Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Ukulingana Kube Isisekelo Somthetho Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukulingana kumane kungenye yezinguquko ezinkulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. Akusona nje isimiso esicatshangelwayo kodwa isimiso somthetho esisebenzayo esiphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba baphathe bonke abantu ngesithunzi esifanayo, inhlonipho, nesivikelo. Kungqondo abakhanyiselwe abaqala bawabeka amalungelo angokwemvelo ezinkantolo zanamuhla ezichaza izigqebhezana ezilinganayo zesivikelo, umqondo wokulingana uye wathonya indlela izinhlangano ezinquma ngayo ukuthi ubani othola imfundo, umsebenzi, ubulungisa, namandla ezombangazwe.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukubaluleka kokulingana emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo ngokulandela ukuziphendukela kwawo okungokomlando, sihlaziya izimiso zawo eziyisisekelo, futhi sihlola ithonya laso elisebenzayo ezimisweni zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Sibhekene futhi nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezivimbela ukuqaphela ngokugcwele ukulingana, kuhlanganise nobandlululo lwesimiso, ubandlululo lwezomnotho, kanye nombango phakathi kokulingana okungokomthetho nokungalingani.

Umlando Wokulingana Komthetho - sisekelo

Izisekelo Zokukhanyiselwa

Imvelaphi ehlakaniphile yokulingana komthetho-mthetho isendaweni ekhanyiselwe. Izazi zefilosofi njengoJohn Locke zaphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo emvelo ($whome, nenkululeko, nempahla) ngoba akukho hulumeni ongasusa ngokufanelekile. UJean-Jacques Rousseau ’ uhlongoza inkolelo-mbono yokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe lisemvumeni yababuswayo, abalinganayo ngokwemvelo. Lemibono yathonya ngokuqondile i-United States Declaration of Independence (77766), esekela ukuthi i-” bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo, i-” neSimemezelo saseFrance samaLungelo sobuzwe samaNdodayo (789), esimemezela ukuthi i-&ldquomen izelwe futhi ihlala ikhululekile.&quo; i-” i-edumos of the French Reclation of the gevertivement

Nokho lamaphepha okuqala ayenephutha elikhulu. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ekuqaleni wawubala abantu abagqilaziwe njengabayizifebe ezintathu zomuntu, futhi abesifazane abakhishwanga ekuvoteni nasekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Ukulingana kwakuyisithembiso kwabanye, hhayi kubo bonke. Umzabalazo wokwandisa ukulingana ubeyisenzakalo esiyinhloko somthetho-mthetho.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokushintsha Komthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

E-United States, umbhalo obaluleke kakhulu womthetho-sisekelo ophathelene nokulingana yiSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esigunyazwe ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango. I-Unicime Protection Claus iyamemezela: “ akukho Zwe eliyomisa noma yimuphi umthetho ozomisa ibhuloho noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi zase-United States; noma iliphi iZwe elingamncisha noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma ukuphika noma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwayo isivikelo esilingana nemithetho. &quto; lesi sisekelo esingokomthetho seze sisekelwe emalungelweni ezakhamuzini angenakulinganiswa, kuhlanganise [[FLT] [10]]. i-evotedverse.[FLD]

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane asiqedanga ubandlululo ngesikhashana nje. Sathatha cishe ikhulu leminyaka lokuqulwa kwemithetho, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nesenzo sokuhlanganisa u-— njengoMthetho wamalungelo oMdash ka-1964 ka-Civil Admin (Umthetho Wamalungelo Ongamalungelo Ongamele); ukusuka ekulinganini okungokomthetho kuya ekuphoqeleleni komthetho - sisekelo okunenjongo. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile: ukulingana komthetho - sisekelo akumi; kuyashintsha ngomncintiswano.

