Ukuziphendukela Kwezivivinyo Ze - Lemon Ukumisa UClause Umbuso

I-Lemon Sucrent Sucrect ingenye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Yaqala yachazwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1971, yaklanyelwa ukunikeza indlela ecacile, eneziphakamiso ezintathu zokunquma ukuthi uhulumeni uthatha nini isinyathelo esiphula ukumiswa kuka-Clausse weSichibiyelo Sokuqala. I-Pregimentmentmentment Claus iyalayes ayiyiphula umthetho wokuthi "Coneral angeke yenze umthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo," futhi ngokufakwa ngeSimende seSimende se-14th, lo mthetho usebenza kuhulumeni wendawo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwesihlanu, i-Lemon Sucrection ilovement ilove ilo ephakathi kwesonto nezwe, ngisho nanjengoba incazelo yayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuvele ngokuphawulekayo ngemithetho elandelanayo.

Umsuka Nomlando

Ngaphambi koMvimbo weLemon, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayisiqalile kakade ukulwa nezimpikiswano zesonto ezisecaleni ezinjengethi Everson v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947) kanye ne[FLT]Engel v. Vitale [1962]. Lezi zinqumo zasungula ukuthi uhulumeni ungakwazi ukudlulisa imithetho esiza inkolo eyodwa, isiza zonke izinkolo, noma uthanda inkolo engekho enkolweni engokwenkolo. Nokho, iNkantolo yayingenalo ithuluzi elingaguquki. Icala elaphakamisa iLemon Shodem Island nasePennsylvania, lapho uhulumeni babenikeza khona iholo kothisha abangekho ezikoleni eziningi, ababesiza izikole eziningi.

Ku Limon v. Kurtzman, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisa lamacala amabili futhi yashaya imithetho yesizwe ngazwi linye. IJaji eliyinhloko uWarren Burger, ebhalela iningi, yaklama uvivinyo oluthathu oluzoba indinganiso engamashumi eminyaka: (1) isenzo sikahulumeni kumelwe sibe nenjongo yezwe yezomthetho; (2) umphumela waso oyinhloko akumelwe uqhubekisele phambili noma uvimbele inkolo; futhi (3) akumelwe ikhuthaze uhulumeni oweqikelwe kakhulu yinkolo. Lemikhathathu yathathwa ezicabeni zangaphambili, ngokuphawulekayo [[FLT:]. v[FLT].[FLT] [FL:3] Com] [12] [12]]

Ukuwohloka Kweprotheni Ngalinye Okunemininingwane

Eyinkolelo - ze: Injongo Yabantu

I-prong yokuqala ibuza ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni siveza injongo yangempela yezwe yini. Izinkantolo zihlola injongo eshiwoyo esekelwe emthethweni noma esimisweni, kanye nombhalo wezomthetho kanye nomongo. Uma injongo ngokuyinhloko ingokwenkolo, isenzo sihluleka ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumisa isikhashana sokuthula ezikoleni zomphakathi kungase kudlule uma injongo yendlu yomthetho iwukukhuthaza ukucatshaza noma ukuzola, kodwa kungahluleka uma ubufakazi bubonisa injongo yayiwukukhuthaza umthandazo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yayisebenzisa ngokungenaphutha, ifuna ukuba injongo yezwe ibe [[FLT:] 0] impela futhi ingayidlulisi injongo nje ye-m. Icala lingenza ukuba kubonakale sengathi i-sham [FLD:] [F:] [F2] [FLD] ingasebenzi izinjongo ezingokwenkolo. Icala livele libhunjwayekile.[FFFFD]

Iprogreme Yesibili: Umphumela Oyinhloko

Iprong yesibili igxila ethonyeni langempela lesenzo sikahulumeni. Ngisho noma injongo ingeyezwe, isenzo akumelwe sibe nomphumela oyinhloko noma oyinhloko wokukhula noma ukuvimbela inkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, isifunda sesikole esivumela amaqembu enkolo ukuba asebenzise izakhiwo zomphakathi ngemva kwamahora singase singayephuli le mithetho uma ukungenela kwayo kungatholakala ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amaqembu omphakathi. Ngokuphambene, isikole somphakathi esinomcimbi wokuthweswa iziqu esontweni singatholakala sinomphumela oyinhloko wokusekela inkolo. Izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo, kuhlanganise nokwakheka okungokwenkolo kwezimpawu noma imisebenzi, umongo, kanye nezingqapheli ezinengqondo.

