Ilungelo Lomthetho - sisekelo Lokweluleka

Ezindaweni eziningi, ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho alilona nje inzuzo engokoqobo kodwa liyisiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esiyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, isiVumiso sesithupha eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-United States, siqinisekisa ukuthi kuzo zonke izigebengu, omangalelwa ujabulela ilungelo lokuthola usizo lweseluleko sokuvikela. Lelilungelo laqiniswa enkantolo ephakeme Gideon v. Wainright [1963], okuthi ngaphandle kokulawula kweminyango yomphakathi, okuthi kudingeka ukuba kunikezwe ummeli ongenakunikeza omunye ummeli onecala ongakwazi ukukhokhela icala elingokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo saqaphela ukuthi ukuqulwa komthetho okulungile akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komthetho ongokomthetho. Isimiso sinwebela ngaphandle komthetho wobugebengu, ukulawula kwemikhaya, ukubusa, nokuphatha kwemikhaya, ukuphatha kwemikhaya, nokuphatha kwezehlulelo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokubaluleka komlando kwelungelo lokululeka, bheka i-Courts yase-U.S. i-conomory[.

Ukuqonda Ukumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kunikezwa ummeli oqeqeshiwe osebenza njengommeli, ummeli, nomphathi wekhasimende ezindabeni zomthetho. Kudlulela ngalé kokuveza enkantolo. Ukumelela okuphumelelayo kuhilela ubuchwepheshe obujulile emthethweni we-statory, isenzakalo, imithetho ye-procedtural, namasiko asenkantolo yendawo. Ama-Attorney aqeqeshelwa ukuhlaziya izindlela zangempela, ukuhlukanisa izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, izimpikiswano zobuciko, nobufakazi obukhona buhlanganisa:

  • [ Expertie: Ama-Attorney achitha iminyaka efunda umthetho nokuhlolwa komgodi onzima. Ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengokuvikela kobugebengu, umthetho wenkampani, noma umthetho womkhaya luwavumela ukuba alindele amasu aphikisanayo nezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi.
  • Ikhasimende: Ummeli umi ezihlahleni zekhasimende, ekhulumela bona kumajaji, amajaji, noma iseluleko esiphikisayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye yekhasimende yendaba izwakala nokuthi amalungelo akhona akhona okuthula [1] njengalungelo lokuthula noma ukubhekana nofakazi.
  • [[NTL:0] Amakhono e-Negotiation: Izenzakalo eziningi zixazululwa ngokuhlaliswa kunokuba ziqulwe. Abakhokhi abanekhono bangathola izicelo ezikhokhelwayo, amacala ancishisiwe, izindawo ezivumayo zezimali, noma amalungiselelo avumelanayo elungelo lokuwinwa. Ikhono labo lokuhlola izingozi nemiphumela yokuzibamba ngokuvamile liwumehluko phakathi komphumela oyinhlekelele nowokungayekeleli.
  • Ukuhlela nge-Stategic: Ama-Attorney akha amasu ecala asekelwe ebufakazini, ekutholeni ubufakazi, nasemikhubeni engokomthetho. Banquma ukuthi kufanele bathathe isikhathi esingakanani sokuthumela amafayela, ukuthi yini abazoyicela, nokuthi bangayamukela noma banqabe yini izivumelwano zokuhlalisana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa kwecala akugcini nje ngokuvela enkantolo, kuhlanganisa ukucwaninga okungokomthetho, ukubhala izivumelwano, ukululeka ngokuvumelana nemithetho, nokumelela amakhasimende ekuxazululeni, ekuqulweni kwecala, noma ekuqulweni kwecala.

Izinzuzo Zokuba Nomfanekiso Ongokomthetho

Izinzuzo zokuqasha ummeli zidlulela ngalé kwamathuba akhushuliwe okuwina. Ukucwaninga kwangaphakathi kubonisa njalo ukuthi abameleli bafeza imiphumela engcono kakhulu kunaleyo eqhubeka pro se (ngaphandle kweseluleko). Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kweNational Center for State Courts kwathola ukuthi abaqashi abamelelwe abamelelwe ngokomthetho emacaleni okuxoshwa basengozini kakhulu ukugwema ukushelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabaqashi. Ngokufanayo, abamangalelwa abavikeli becala lomphakathi noma iseluleko somphakathi ezinkantolo zobugebengu bathola imigwebo elula noma banciphe izikhalazo.