Ukulingana Komthetho - sisekelo Wembulunga Yonke Kuyisiqinisekiso

Izigaba zokulingana manje zivamile kuyimithetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke. I-Indiya Constitution, eyamukelwa ngo-1950, ihlanganisa iSiphakamiso 14 (ukungalingani phambi komthetho) neSiphakamiso 15 (ukukhishwa kobandlululo ngenxa yenkolo, uhlanga, isigaba, ubulili, noma indawo yokuzalwa). I-South Africa ’ i-past-parated Constitution ka-199 iqinisekisa ukulingana nokubaluleka komthetho wesisekelo. I-Alpsquo; i-Sisekelo soMthetho oyisisekelo sinikeza ukuthi i-“ bonke abantu bayakuba balingana phambi komthetho, i-” neCharter of Rights and Frees Canadian Part iqinisekisa ukulingana ngaphandle kokucwa kwecala. Umbono olinganayo yonke imibango yesilinganiso, isilinganiso esiyinhloko sokuphatha yonke indawo.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokulingana EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukulingana komthetho - sisekelo kusekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezihlangene ezasungulwa izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukulingana phambi komthetho kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, isikhundla, noma amandla, ungaphansi kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezifanayo nezinqubo. Inqabela ukunikeza amaqembu athile amalungelo akhethekile noma ukugoma futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongaphezu kwesimiso somthetho. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [kusukela kumthetho, ukulingana] [kunoma yisiphi isiphi isilinganiso] [kusukela kumthetho,] Magday [FLT] v. [1803], iNkantolo ephakeme yeNkantolo yokwahlulela, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho namagatsha aphethe ne-projectal. Ukusebenza, ukulingana phambi komthetho kudinga ukufinyelela ezinkantolo nakumelelo olusemthethweni, nakuba imingcele yezomnotho ivame ukulula.

Ukungaguquguquki

Ukungaguquguquki kuyisici esivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu sokulingana. Umthetho woMthetho-sisekelo wenqabela ohulumeni ukuba bahlukanise abantu abanobandlululo oluyi-— njengohlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, ubulili, kanye nemvelaphi yesizwe i-— ngaphandle kokulunga okuphoqelelayo. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola ukuhlelwa okunjalo. E-United States, imingcele yobuzwe ihlolwa ngokucubungula ngokuqinile, incazelo icatshangelwa ukuthi ayikho i-propatituni uma uhulumeni engafaka isithakazelo esiphoqelelekile futhi ingenziwanga ngokufanelekile. Izimiso ze-Gendergatens zithola isisekelo esicuphenduliwe kuphela.

Ngalé komthetho wase-U.S., umthetho ongewona owenqabelayo uye wanda wahlanganisa ukuma, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nobudala. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu, ichaza iSiphakamiso 14 se-European Convention on Human Rights, iye yakholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo olusekelwe ekuthambekeleni kobulili ludinga ukulunga okukhulu. Ubandlululo ludinga kakhulu futhi nokuhlukana [no-FLT: 0] nokuhlukana [nabobulili] nohlanga , umqondo owasungulwa isazi sezezemthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, oqaphela ukuthi abantu babhekene nohlobo oluthathelwanayo lwekhethelo — isibonelo, owesifazane omnyama angase abhekane nobandlululo olungabanjwa ngokubhekisi phambili kwezinhlanga noma ubulili kuphela.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nesilinganiso Esingaphansi

I-fremeal — ukwelapha wonke umuntu ngokufanayo i-— ayikwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuxazulula ukungalungi okungokomlando noma ukungalingani okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kuqaphela kwabangela ukuvuma izimiso (okubizwa nangokuthi izenzo eziqondile noma ukuphathwa). I-Regetats zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia. Bakke[[FLT][1978]], iNkantolo ePhakathi ye-U.S. yaphakamisa ukuthi isilinganiso sohlanga sasingavumelani nezinhlelo ezingokwehlukana kwezemfundo.

Umqondo wokulingana okungalingani kwezezimali udlulela phambili. Akudingi nje kuphela ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kodwa futhi nemiphumela ekhona ngenxa yemingcele yokwakha. i-South Africa ’ iNkantolo yomthetho-sisekelo, uMphathi wezezimali v. Van Heerden[ [2004]), yanquma ukuthi isilinganiso esiklanyelwe ukubuyisela izingozi zangaphambili asivunyelwe kuphela kodwa ngezinye izikhathi sidingeka ngokwemithetho-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, i-India ’ isimiso sabela izigaba zezigaba eziseziko ezingokomlando nezizwe zezemfundo, imisebenzi kahulumeni, nezimiso zomthetho. Lezi zinqubo zokufinyelela ukulingana zingadinga ukwelashwa okuhlukile.

Umphumela Wokulingana Ezimisweni Zezomthetho Zanamuhla

Isimiso sokulingana siye saguqula izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla ngokuyisisekelo emhlabeni wonke. Izinkantolo manje zinxusa ukulingana ngokuqhubekayo lapho zihlola umthetho, futhi imithetho yemisebenzi yezandla ivikeleke ngokufanayo engqondweni. Nazi ezinye izici eziyinhloko zethonya.