I - Prong 3: Ukuyenga Ngokweqile

I-prong yesithathu yenqabela ukuthandeka okukhulu phakathi kukahulumeni nenkolo. Lento ibaluleke kakhulu lapho uhulumeni enikela imali ezinhlanganweni zenkolo. Ngisho noma amaprong amabili okuqala esutha, uhulumeni akakwazi ukubona noma unikeze usizo ngendlela ezithandela ngayo izinhlangano zenkolo. Lemon ngokwayo [, iNkantolo ithole ukuthi i-Shovelm-Harris [FFF:] izinhlelo zezwelonel zidinga ukuqashelwa kwezwe kwabafundisi ngokuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abafaka okuqukethwe yizifundo zabo ezingokwenkolo, ukwenza izinto ezingathandeki. Nokho, izimo ezilandelayo ezifana ne-FLT:2] .[FLT] .

Isisebenziso emacaleni eSonto elikhulu

I - Lemon Susition iye yasetshenziswa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene eziyiqiniso, kusukela emthandazweni wesikole kuya emifanekisweni engokwenkolo ezweni lomphakathi.

Umthandazo Wesikole Nemisebenzi Engokwenkolo Ezikoleni Zomphakathi

v. Icala le-Welisman (1992), iNkantolo yenza umkhuba wesikole somphakathi wokumema abefundisi ukuba banikele izikhundla ezikhungweni zokuphothula. Nakuba icala lingancikanga ngokuqondile kuyiLemon Test, ukucabanga kwasho izimiso zayo: umthandazo owenzelwa unenjongo engokwenkolo nomphumela, futhi waphoqelela abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele. Ngokufanayo, Santison seSifunda iSifunda seSifundazwe soFinde. Do [[FLT:] [2] [2] [2], iNkakhulu leNkanto yashaya umthandazo okhandwe phambi kokukhuthaza imidlalo yebhola yebhola phambi kokukhuthaza uhulumeni. Lezi zinqumo zesinqumo zenkolo ezihlala zise zikhona, nakuba zikhona izimo zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze zeze.

Uhulumeni Usekela Izikole Ezingokwenkolo

Ukuhlolwa kweLemon kuye kwaba nendima enkulu ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nosizo lomphakathi lwemfundo engokwenkolo. Agostini v. Felton (1997), iNkantolo yaguqula i-prong ethandekayo, inquma ukuthi abafundisi besikole basobala banganikeza imfundo yokulungisa izikole zezenkolo, uma nje kungekho lutho olungokwenkolo olufundiswayo nolwengamele. Isinqumo sawaphula umthetho wangaphambili [[FLT:]] Aulton v. [[FLT:] [5] [5], iveza ukuvumelana nokuvumelana nesikhathi.[5], ezimweni zamuva, iNkakhulu iNkantolo ishuwale ishuku ishuzise isimiso sokulingana, esiphethe izigaba zenkolo ezizingenisezingenisezisekelele ezinhlanganweni ezingokwenhlanganweni ezingokwenkolo. [5] [5] [5] [ngesibili, njengoba kuboniswe kuhulumeni ombazwe], njengoba kungu hlelo oluphansi, uhulumeni: [F], u-F.[19] [F]

Izibonakaliso Ezingokwenkolo Empahleni Yomphakathi

Izindaba ezihilela ukuboniswa kwezimpawu zenkolo, njengeMiyalo Eyishumi noma i-crèche, ziye zaphendukela kakhulu ekuhlolweni kweLemon. Lynch v. Donnelly [1984], iNkantolo yasekela umboniso kaKhisimusi owawuhlanganisa i-crèche, imicabango yokuthi lombukiso wawunenjongo yezwe (ukususa iholide) nokuthi i-crèche yayiyingxenye yesiboniso sezwe. Ngokuphambene, [FLT.] ku-ACU[FLT] u-FLT] [9] [9], ihlabe i-crècecte ebekwe esitebhilini esikhulu senkantolo, futhi ingena miphumela engokokwakhelini. [[FLT] Lembula iveza ukuphakama kwezentebe yobuKristu.