  • Ithuba elikhulisweyo lempumelelo:[ Imininingwane evela ezinkantolo zomphakathi nezezigebengu ibonisa ukuthi ukumelelwa kommeli kuvumelana nezahlulelo ezilungile, amafashini aphansi, nokuboshwa okuncishisiwe.
  • Ukuqonda iMikhathi Yezomthetho: Isimiso somthetho siyi-tribythentine. Ama-freant, izimfuneko, imithetho ecacile, nenhlonipho yasenkantolo kungadida ngisho nabantu abangebona abahlakaniphile. Ama-Attorney aphatha lezi zithiyo ze-procedal ukuze amakhasimende angaphuthi amathuba anzima.
  • Ukusekela okungaguquguqukiyo: Izingxabano ezingokomthetho zicindezela ngokwemvelo. Ukuba nochwepheshe oyiqonda lenqubo kungadambisa ukukhathazeka, kunikeze amathemba angokoqobo, futhi kunikeze isiqondiso esiqotho phakathi nezinqumo ezithinta ngokomzwelo.
  • Access to Resources: izimboni zomthetho zivame ukuba nemifelandawonye yofakazi abangochwepheshe, abaphenyi, ama-paragali, nezisebenzi ezisekelayo. Lemithombo ingaqinisa icala ngokuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ekwazini ukuchaza okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhilela ubufakazi bezobuchwepheshe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelelwa kungalondoloza imali ekugcineni ngokugwema amaphutha abizayo. Isivumelwano esingagunyaziwe kahle noma isivumelwano esingagunyaziwe kahle singaba nemiphumela engokwezimali nengokomthetho iminyaka eminingi.

Izinhlobo Zokumelela Okungokomthetho

Ukumelelwa okungokomthetho akuyona i-athonsi eyodwa-yonke. Izindawo ezihlukene zokufundela zidinga amakhono ahlukene, ulwazi, namasu. Nazi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, kanye nomongo onwetshiwe:

  • Ukhuselo oluqinile: Abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngamacala, kusukela kwabadukisi kuya emacaleni abulalayo. Bavikela amalungelo amakhasimende phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokuqulwa kwecala. Abameli abanobuchule babekela inselele ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni, ukuncenga, nokuphikisana ngemisho encishisiwe.
  • UMthetho woMkhaya:[ Lendawo ihlanganisa isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela umntwana, ukutholwa, nokukhuliswa kobudlova basekhaya. Abameli bemikhaya kumelwe basebenzise izikhundla ezingokomzwelo kuyilapho besebenzisa iziqondiso zemithetho ezihlukahluka ngokwezwe. Bavame ukusebenza nabalamuleli nochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo.
  • I-Injiry yomuntu siqu: imelela abantu abaye balinyazwa ngenxa yokunganaki, imikhiqizo ekhubazekile, noma izenzo zenhloso. Labameli bakhela amacala emarekhodini ezokwelapha, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezingozi, nezingxoxo zomshuwalense. Basebenza ngesisekelo senkokhelo, okusho ukuthi bakhokhelwa kuphela uma amakhasimende ebuyekezwa.
  • Abameli bomthetho noMthetho we-Busi: abaluleka amabhizinisi ngezivumelwano, ukuhlanganisa, impahla, umthetho wemisebenzi, nokusebenza ngokulandelana. Bahlela amabhukwana angokomthetho, baqinisekisa ukubusa kwenkampani, futhi bamele izinkampani ekuhlawulisweni noma ekuhlawulweni.
  • Ukuhlela iProbate: Ukusiza amakhasimende ahlele ukugogeka nokufa ngefa, ukuthemba, amandla ommeli, neziqondiso eziphambili. Abameli basiza futhi ababhula ngokuqondisa izindawo ngemva kokufa.
  • Umthetho wokuhlanganisa: usingatha izicelo zevisa, izisebenziso zamakhadi aluhlaza, izinqubo zesizwe, ukuzivikela kokudingiswa, kanye nezikhangiso zesikhoselo. Abameli abakhokhi-mgamu kumelwe bahlale bekhona ngezimiso ezishintsha ngokushesha.

Iqembu lezohwebo kufanele lifune abameli abagxile endabeni ethile ehlobene nendaba yalo, njengoba ummeli wesehlukaniso engase angahlonyiselwe ukusingatha icala lokukhwabanisa lokukhwabanisa ngezimali.

