezokusakaza ukuze kubonwe noma yikuphi ukucwasatshwa noma ukwesatshiswa okuhleliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu amazwe ngamazwe aphawula izikhawu ezihlukene esimisweni sokuvota esizi esizinzileyo kamuva ezabhekiswe ngezinhlelo ze-software nezimiso ze-sesiteji.

Ukuhlolwa kosuku lokukhetha

Ngosuku lokhetho, izingqapheli zihlala zivule iziteshi zokuhlola kusukela ekuvuleni kuya ekubaleni. Zihlola ukuthi kulandelwa izinqubo zokuthola ukuthi umboni, ukuphepha, ukufihla, nokushaya indiva. Ziphawula futhi noma yikuphi ukwesatshiswa, ukuvota, noma ukuhluleka kwezobuchwepheshe. Emazweni anama-diaspora amakhulu noma izindawo ezikude, ezinye izimboni ziphelezela amabhokisi ahambayo okuvota noma ziqaphela amalungiselelo akhethekile okuvota kwasebekhulile nabakhubazekile. Imininingwane yalokhu kuhlola ivame ukususwa nge-apps, ivumela ukusabela okusheshayo kwezinkinga ezivelayo.

Ukuhlolwa kokukhetha ngemuva

Ngemva kokuhlola kuvala, amabhodi alandela ukulandelelwa, ukulandelelwa, ukulandelelwa kwemiphumela. Bangase baye ezikhungweni zokuhlanganisa i-teara futhi babone ukubuyisana kwamavoti akhashelwe amavoti akhishwayo. Ukuhlola kwe-Post-coption kuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokuhlola ukuqulwa kwesinqumo − njengezinkantolo zokukhetha noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenza ngokucace. Izingqapheli zesikhathi eside ngokuvamile zihlala amasonto amaningi ngemva kosuku lokhetho zikhipha imibiko yokugcina ngokutusa okubanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Union’s Eultraition Observation Mis Missions ihlala ezweni izinyanga ezimbalwa ukuze zilandele wonke umjikelezo.

Ukuhlohla ukulinganisa kweTerm-reng vs.Imizuzwana

Imisebenzi eminingi ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezibukeli. Izingqapheli ezinde zibekwa emasontweni noma ezinyangeni ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho futhi zilondoloze ukuma okuqhubekayo, ukwakha ubuhlobo nabagcini bezindawo zomkhankaso nokuhlola indawo yomkhankaso. Izingqapheli ezingezinhlanu zithunyelwa kuphela ngosuku lokhetho ukuze zibhekane nokwanda kweziteshi zokuhlola. Ukuhlasela phakathi kweziteshi ezimbili kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukujula nobubanzi. Ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kudinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo: izingqapheli zesikhathi eside zinikeza ukuqonda, kuyilapho izingqapheli ezimfushane zinikeza izinombolo ezidingekile ekuhlanganiseni zonke izifunda.

Indima Yababukeli Bomhlaba Wonke Nabemikhaya

Ukuhlolwa kokhetho lwezizwe zonke kwavelela ngawo-1990 futhi manje kuwumkhuba ovamile wezinhlangano eziningi zezifunda. I-African Union, i-Organization of America, i-European Union, ne-OSCE zonke zilondoloza izinhlelo eziqinile zokubuka. Izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke ziletha ukuthembeka kwezokuhlola futhi ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukufinyelela emihlanganweni ephakeme amaqembu asekhaya angenayo. Nokho, zibhekene nokulinganiselwa: ukuhlala okufushane, imingcele yolimi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukungagxeki ohulumeni abahlala kuwo.

Izingqapheli zasekhaya, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zibalulekile ekulondolozeni nasekulondolozeni kanye nasekunakekeleni indawo. Zingabheka ngokubanzi kakhulu ngoba zifakwe emiphakathini futhi zingabheka izimpikiswano esikhathini eside. Amaqembu anjengeSikhungo sokhetho neSipani Sseko Lobukhomphyutha eNigeria noma eSiyani esitimelani sezisebenzi zokuzithandela eBangladesh. Naphezu kokubhekana nezingozi ezinkulu zokulondeka nokungaxhaswa kwemali kunezindawo ezizodwa, ngokuvamile abaqondisi baveza imininingwane engcono kakhulu. Imisebenzi eminingi yanamuhla isebenza ngokubambisana, ngamaqembu amazwe ngamazwe anikeza ukusekela kobuchwepheshe nokwethenjwa kuyilapho amaqembu ephethe ukuphawula i-patle.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nabahloli Bokuvota

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, izinduna zokukhetha zisebenza endaweni enenzondo njalo.