Ukugxekwa Nezinselele Ekuvivinyweni Kwesimo

Naphezu kobude bokuphila kwayo, iLemon Test iye yagxekwa kakhulu amajaji, izazi, nama-ligion. Isikhalo esivamile siwukuthi amaprong amathathu awacacile kakhulu futhi avumela amajaji ukuba abeke izintando zawo siqu. UMahluleli u - Antonin Scalia wachaza ngokudume kakhulu ukuhlola ngokuthi "umphetho webhayisikobho esabekayo yamuva kakhulu, ehlala njalo emathuneni ayo futhi egcwele kwamanye amazwe," kuyilapho uMahluleli Clarence Thomas eye wacela ukulahlwa kwayo okuphelele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uvivinyo lumelene nenkolo ngoba ngezinye izikhathi luye luyekelela imikhuba evumelana nenkulumo engokwenkolo, njengemithandazo yokushaya umthetho noma ukufakwa kwezikhombo zenkolo emikhosini yasobala.

Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi icebo elithandekayo liye lasetshenziswa ngokuguquguquka. Kwezinye izimo, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi isengozini ngisho nalapho uhulumeni ethatha isinyathelo ngokungathathi hlangothi, kuyilapho kwezinye yavumela ukusebenzelana okukhulu. Ukuhlolwa futhi akukwazi ukuveza umehluko phakathi kokusekela okuqondile kukahulumeni nenkulumo engokwenkolo yangasese, umehluko oye waba obaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni kweNkantolo inkululeko nokuzinqumela kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kwamuva nje.

Ezinye Izindawo Zokunyathelisa: Ukuhlolwa Kwekhokhayo Nesimiso Sokungathathi - hlangothi

Ekuphenduleni ekushiyekeni okucatshangelwayo, abanye abahluleli baye basekela ezinye izindlela. ukuhlolwa kwezesikole . [[FLT] ihlangene noMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy], ifuna ukuba uhulumeni angaphoqeleli muntu ukuba ahlanganyele ekuzilolongeni okungokwenkolo noma asekele ukholo oluthile. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwasetshenziswa ezindabeni zomthandazo esikoleni njengaye [[FLT:]] Leev. Wean[FLT futhi ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu ku [[FLT]] Kreton. v. Bremeton School [FLT:] [5] [202]), lapho iNkadebelo lwesikole esiphakeme sokufundela ibhola lezinyawo ngemva kwemidlalo evikelekile futhi engaphulanga isinqumo somthetho. Esona isinqumo sobuJuni, u-Groick Gor Gor Gorth shown, ume osekelwe ngokuvumelana nomthetho ongoko. "uhluliwe]

Enye indlela yisimiso sokungathathi hlangothi [ , esigcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe angathathi hlangothi phakathi kwezinkolo naphakathi kwenkolo nenkolo. Lendlela isekela ukunquma kweNkantolo Mcreary County v. ACLU[FLT][200] [2005] [u-200], lapho wasebenzisa khona uphendlo lwenjongo oluqondiswe ukushaya iMiyalo Eyishumi ezinkantolo, kodwa futhi wazisa umphumela [ku-[FLT:] Orgen.[FLT] V[FLD] [2005], lapho iveza khona i-meosestero e-Celgssssss, isekelwe khona ngenxa yezimiso zezwe nomthetho wezwe. I-Lemon ivame ukubonakala njengomthetho oqinile.

