Isingeniso: Isisekelo Somphakathi Ohlelekile

Ukugcinwa komthetho kungezinye zezinsika ezibalulekile zempucuko yanamuhla. Ngaphandle kwesimiso esinikezelwe ekubekeni imithetho, ekuvikeleni izakhamuzi, nasekusekeleni ubulungisa, umphakathi ubungabangela isiphithiphithi. Wona kanye umqondo womthetho uncike ezinhlanganweni ezingasebenzisa imithetho ngokungakhethi, zihlole ukwephulwa, futhi zenze abantu baphendule. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yokugcinwa komthetho, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, isisekelo somlando, izinselele zomphakathi, izinselele eziphikelelayo, kanye nendlela eqhubekela phambili. Ukuqonda lezizici akuzona izinselele ezibucayi kubafundi bomlando nokwezenhlalakahle kuphela kodwa futhi nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezizuzayo ezizinzuzo ezisekelwe esizweni eziqinile nezobulungisa.

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukugcinwa komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nomthetho umphakathi ozimisela wona. Lokhu kulalela akuyona nje indaba yokujeziswa; kungokokwakha indawo lapho abantu bengahlala khona, basebenze khona, futhi baqhubeke besebenza ngaphandle kokwesaba ukubekwa phambili noma ukungahleleki. Ukubekwa komthetho kuxhomeke ekuthembekeni komphakathi, futhi lokho kuthenjwa kwakheka ngokulandisa, ukucaca, nokusebenza okusebenzayo. Ezingxenyeni ezilandelayo, sigxila emisebenzini ethile, izimpande ezingokomlando, kanye nemikhuba elawulayo echaza ukugcinwa komthetho namuhla.

Indima Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Emphakathini

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zenza imisebenzi eminingi engenziwa ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuvimbela nokunqanda, ukuphenya nokwesaba, nokulungisa nokubophana komphakathi. Umsebenzi ngamunye usiza ekulondolozeni ukulondeka komphakathi futhi usekele umthetho.

Ukuvimbela Ubugebengu Nokuwohloka Kwesimilo

Amasu asebenza kakhulu amaphoyisa ahloselwe ukuvimbela ubugebengu ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Ukugada okubonakalayo, ukuba khona komphakathi, kanye nomklamo wendawo ezungezile (Crime Prevention Through Defect, noma CPTED) kuvamile. Ukucwaninga kuvame ukubonisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho okubonakalayo kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme kunganciphisa amathuba okucasula ubugebengu. Nokho, izindlela zanamuhla zigcizelela ukuthi ukuvimbela kusebenza kangcono uma kuhlangene nobudlelwane obuqinile bomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] izinhlelo zesitimela zokusebenza ngemishini yokusebenza i-octiverogen [[ izinhlelo zokusebenza nezakhamuzi, ukuhlanganisa izikhalomo, ukuqaphela izinto ezikhona, nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha. Lokhu kugcizelela ukusabela kwezenzwe eqenjini yezokusebenza.

Ukucwaninga Nokuphazanyiswa

Uma ubugebengu buvela, ukugcinwa komthetho kunomthwalo wokuhlola isenzakalo, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuveza abasolayo, nokubopha. Lomsebenzi wophengululo uncike kuxhomeke kusayensi yezesayensi, izingxoxo zobufakazi, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, nokuhlola. Uphengululo olunempumelelo alulethi izaphulamthetho nje kuphela kodwa futhi lunqanda ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo ngokuthuthukisa ukuqiniseka okucatshangelwayo kwesijeziso. [Bureauau of Justic Atistic Atisticstikis[ ilandela izilinganiso ezicacile zezinhlobo zobugebengu ezihlukahlukene, inikeza isilinganiso esiwusizo sokusebenza kwe-astry. Eminyakeni yamuva, intuthuko ekuhlolweni kwe-DNA kanye nezinombolo zezenzakalo zezenzakalo zeze-miculo.