Imfundo

Ingqopha - mlando Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo ithole isinqumo sokuthi ukuthembela ezikoleni ezihlukene akulingani ngokwemvelo. Lesi sinqumo sabangela ukuhlukana kwemikhankaso, nakuba kusekhona ukuhlukana kwezindawo nokuhlukana kwemithombo. Izinselele zemfundo manje zidlulela ekuxhaseni kwezemfundo, lapho izinkantolo ezisezifundazweni ezinjenge California ne New Jersey zithole ukuthi ukuthembela ezinkokhisweni zendawo akuzikho izakhiwo ezihlukene ezidala izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe ezicebile nezimpofu. Izinselele zezemfundo yesikole sodwa manje zinwebe sezezezezezezezemfundo yesikoleni, lapho izinkantolo ezinkulu zezezwe ezithiwe yimfundo ephakeme engekho ngaphansi kwezentengisweni yemithetho engokomthetho ehleliwe, kodwa kudinga ukuhlelelwa kwemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho ephakathi kwe-Roctive.

Umshado Namalungelo Omkhaya

Ukulingana kwemishado kungenye yezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu zomthetho- sisekelo zekhulu lama-20. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yanquma ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo ehlangene-asex inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada, elisekelwe kuwo womabili ama-Century Procement Claus kanye noMvikeli ka-Claus. Isinqumo esibekwe imithetho ebekwe umthetho kazwe wangaphambili kanye nezinciphiso ezichaza ukushada njengendoda nowesifazane. Ukunqoba okufanayo okungokomthetho kuye kwenzeka eTaiwan (20:6), eNingizimu Afrika (2005), nangalé kweYurophu. Ukulingana komthetho womkhaya kuhlanganisa nokungahlangani kwe-Celanicre.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu

Izimiso zokulingana zinemiphumela emikhulu ekubuthweni kwamaphoyisa, ukugwetshwa, nokuboshwa. Imithetho yobuhlanga, amazinga okuboshwa, nemigwebo enzima kakhulu kwabamangalelwa abambalwa ikhomba ukungalingani okungalingani. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. ikhulume ngezinye zalezi zimpikiswano. ] Batson v. Kentucky[ [1986]] [1986], iNkantolo yenqabela abashushisi ukuba bangasebenzisi impoqo ekusebenziseni igebeleleni ukuvimbela ukuvikelwa kwemali okusekelwe ezinhlangani. Mclekey v.[FLT:][FLT] [1987], nokho, iNkadelwa, inkantolo yokucwa kwesizwe ephethe isakhiwo sendlu lomthetho, imisa isisekelo esiqinile.

Umsebenzi Nezindawo Zomphakathi

Ukulingana komthetho-mthetho kusebenza ngokuqondile emsebenzini kahulumeni nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Abadlali bakahulumeni abanakukhetha lapho beqasha, bethuthukisa, noma benikeza izinkonzo. UMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964, nakuba kuwumthetho kunokuba ulungiswe ngomthetho-sisekelo, udlulisela lesi simiso emsebenzini wangasese nasezindaweni zomphakathi ngaphansi kwe-Congress ’ amandla ezentengiselwano. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela futhi ukuthi izimiso zokungathathi hlangothi ebusweni zingase zenze ithonya elihlukanisayo[[[[[FLT:]]] ukucwaswa uma zilimaza ngokungenakulungiseka amaqembu avikelekile, njengoba kwasungulwa Griggs v.[FLT]

Izinselele Zokulingana Emthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kwentuthuko engenakuphikwa, izithiyo ezingathi sína zivimbela ukulingana ukuba kufezeke ngokugcwele. Eziningi zalezi zinselele zibangelwa izinhlangano zezenhlalo ezijulile, ukumelana nezombangazwe, kanye nemingcele engokwemvelo yamakhambi angokomthetho.

Ubuhlanga Obuhleliwe Nemizimba Ephelele

I-systemic ubandlululo lwezinhlanga luchaza izindlela zobandlululo oluqanjwe ezinhlanganweni, ngisho nalapho abadlali ngabanye bengahlosile ukulimaza. Ngokwezibalo, izimiso zokuphoqelela umthetho ezinjengokumisa-fufullk zaboniswa ekuhlaseleni abantu abambalwa ngokungenakulinganiswa. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukusingatha inqubo yobuhlanga ngoba umthetho we-custolture udinga ubufakazi bokucwasa ngenhloso ngaphansi kwenjongo Shyhington v. Davis indinganiso [197]. Uma imithetho ingathathi hlangothi lobuso kodwa iveza imiphumela ephambene, ama-palderff kumelwe abonise ukuthi uhulumeni wenza ngokukhetha kwe-discritination, okunzima kakhulu ukufakazela. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ukuba izifundiswa ukuba kukhiwongazwe i-scrediactive engcono ecabangela ukuhlukana.