  • Imingcele: [ Ngezinye izikhathi Ohulumeni bayaphika ukugunyazwa, ukuvinjelwa, noma iziphathi zebhari ezivela ezindaweni ezibucayi njengezindawo ezilawulwa amasosha noma amajele asemaphandleni. Ngo-2018, iCambodia yenqaba ngokucacile ukwamukela izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke ngokukhetha kwayo, ukuphawula izikhalo zobukhosi. Ngisho noma imvume ikhona, izikhawu zokukhipha amabhulasi noma amabhandende zingavimbela ukumiswa kwemvume.
  • Usongo lokuvikela: Izimo ezibhekene nezindawo ezinezimpi zibhekene nezingozi zangempela. Ukuthunjwa, ukuhlaselwa, nokusongelwa kokufa kuye kwabikwa emazweni anjenge-Afghanistan, Somalia, nezingxenye ze-Latin America. Ukubulawa kwengqapheli yokukhetha yendawo eMyanmar kwaqokomisa izingozi ezinkulu. Imisebenzi manje ifaka kakhulu ekuqeqesheni izikhali, izimoto ezihlolwe izikhali, kanye nemithetho elandelwayo yokuthutha.
  • Imithombo: Ukuhlola okungaguquguquki kuyabiza. Izingqapheli ezinde zesikhathi, ezokuhamba, indawo yokuhlala, imishini yokuxhumana, namathuluzi okuhlola ukwaziswa kudinga imali eshisiwe. Amaqembu amaningi asekhaya ancike eziphakamisweni ezincane ezivela kubantu abanikela ngezizwe zonke, okungase kungaguquguquki. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 onzima njengomsebenzi odinga ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso sempilo nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola obukude.
  • Ukucindezela kombuso nokuzinza: Ohulumeni kanye namaqembu abusayo ngokuvamile babheka izingqapheli njengezisongelo eziyozinzuzo zabo zokukhetha. Amamoni angase abhekane nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuxoshwa, noma imikhankaso yokuhlambalaza emithonjeni yezindaba elawulwa uhulumeni. Kwezinye izimo, imibiko yengqapheli ilahlwa njengendluzula noma iphazamisa i-propublic. Ukulondoloza ukuzibusa lapho ukucindezela okunjalo kudinga ukusekelwa okuqinile kwezenzwe futhi kudinga imithetho ecacile yokuziphatha.
  • I-technological Compleculation: Njengoba ukhetho luhlanganisa amathuluzi emishini yokuvota, imishini yokuvota, futhi iphumele ekudluliseleni, ama-monitor amasha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka kwe-software, ukuhlola i-computer surnobility viblibility, nokuhlola ukucushwa noma ukuphazanyiswa. Akuzona zonke izinhlangano ezinobuchwepheshe bokuhlola izinhlelo zokuvota ngokucosha.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuhlolweni Kohlelo

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela imishini eqoqa, ihlaziya futhi ixhumane ngayo. La mathuluzi athuthukisa ijubane nokunemba kwemizamo yokugada.

  • Iqoqo-lesikhathi sangempela se-Datame: Izinhlelo zeMobile ezinjengo-“Suku Lokhetho” ngo-NDI zivumela izingqapheli ukuba zinikeze imibiko ehleliwe ngocingo, kuhlanganise nezithombe ne-GPS ezixhumanisayo. Lokhu kwenza izikhungo eziphakathi zibalase izenzakalo ngokwezwe lonke futhi zithumele amaqembu asabela ngokushesha. Kukhetho lukamongameli lwase-2019, izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingaphezu kuka-300,000 zisebenzise i-apps ukubika izinkinga eziteshini ze-midiyamu, zisiza ukuzwa ukuthi indiva izenzakalo ezihlelwa ngezimiso.
  • Ukuhlola: Ivideo Ephilayo edliwayo eziteshini ezikhethiwe yenza ukuhlola okukude, okwabonakala kuwusizo kakhulu phakathi nobhadane. I-OSCE yasebenzisa lendlela kwezinye izindawo zase-United States phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020. Nakuba ukuhlola okukude kungeke kuthathe indawo yalokho okungokoqobo, kunweba futhi kunciphisa izingozi zokuphepha.
  • U-Data Analytics no-Anomaly Devision: Amathuluzi ezibalo angalawula imiklamo yokuvota engavamile, njengamazinga okuvota okungakholeki, amajika okugcina, noma imiklamo esikisela ukukhwabanisa. Kukhetho lwaseKenya lwango-2013, abahlaziyi bathola izilinganiso ezingavamile kumavoti omfundi oyedwa ezindaweni ezithile, beqala ukubala izibalo. Izimiso ezisekelwe ku-tabchain ziqondiswa ukuze ziphumele emphumeleni olondekile, nakuba zihlala ziphikisana.
  • Ukuhlola i Media: Inkulumo e-Misformation nenzondo kungasonta indawo ezungezile ekhethayo. Amamoni manje asebenzisa amathuluzi ezokuxhumana ukuze alandele ukulandisa okungamanga, axhumanisa ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomthetho wobunambu, kanye nokwesabisa kolwembu jikelele. Amaqembu anjenge- Iprojekthi yobuqotho bobuqotho [[[[[FLTLT:3]]] ahlola umsebenzi ku-i-inthanethiwe-mfonethi ukuze athole ukuphazamisa okungase kwenzeke.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokuhlolwa Okuphumelelayo Kokhetho