Ukunakekela Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ngaphandle kokusabela ebubini obuthile, ukugcinwa komthetho kunendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphatha izixuku ezisezimpikiswaneni, ukuxazulula izingxabano, ukusabela ezinkingeni zempilo, nokuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwezimoto. Igama "ukulungiswa kwezimoto" ladunyiswa yimfundiso "amafasitela aphukile", ephikisa ukuthi izimpawu ezibonakalayo zesiyaluyaluyalu , ukudakwa komphakathi, nokucekela phansi kwezindawo zomphakathi." kukhuthaza ubugebengu obungathiwa kakhulu uma bushiywe ngaphandle kokulawulwa yizimo. Uma amaphoyisa ehlanganisa ukuthembana, andisa ukusakaza nokwebelana ukwaziswa. Namuhla imikhuba engcono kakhulu igcizelela ukugcinwa kobulungisa obungoko: ukuphathwa ngenhlonipho, ukunikeza iphiko, ukwenza izinqumo ezilungile.

Umlando Womthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Ukuqonda lo mlando kusisiza ukuba sichaze imikhuba yamanje nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo.

Imisuka Yasendulo NeyangeNkathi Ephakathi

Impucuko yakudala enjengeGibithe lasendulo, iMesopotamia, neChina yamisa izikhulu ukuba ziphoqelele imithetho yobukhosi futhi zigcine ukuhleleka komphakathi. ERoma yasendulo, i-vigiles[ yasebenza njengabacimi bomlilo nabalindi bobusuku, eyayiqala ukubuswa ngochwepheshe bezobupolishi. Phakathi nenkathi yeNkathi YeNkathi Ephakathi eYurophu, isimiso se "izinto zombuso" ne" nokukhala" kwadingeka ukuba kube khona ukuba kube khona amaphoyisa ngokwako. Ihhovisi lezethulo komiti lezengasese laqalangakhokhelwa futhi lingasebenzi kakhulu ekulawuleni ubugebengu.

Ukuzalwa Kwesimiso Sanamuhla Sobupolisa

Ngo-1829 kwafika isikhathi esiphoqelelekile sokugcinwa komthetho wanamuhla lapho kumiswa i-Metropolitan Police Service eLondon nguSir Robert Peel. Izimiso zikaPeel − ezazihlanganisa amaphoyisa ukuba anjengezakhamuzi, esebenzisa amandla amancane, futhi kuxhomeke ekuvumeni komphakathi () okusasele kwesisekelo. Isibonelo saseLondon sasakazekela eUnited States, lapho amadolobha anjengeBoston ne New York akha khona amabutho awo siqu. Nokho, abaphathi bakuqala baseMelika babevame ukonakala, bezombangazwe, futhi babenonya, ikakhulukazi ekubekeni kwabo imithetho yezinhlanga yama-hierrarchis ngokugada izigqila futhi kamuva ngemithetho ka-Jim Crow.

Izinguquko Zekhulu Lama - 20

Ukusungulwa komsebenzi kwasekuqaleni konyaka ka-1900 kwafuna ukususa ezombangazwe emkhosini owenziwa amaphoyisa, ukuyala kwezempi, nokuthembela ebucikweni (izimoto ezinomsakazo, njll.). Nokho lo mfanekiso wadala futhi ibanga phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezindawo, okwabangela ukungezwani nobunzima obungokomthetho. I-1960 no-1970 yabona izinxushunxushunxushu, okubangela ukukhula kwenkinga yamaphoyisa nokuphathwa kwempi (POP). Isiba senkinga yePolice Policial ichaza i-POP njengendlela ehilela ukucubuthwa kwezinkinga zobugebengu nokusabela okungokwesiko okuhlelekile. Kusukela ngo-19909, ubufakazi obusekelwe embonini, ukukhuthaza ukuthatha izinhlangano ezincuphetho.

Imisebenzi Yokuhlobisa Eklanyweni

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela nemiphumelo.

Ukuphatha Umphakathi

Amaphoyisa omphakathi agcizelela ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezakhamuzi ukuze baxazulule izimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu. Kuhilela ukuthotshiswa kwesimilo, ukuzibusa, kanye nokuzibusa. Ifilosofi ithi ukuphepha komphakathi kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi angathuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi nokuqonda ukuthi amaphoyisa asemthethweni, nakuba umphumela wawo ekuncishisweni kobugebengu ungacaci.