Ukukhetha Ummelelo Ongokomthetho Ofanele

Ukukhetha ummeli kungesinye sezinqumo eziwumphumela omkhulu umuntu angazenza empikiswaneni engokomthetho. Ummeli olungile angasho umehluko phakathi kwenkululeko nokuboshwa, ukulondeka okungokwezimali, noma ukuhleleka komkhaya kanye nezingxabano. Izici eziyinhloko okumelwe zicatshangelwe zihlanganisa:

  • Expience: Funa abameli abanombhalo oqinisekisiwe wendlela endaweni ethile yomthetho. Buza ukuthi zingaki izigebengu ezifana nezakho eziye zazisingatha nokuthi yimiphi imiphumela ezayifinyelela. Iziqinisekiso zebhodi nokuqaphela ontanga kungaba yizimpawu zobuchwepheshe obujulile.
  • Incazelo: Funda ukubukeza kwekhasimende emapulatifomu njenge-Avvo, Martindale-Hubbell, ne-Google. Amarekhodi enhlangano yombuso ebhandeni yezomlando wokuyala. I-game-of-mouth-adry kuchwepheshe abathenjwayo kungaba usizo kakhulu.
  • Indlela yokuhlanganisa: Khetha ummeli ochaza imiqondo engokomthetho ngokucacile, ukubuyisa izingcingo ngokushesha, futhi kugcine uhlangene. Ukukhulumisana okungakhi kuholela ekukhungathekeni nasekuphunyukeni kwamathuba asebenzayo.
  • Inkokhelo neMidlalo: Ukuqonda inzuzo ekhokhwayo ngaphambili. Imishini evamile ingamazinga emali ngamahora, izindleko ezicashayo (kwizinto ezilula njengezehlukaniso ezingakaphikiswa), izindleko ezivumelanayo (ukuze kubangele ukulimala komuntu siqu), noma izivumelwano. Buza ngezindleko ezengeziwe njengezindleko zokukhokha imali, izindleko zobufakazi, nesikhathi sokufakaza.
  • Ukungathathi hlangothi: Ungasebenza nommeli wakho izinyanga noma iminyaka. Ukwethembana nokuzwana kuyadingeka. Phakathi nokuhlola kokuqala, hlola ukuthi ummeli uyayihlonipha yini imigomo yakho futhi uchaze kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka becala lakho.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso kubameli abafuna ukuxoshwa, i- American Bar Association inikeza iseluleko esisebenzayo [ kubathengi abangaphambili.

Imiphumela Yokungabi Naso Incazelo Engokomthetho

Ukungena enkantolo ngaphandle kommeli kugcwele izingozi. Nakuba kungenzeka ngokomthetho ukuziveza ezimweni eziningi, imiphumela ivame ukuba mibi kakhulu. Cabangela imiphumela elandelayo:

  • Intengo engenisayo: Iproligists zivame ukuhluleka ukuphikisa ubufakazi obungaqondakaliyo, imithetho yenqubo engekho mthethweni, noma ukungakunaki ukuzivikela okungagunyaziwe. Ezimweni zobugebengu, lokhu kungaholela ezinkolelweni ezingalungile noma izigwebo ezinokhahlo ngokweqile.
  • Ingozi ephakeme kakhulu yokulahlekelwa: Ukuhlaziya okungokwemithetho okuvela ezinkantolo zezindlu kubonisa ukuthi abaqashi abangamele balahlekelwa amacala okuxoshwa ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kunalawo aneseluleko. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, abamangalelwa abangenazo izigqebhezana basengozini kakhulu yokuba nezahlulelo ezinqunyiwe ngokuhluleka ukusabela kahle.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukucindezeleka okubangelwa yimizwelo kanye nokuvuvukala: Inqubo yokuzihlupha iyakhathaza. I-seligitaria akumelwe ilawule imizwelo yabo kuphela kodwa futhi ifunde i-geome, ilungise amabhukwana, futhi ivele enkantolo lapho kungenzeka ukuthi ibhekene nokulahlekelwa umsebenzi, izinkinga zempilo, noma ukuphazamisa komkhaya.
  • [ Isebenzisa Amathuba Okwakha: Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe bokuxoxisana, amaqembu angamukela ukukhokha okungathandeki noma alahle okunengqondo ngenxa yokungaqondi kahle. Ama-Attorney angahlola izihlongozo zokukhokha cishe ngomphumela ongase uvele uma kuxoxwa.
  • [ Ukungasebenzi kahle: Izinkantolo zivame ukuhamba kancane lapho zisebenzelana nabantu abazimele ngoba abahluleli kumelwe bathathe isikhathi esengeziwe sokuchaza izinqubo. Lokhu kunganweba izindleko zenkantolo.