Ukubuya Kwesikhathi Esizayo Nekusasa Lovivinyo Lwe - lemon

ILemon Uvavanyo luhlala luyingxenye yezwe lomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa igunya lalo liye lancipha kakhulu. American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2017), iNkantolo Ephakeme yabheka isikhumbuzo sempi enkulu efana nesiphambano esabalele ezweni lomphakathi amashumi eminyaka. INkantolo yenqaba ukusebenzisa iLemon Vientos ngendlela eqinile, esikhundleni sokugcizelela ukubaluleka komlando nemvelo elula. IJaji Samuel Alito, isikisela ukuthi uma kuthathwa izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo ezinde, izinkantolo kufanele zibheke imome futhi zibone izimpawu ezinengqondo kunokuba zisebenzise i-prongss. Kuvumelana, uJaji ka-Brevauagh waphikisa ukuthi i-Lemon.

Ngemva I-Lennedy v. Bremeton ngo-2022, iNkantolo yacacisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya u-Claus kufanele kuqondiswe ngemikhuba nezimiso ezingokomlando, hhayi i-Lemon Suption. Izinkantolo eziningi eziphansi ziye zayeka ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa ngendlela yakudala, nakuba ezinye ziqhubeka ziwusho noma imiphumela yayo efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlolwa kweLemon kukhona manje njengesisekelo somlando kunemfundiso ebophayo, kodwa ikhathalela kwayo eyinhloko ngenjongo, umphumela, futhi isatshela ukucuphaza izigwebo zokwahlulela ezimweni eziningi.

Ukufunwa Kwabafundisi Nochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Ukuqonda iLemon Uvavanyo kusebalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ezindabeni zesonto, ngisho nanjengoba ukusebenza kwalo kushintshashintsha. Izikole, ohulumeni bendawo, nezinhlangano zenkolo kusamelwe zisebenzise iziphazamiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nezimiso ezisekela iLemon Viest ziyaqhubeka zivela emibonweni ephikisayo, ezimisweni yesikole, nasekuhleleni imithetho. Abafundisi abaxhasa amaqembu abafundi, bavumela ukukhulumela okungokwenkolo, noma bahlanganise izingxoxo zekilasi ngokholo kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi inkulumo kahulumeni nenkulumo yangasese kubhekwa ngendlela ehlukile, nokuthi ukumiswa kuka-Clauslaus kuvimbela ukukhetha.

Kuchwepheshe bezezomthetho, ulwazi olusebenzayo lweLemon Test lunikeza isisekelo sokuqonda indlela iNkantolo esingatha ngayo lezimpikiswano iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Kusiza futhi ukubikezela ukuthi izinkantolo zingabusa kanjani ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezintsha ngokubuza ukuthi umkhuba othile unenjongo yezwe, ukuthi umphumela wawo oyinhloko uqhubekisela phambili yini enkolweni, nokuthi ubangela ukuthandeka ngokweqile. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kungasekho okuqinile, izigaba zayo zesayensi isanikeza ilens ewusizo ekuhloleni ukugcinwa komthetho ngokomthetho wezenzo zikahulumeni.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Wesakhelo Ngokushintsha

ILemon Sucres iye yadunyiswa ngokulungiselela isakhiwo futhi yagxekwa ngokuthatha imishini kakhulu. Ukuwa kwayo enhlabeni yokukhuluma yeNkantolo Ephakeme akusho ukuthi u-Claus ubekwe imibuzo ayiphendulwayo ayikapheli. Kunalokho, iNkantolo iye yashukunyiselwa endleleni engokomlando nelulazakhela ukucindezelwa, kodwa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokungathathi hlangothi okungokwenkolo, unembeza, futhi ukugwema inkolo ebhajwe uhulumeni kuhlala kuyinto ephambili. Indaba yeLemon Test iveza inselele eqhubekayo yokulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo nemithetho emelene nohulumeni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngokusungulwa kwe-Claus, bheka Cornell Legal Information ye-Prefecteant Claus. Ukuhlolwa okucacisweyo kwamacala athile kungatholakala ku [[[FLT:]] umbono weNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [[3] KENT] v. [[FLT], , futhi ukuhlolwa okuningi okungokomlando kutholakala kumbiko weSikhungo sokucwaninga sesonto [[FLT] [i-julve] [FLT] [FF] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FFLT]] [5] [irdentine] [ircence [ist]