Inqubo ehlotshiswe ngenkinga (POP)

POP ushintsha ukugxila kusuka ezigabeni kuya ezinkingeni eziyisisekelo. Abaphathi basebenzisa i-SARA (Ukuhlola, ukuhlaziya, ukuphenya, ukuhlikihla) ukuze baxazulule izindaba ezinamahlalakhona njengemakethe yezidakamizwa noma ukwebiwa kwezimoto. I-POP iboniswe inciphisa ubugebengu ezindaweni ezihlolwayo; ukuhlikihla kwe-meta-asethi ye-Campbell Coltultum ethola imiphumela ephakathi yobugebengu. Idinga ukuqeqeshwa ekuhlaziyweni kokwaziswa kanye nenkinga yokusungula.

Ukudlulisa iqanda kanye nefasitela elinqamukile

I-polic yeqaro-tolerance, eshukunyiswa yinkolelo-lwazi ephukile yamafasitela, ihlanganisa ukugcinwa okuqinile kokweqa iziphazamiso ezincane. Abasekeli bayokuphikisa ukuthi kunciphisa ubugebengu obukhulu ngokuphawula ukuthi ukuphazamiseka ngeke kubekezelelwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kuholela ekuhlukani kwezinhlanga, ukuthunjwa kwabantu, kanye nokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa ahluzekile. Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa okunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda nokuthatha iziphazamiso ngaphansi kwalendlela kubekwe umthetho ekugcineni kungathathwanga ngokusemthethweni. Izinhlangano eziningi ziye zasuka ekuvimbeleni ukugcinwa okunonya ukulwa kweminyathela izigeleke.

Umphumela Womthetho Ophoqelelwayo Emiphakathini

Ukugcinwa komthetho okuphumelelayo kunemiphumela emikhulu ekulondekeni, ekwethembekeni, nasekuphileni okusesilinganisweni.

Ubugebengu Buyancipha Futhi Umphakathi Uphephile

Ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa amakhulu kungavimbela ubugebengu, ikakhulukazi amacala empahla. Ukuhlola kusebenzisa i-quasi-emperiary masting, njenge-Minneapolis Hot Spots Patrol Experiment, kwathola ukuthi ukugada okugxiliswe ezindaweni ezishisayo kunciphisa ubugebengu ngaphandle kokushenxiswa okukhulu. Inhlangano yesizwe yeJaji [ iyaqhubeka isekela ukucwaninga ngamabala ashisayo. Nokho, imiphumela ebangelwa ubugebengu obunobudlova ixubana kakhulu, kanye neminye izinhlelo `ukuboshelwa kwemicimbi yecala elincane].

Ukwethemba Nobulungisa Bemvelo

Ukuthembela ekuqikelweni komthetho kuyinhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo ebaluleke kakhulu. Umqondo wobulungisa bezenhlalakahle uveza ukuthi abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekuvumelaneni nomthetho futhi babambisane namaphoyisa lapho bebona le nqubo ilungile. Izici ezine eziyinhloko yizwi, ukungathathi hlangothi, inhlonipho, nokwethembeka. Izikhulu eziqondisa iziteshi zezezomthetho wezendabuko zibona ukubambisana kwezakhamuzi okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezikhalo eziphansi. Ukwethembana kubaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini emincane ebonele ngomlando ukugcinwa kwemithetho nengaphansi kwesivikelo.

Isinqumo Esingqubuzanayo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ukugcinwa komthetho kwanamuhla kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo njengomsizi wokuqala ezinkingeni zempilo yengqondo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, kanye nokungabinamakhaya. Iminyango eminingi manje esebenzelana nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle ku-Crisis Intervention Attings (CIT) noma imishini ehambisana nayo. Lezinhlelo zinciphisa ukuboshwa kwabantu abagula ngengqondo futhi zithuthukise imiphumela. Stubince Abusedism and Mental Health Administration inikeza iziqondiso zobuhlobo obunjalo. Uma amaphoyisa engaxhumanisa abantu ezinkonzweni kunokuba agcine ejele, impilo yomphakathi ingcono ne-Revitionismism.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Naphezu kwendima yalo ebalulekile, ukugcinwa komthetho kubhekene nezithiyo ezingathi sína ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwawo.