I-[[QURT:0]I-Legal Information eCornell Law School inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwezingozi nokulinganiselwa kokumelelwa.

Abavikeli Bomphakathi Nokufinyelela Ubulungisa

Kulabo abangakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko somuntu siqu, izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela zikhona emazweni amaningi. Nokho, la mahhovisi ngokuvamile asebenza ngokweqile futhi ancishiswa, okuholela ekuncipheni kwamacala acindezela ukuma kwegama. Nakuba abavikeli bomphakathi begunyaziwe ukuba babe abameli ababophelwe ukushisekela igunya lezentengiselwano, ukulinganiselwa kwezimiso kusho ukuthi amakhasimende angathola ukunakekela okuncane komuntu siqu kunalabo abaqasha iseluleko sobuso. Ukusekela ukusekela kakhulu ukuxhaswa kwezehlongozo zokuzivikela kuyinselele esemthethweni ezindaweni eziningi.

Indima Yomthetho Ngaphandle Kwenkantolo

Abameli banamuhla benza imisebenzi eminingi ngaphandle kwecala, kuhlanganise nale:

  • Ukuhlanganisa nokweluleka: Ama-Atmorney asiza amakhasimende ukuba aqonde amalungelo awo nezibopho ngaphambi kokuphakama kwempikiswano. Ukweluleka okuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezivumelwano ezingokomthetho / njengokubukeza izivumelwano, ukubopha inkampani, noma ukuhlela indawo `ingagwema ukuhlawuliswa ngokuphelele.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa nokulungisa: abameli abaningi basebenza njengabameli ekuthatheni okunye ukuphikisana (ADR) izinqubo ezinjengokukhipha, ukuhlanganisa, nomthetho obambisanayo. Lezizindlela zingashesha, zincishiswe, futhi zingaba yi-actriversarial kune-mlingo.
  • [ Ukulungiswa kwekhasi: Ukuphenya izingcingo (iziphetho, iziphetho, ukuthatha indledlana), izicelo zokuthola, izivumelwano, nentando kudinga ukunembeka. Amaphutha emabhukwini angaba nemiphumela engathi sína engokomthetho.
  • I-Investigation: Ama-Attorney angasebenza nabaphenyi bomuntu siqu ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ofakazi bokuxoxa nokuhlolwa kwemibhalo. Ekuvikeleni ubugebengu, lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuvuselela izigcawu zobugebengu noma ubufakazi obungacela inselele.
  • Appals:[ Uma icala liveza isahlulelo esingesihle, abameli abasebenza ngokuhlukanisa amaphutha angokomthetho futhi baphikisane phambi kwezinkantolo eziphakeme ukuze bagumbuqele noma balungise isinqumo.

Ngakho, ukumelelwa kwecala kuyinqubo eqhubekayo eqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuphothula kwenkantolo futhi engase iqhubeke isikhathi eside ngemva kwesinqumo.

Izibopho Zomthetho Zabameleli Abangokomthetho

Ama-athorney aboshwe yimithetho eqinile yezimiso zokuziphatha eklanyelwe ukuvikela amakhasimende futhi aqinisekise ubuqotho besimiso somthetho. Lezi zihlanganisa ukufihla (ilungelo eliyimfihlo), ukwethembeka (ukugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo), ukukwazi, kanye nokungagwegwegwesi ezinkantolo. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekuqeqesheni kochwepheshe, kuhlanganise nokudina. Amakhasimende kufanele aqonde ukuthi abameli abanakuqamba amanga ngokwezimiso ezifanele enkantolo, baqede ubufakazi, noma badukise ngokwazi ukuphikisa.

I-ABA Model Reals of Professional Avement iyisici esiyinhloko somthetho wezimiso ezingokomthetho kubameli base-U.S. futhi inikeza ukuqonda ngemisebenzi efuneka kumakhasimende.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokumelela Ngokomthetho Ngokugcwele

Akubona bonke abantu abakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ngazo zonke izimpikiswano, futhi ezinye izingxabano zilula ngokwanele ukuba zisingathwe ngosizo olulinganiselwe.