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela ukugada okusiza ngayo ekukhetheni ubuqotho, ngisho nasezimweni eziyinselele.

Ikusasa Lokuhlola Ukukhethwa

Njengoba usongo lokuvota lushintshashintsha, ukugada kumelwe kuvumelane nezimo.

  • Ubuciko Bokwenziwa kanye nokufunda ngomshini: amathuluzi e-aI angahlaziya ama-meset amakhulu avela kumafomu okuhlola, imithombo yezokuxhumana, kanye namavoti ukuze athole izindlela zokusebenzisa kabi ngokushesha kunababukeli babantu. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokokuziphatha ngobandlululo nangemfihlo kumelwe kukhulunywe.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Citenism and Miltyle: Abavoti abavamile bangabika izinkinga ngezinhlelo ezinikezelwe noma imithombo yezindaba ehlangene, badala uquqaba olukhulu, uma lungaqiniseki. Abaqondisi bafunda ukucubungula lemibiko ukuze baphawule amachashaza ashisayo adinga ukunakwa.
  • Imisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo izodingeka ihlanganise ochwepheshe bezokuvota, amawebhusayithi, kanye nokudluliswa kwemininingwane yezinto ezivimbela ukuchotshelwa. Ukuvikelwa kwemitapo eqoqwayo ekucushweni kwegebezo kuyaqala ukuba yiyona ebaluleke kakhulu.
  • Ukuzwana noMthetho wobuqotho wokhetho: Kwamanye amazwe, imithetho emisha ivimbela ukuqashelwa kwe-(ngokwesibonelo, idinga ukuba ama-monitor anikele imibiko yawo ezinqolobaneni zikahulumeni noma alinganisele inani lawo. Umphakathi wezizwe zonke kumelwe uthuthukise amasu okugcina ukufinyelela kwengqapheli lapho ihlonipha ubukhosi.
  • [ I-Clialience ne-Health Resilience: I-Pnemics, isimo sezulu esibi, nezinhlekelele zemvelo ziphoqelela izinhlangano zokuhlola ukuba zithuthukise amasu avumelanayo, kuhlanganise nezithombe ezixubile ezibukhali eziseqeshiwe kanye nemithetho evumelanayo yokuvala ukuvota.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kuseyisici esibalulekile sokuzimela kwentando yeningi. Ngokukhuthaza ukubonakala kwezindawo zomphakathi, ukuveza ukungenzeki, nokuziphendulela, ukuhlola okuzimele kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukhetho lubonisa intando yangempela yabavoti. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokubekwa kwemigoqo, ukuvinjelwa kwempahla, nobunkimbinkimbi bezobuchwepheshe buqhubeka, insimu iyaqhubeka ishintsha ngamathuluzi amasha kanye nezinhlangano. Njengoba ukuthembeka kokhetho kubhekene nezingcindezi ezikhulayo emhlabeni wonke (ukusuka ekungangeni ngokomthetho kuya ekusebenziseni i-algoricism) //ukusebenza kwemishini kuba okunzima kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ukusekela ukuhlola, kokubili izakhiwo zomhlaba nokwezezodwa, akuwona nje umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe kodwa akuyona isibopho esiyisisekelo sesimiso esiyinhloko sokuvota okumelwe sisetshenziswe yiwo wonke amavolo. Uhulumeni, umphakathi, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kumelwe ziqhubeke nokuqinisa lemizamo sokuvikela nokuqinisa imibuso.