Ukungakholelwa Komphakathi Nokuthembana

Izenzakalo ezivelele zobudlova bamaphoyisa, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanemibala, ziye zalimaza ukwethemba umphakathi. Izenzo zibonisa igebe elikhulu lokuthemba amaphoyisa. Izindaba, amavidiyo, amavirus, nezokuxhumana kungaguqula indlela yokucabanga ngokushesha. Izinhlangano kumelwe zisebenzele ukwakha kabusha ukwethembana ngokubona, ngokuqondisa ngokuzimele, nangokubopha komphakathi kwangempela.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo

Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa isebenza ngezimali eziqinile, iholela ekusebenziseni imali encane, imishini ephelelwe isikhathi, nokuqeqeshwa okulinganiselwe. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ukhushuliwe futhi ubekelwe izinselele. Eminye iminyango iye yasabela ngezimali ezingokoqobo ezimweni zomphakathi ezingezizo ezeqisayo, ikhulula izikhulu ezifungelwe ukulwa nobugebengu. Nokho, ukudayisa okungapheli kungahlehlisa ikhono lokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okwanele ekunciphiseni ukukhokha, ukuphamba, ukuzwela, nokusabela kwempilo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Nokulandisa

Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamandla kuseyinselele enkulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera asebenza ngemizimba, izimiso zokuxwayisa zakuqala, nokusetshenziswa ngokuqinile kwezimiso zenguquko kuye kwashoshozelwa abasekeli benguquko. Ukwaziswa okuvela e-Bureau of Justice Statistics kubonisa ukuthi amaphoyisa amaningi axhumana nabantu abangaziwa awahileli amandla, kodwa uma kusetshenziswa ngamandla, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okuphawulekayo kwezinhlanga. Izinhlangano zobulungu kanye namabhodi okuhlola izakhamuzi kuvame kakhulu. Inselele iwukulinganisela ukuphepha nesivikelo somphakathi kanye namalungelo abantu.

Impilo Yengqondo Nenhlala - kahle Yabaphathi

Isilinganiso sokuzibulala phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho siphakeme kunasemphakathini jikelele. Imithombo Yezobuchwepheshe iqala ukutshala imali ezimisweni ezinhle, ekusekeleni ontanga, nasezinsingweni zempilo yengqondo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Namalungelo Omphakathi

Ngokomlando, ukugcinwa komthetho kuye kwaba umvikeli wamalungelo abantu futhi kwaba umxhaphazi wokuphathwa kabi.

Ukungabi Nabulungisa Okungokomlando

E-United States, ukugada kwezigqila kwakuyizinhlobo zokuqala zomthetho ezaziphoqelela ukulawulwa kohlanga. Phakathi ne-Civil Rights Movement, amaphoyisa eNingizimu acindezela ukubhikisha ngokuthula. I-Selma March "Bloody Sunday" iyisibonelo esinzima. Ukungenela kwe-Federal nge-Voting Rights Act kanye nemithetho yokuvuma kamuva ehloselwe ukulungisa imikhuba yamaphoyisa. Nokho, ukuhlukana ngokohlanga phakathi kokuma, ukuphenya, ukuboshwa, nokusebenzisa amandla kuyaqhubeka, njengoba kufakazelwa yizifundo eziningi kanye nophendlo lwezelo lwezeluleko lwezeluleko lwezeluleko lwezeluleko lwezeluleko lwezemthetho.

Imithetho Nezinguquko Ezingavunyelwa

I-DOJ isebenzise imithetho yokuvuma ukuze iphoqelele izinguquko eminyangweni yamaphoyisa ekhathazekile, njengaleyo eseLos Angeles, e-Ferguson, naseChicago. Lezi zivumelwano zivame ukugunyaza izinqubo ezintsha zokusebenzisa amandla, amaphoyisa asekelwe ekucwaseni, ukubophana komphakathi, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa. Ukuhlola kubonisa imiphumela exubile; ukuvumelana kwezikhathi ezinde nokushintsha kwamasiko kunzima ukukusekela. Noma kunjalo, imithetho yokuvuma iye yaholela empumeleni engcono kakhulu ekuqondiseni nasekulandiseni ezinhlanganweni eziningana.

Isicathulo Somzimba Nokubona Ingaphandle

Amakhamera asebenza emzimbeni aye asetshenziswa kabanzi njengethuluzi lokulandisa nokubona. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi anciphisa ukukhononda ngezikhulu futhi asebenzise izenzakalo ezisebenza ngokusebenza kwezinye izimo kodwa imiphumela iyahlukahluka. Isihluthulelo siwukuba nezimiso ezicacile ezithi amakhamera afanele abe khona, indlela izinyawo ezigcinwa futhi zibukelwe ngayo, nendlela umphakathi ongafinyelela ngayo. Amakhamera awayona i-panacacea", kumelwe abe yingxenye yesibopho sokulandela iziqondiso nokwengamela.