  • I-almimediation edityanisiwe (Izinkonzo ezingahlangani): Abanye abameli banikeza imisebenzi efanayo − njengokubukeza kwedokhumende, ukuqondisa, noma ukubukeka kwenkantolo kwecala elilodwa (___ngenkokhelo encishisiwe. Lomdwebo uthola ukuthandwa emkhayeni nasemacaleni akhona.
  • [[[NTL:0] I-Legal Aid and ProBono Services: Izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo kanye nezinkampani zomthetho zinikeza usizo olusemthethweni olukhululekile noma oluphansi ukuze kufaneleke abantu abathola imali ephansi. Izindawo ezinjengobudlova basekhaya, izindlu, kanye nokufuduka ngokuvamile zinezinhlelo eziqinile zosizo olungokomthetho.
  • Izikhungo zosizo neNkantolo: Izindlu eziningi zenkantolo zinikeza imitholampilo yamahhala lapho i-seliging ingathola khona isiqondiso sokugcwalisa amafomu, izinqubo zokuqonda, kanye nokufinyelela imithombo yemali.
  • Online Legil Platforms: AmaWebster avumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze amabhukwana asemthethweni (intando, izivumelwano, amaphepha esehlukaniso) ngengxenye yezindleko zommeli. Nokho, lamathuluzi awanaso iseluleko esisemthethweni futhi angenzeki ukuba achaze ngokufushaniswe kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Nakuba lezi zinqubo zingasiza, azithathi indawo yokumelela ngokugcwele ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziphambili.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Ilungelo leseluleko lihluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. ENgilandi nase Wales, i-Legal Aid, i-Sendensing and Regation of Offenders Act 2012 yalinganisela kakhulu ukutholakala kosizo olungokomthetho, ishiya abaningi bengenakho ukumelelwa ezicaleni zomphakathi. Emazweni anjengeJalimane, ukumelelwa kuyisibopho ezinkantolo ezithile eziphakeme, futhi umshuwalense ongokomthetho uvamile. Emazweni asathuthuka, izinhlangano ezinjenge United Nations Development Programme zisebenza ukuqinisa ukufinyelela ekulungenisweni komthetho nangokwezinhlelo ze-parelegalegal.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile kubantu abahileleke ezindabeni ezibhekene nemingcele noma kubenzi bezimiso abafuna ukuthuthukisa izimiso zabo siqu. Ukubheka ngokuqhathanisa abameleli bomthetho kungatholakala nge [[[FLT: 0] International Bar Association.

Ithonya Lobuchwepheshe Ezinhlanganweni Zezomthetho

Ubuchwepheshe buye babuyisela ukumelelwa komthetho. Kodwa amathuluzi obuchwepheshe awenziweyo asiza ngokuhlola umthetho, ukubukeza amabhukwana, nokubikezela imiphumela yecala. Icala lenkantolo eliyi-athonsi, elasakazeka phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, liye landisa ukutholakala kwamakhasi ezindaweni ezikude. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe buphakamisa ukukhathazeka nge-ineyquit [1] labo abangenakho ukucwaninga okunokwethenjelwa noma ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe bangashiywa ngemuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-automation ayikwazi ukuthatha indawo yesahlulelo esinencazelo ephelele, uzwela, kanye nobuchwepheshe obunikezwa abameli babantu.

Izinkampani zomthetho ezisebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe zinganikeza umsebenzi ophumelela ngokwengeziwe, kodwa amakhasimende kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi abameli bawo bahlala beqaphela izici zomuntu zecala.

Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yeseluleko Esingokomthetho

Ukumelelwa okungokomthetho akusona isisekelo sokunethezeka kodwa isisekelo sobulungisa. Noma umuntu umangalelwa ngobugebengu, ukulwela ilungelo lokuhlala nengane, noma ukulwisana ngebhizinisi, ummeli oqeqeshiwe unikeza ubuchwepheshe, ukuqashwa, nokusekela okungokomzwelo okudingekile ukuze aqondise isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nesisabisayo. Izinzuzo . Ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo. Nakuba ezinye izindlela zikhona ngenxa yezimo ezilinganiselwe, abantu ababhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína banikezwa iziqondiso ezingokomthetho. Njengoba indawo iqala, ukubaluleka komfanekiso ofanelekile kuhlala kuhleli njalo. Kunoma ubani ongena enkantolo, i-onke ummeli onekhono.