Ukungalingani Kwabantu kanye Namalungelo

Nakuba ukucwaswa kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuye kwancishiswa kakhulu, ukungalingani kuyaqhubeka kukhokhelwa, kumelelwa, futhi kunakekelwa kwempilo. UMthetho weSikhathi wango-1941 weSihlomo se-VII] uvimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngesisekelo sobulili, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iBostock v. Clayton County [2020] Isivikelo salokho kuboniswa ngobulili nobulili obubodwa. Noma kunjalo, abantu abavela ngaphandle kwe-mfantu babhekene nokuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo okungokomthetho, kuhlanganise nemingcele engokomthetho yokunakekelwa kokwelashwa nokungena. Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yenkolo ne-antincncreation ye-LBTQhreyimpi enkulu yempi.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokufinyelela Ubulungisa

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuvame ukululaza ukulingana okungokomthetho. Abantu abacebile kanye nezinkampani bangathenga abameli abangcono, ukudilizwa isikhathi eside, nemiphumela emihle. Abalweli bomphakathi ezifundeni eziningi bathwele kanzima, okuholela ekugwebeni okungalinganiyo esimisweni sobugebengu. INkantolo ePhakamileyo e] Gideon v. IWainwright [ [1963] [iseluleko esiqinisekisiwe] sabamangalelwayo ezinhlangothini ezibucayi, kodwa abameleli abaphumelelayo basalokhu bengenakubonwa. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, akukho mthetho owelungelo kummeli, abaningi abazamukelayo izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho kuphela. Ukufinyelela ukwahlulela kuyimfuneko yokulingana phambi komthetho, kodwa kusekho ukukho ukuphumelela.

Impikiswano Yokulingana

Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wanamuhla olinganayo uye washintsha kakhulu ku-“ ngokulinganayo ukuphathwa kwe ” ku- “ equity ” noma ubulungisa obusekelwe ngemiphumela. Izimiso zokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile, ngokwesibonelo, zibekelwe inselele njengokuguqula ukucwasana. Izimfashini ze-Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [2023], iNkantolo ephakeme yesizwe engazi lutho ngekholiji, ibambe ukuthi i-Calcial Protection Claus. Lesi sinqumo sibangele ukuphikisana ngokuthi ukulingana kusho yini ukuphatha abantu abantu ngaphandle kohlanga noma ukuthi kuvumela inqubo yohlanga ukuba isetshenziswe ekwakhelweni. Isinqumo senkulumo engokomthetho yamashumi eminyaka yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukubaluleka kokulingana komthetho-sisekelo kukhulu futhi kuphikiswana. Kusukela ekuvumelweni kwakuqala kwamalungelo ezindawo zonke kuya ezimpini eziningi zanamuhla zasenkantolo, ukulingana kuseyindida yobulungisa. Kunikeza amaqembu abekwe ngokwezigaba ukuba afune ukuba angene, futhi kuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba athethelele izimpawu nezimiso. Kodwa ukulingana akufinyelelwa ngokugcwele. Izithiyo, izingqinano zezomnotho, nokungahlangani kwezombangazwe kuhlale kubekela inselele ukufinyelela kwayo. Njengabameli bomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, abahluleli, nezakhamuzi, kumelwe siqhubeke nokucwengagobe incazelo ye--acity i-— sibheka ukuthi akuyona nje isiqinisekiso esiphelele sesikhumba kodwa isiqinisekiso esiphilayo sokuhlonipheka kubantu bonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo weSichibiyelo se- se-FLT , iZizwe Ezihlangene UMthetho Ongavumelaniyo Wamalungelo Abantu [, kanye nokuhlolwa okuqhathaniswa kwe- “ ukulingana nongalingani [[[FLT]] &Cripto]; ku-Oxptional of Conferaticment Constitutional Law. Ukuqonda le mithombo kunikeza ukwazisa okujulileyo ngokuthi ukulingana kuyaqhubeka kanjani nokuvela emthethweni womthetho womthetho womhlaba wonke.