Ikusasa Lokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Uma sibheka phambili, izimo eziningana ziyothonya indlela ukugcinwa komthetho okusebenza ngayo emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ukuhlakanipha okuwenziweyo, ukubikezela ukucwasana kobuso, ukuqashelwa kobuso, izikhungo zobugebengu, kanye nezikhungo zangempela zinikeza amathuluzi amasha okusebenza nokuvimbela. Nokho, lezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe ziphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ephathelene nokuzifihla, ubandlululo, nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, amanani amanani angaphambili amaphoyisa aye agxekwa ngokuqhubekisela phambili ukucwasana okungokomlando. Izinhlangano zomthetho kumelwe zithathe izisekelo eziqinile zokubusa, ukuthatha izibalo zemithetho, futhi zifake umphakathi ezinqumweni eziphathelene nobuchwepheshe obusha.

Ukuwohloka Nokuqeqeshwa Kwezinguquko

Kukhona ukugcizelelwa okukhulayo kwezindlela zokususa imingcele ekucwaningeni, ukungenela kwezinhlekelele, nokuqeqesha okusekelwe ezimweni ezingokonyaka. Umgomo ukunciphisa isidingo sokuphoqelelwa nokuthuthukisa imiphumela eyenzekayo lapho kuvela inguquko. Izigodi eziningi ziye zanikeza imithetho edinga ukuqeqeshwa kokukhishwa kwe-aspective. I-Evidence - Impacpolision Applient Research Network inikeza imithombo yezinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise izindlela ezingcono kakhulu. Izinguquko zokuqeqesha ziphumelela kakhulu uma zihambisana nezinguquko ezingokwenhlalo nakwenziwa kwezimiso ezikhokha izinkinga ezithinta ukuboshwa.

Imikhumbi - sisekelo Yomphakathi Neprojekthi

Ikusasa lokugcinwa komthetho cishe lihilela ngisho nokubambisana kakhulu nezinhlangano zomphakathi, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, nezinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi. Izibonelo ezishukumisayo zezokuhambelana kwengqondo, izisebenzi eziqinile zezenhlalakahle, nezinhlelo zentsha ziyakhula. Inhloso iwukuthi amaphoyisa kufanele abe isici sesimiso sokuvikela umphakathi. Amabhodi aqondisa umphakathi kanye nokuhlela izimali zokuphatha amaphoyisa nakho kuyakhula.

Ukusekela Nokulungisa Impikiswano

"Inhlangano yamaphoyisa" ebangelwa ukubhikisha okungu-2020, kwadingeka ukuba imali incishiswe kumaphoyisa kuya ezinkonzweni zomphakathi. Nakuba ukugconwa okukhulu kungakenzeki ezindaweni eziningi, amadolobha amaningi aye asusa eminye imithwalo yemfanelo (umz., ukuphoqelelwa kwezimoto, ukusabela kwezengqondo) ezinhlanganweni zezengqondo. Umphumela walokhu kuhlola usabonakala. Okusobala ukuthi izinga lomthetho kumelwe ubekwe kahle emsebenzini wawo oyinhloko, futhi ukusabela kokunye kokungashayi mkhuba kufanele kuhlolwe.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuhleleka, Ubulungisa Nenkululeko

Ukugcinwa komthetho kusebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuvumelana nomthetho. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ekwethembekeni komphakathi, okumelwe kutholakale ngokulandisa, ukungalungi, nangenkonzo yangempela. Umlando wamaphoyisa ufundisa ukuthi amandla angenabubonisi aholela ekuxhashazweni; izinguquko zidingekile ukuze kuvumelane nezindinganiso zentando yeningi. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuvumelane nobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokulondoloza amalungelo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda le misebenzi enzima kubalulekile ekuhilelekeni ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho womphakathi nobulungisa. Umgomo ekugcineni awukona nje ukuthatha imithetho yentando kodwa ukwenza umphakathi lapho umthetho uhlonishwa ngokuzithandela ngoba kubhekwa njengokufanele.