Ukubaluleka Komhlangano Wamahhala Nabangane Emphakathini Okhululekile

Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula futhi akhe izinsika eziyisisekelo zanoma isiphi isimiso sentando yeningi. Zinika abantu amandla okusebenza njengeqembu, ukukhulisa amazwi abo, nokugcina amandla okulandisa. Ngaphandle kwalenkululeko, ukungavumelani kuyahlukaniswa, ukuqashwa kwesizwe kuthathelwa indawo ukunganaki. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwenhlangano nenhlangano ekhululekile, sihlola izimpande zabo ezingokomlando ezibavikelayo, sihlaziya izinselele zamanje, futhi sinikeza amasu okuqinisa lenkululeko edingekayo.

Isisekelo Somlando Somhlangano Nesokuzihlanganisa

Umqondo wokuthi abantu bangahlangana ukuze baxoxe ngezinto ezivamile futhi bahlelele ukushintsha idemokrasi yanamuhla. Kusukela ezindaweni zasendulo zamaGreki kuya ezinhlanganweni zenkathi ephakathi, ukubambisana bekulokhu kuwumshayeli wentuthuko yezenhlalo. Nokho, ukuqaphela lamalungelo ngokusemthethweni kwavela phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa kwezwe kanye nezinguquko ezalandela.

Izinhlangano Zokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nokusungulwa Kwamalungelo Esimanje

INguquko yaseMelika yayiwumzuzu ochazayo: amakhomanisi akha amakomiti ezincwadi, aqhuba imihlangano yasedolobheni, futhi ahlela ukumelana nezimiso zenkululeko zaseBrithani. ISimemezelo sokuzimela, nakuba singawadwebi ngokucacile amalungelo emihlangano, sabeka isisekelo. Ngokufanayo, iSimemezelo seNguquko Yamalungelo Abantu neseSizwe saseFrance (1789) sathi “ukukhulumisana kwemicabango nemibono kungelinye lamalungelo ayigugu kakhulu omuntu.”

Kulo lonke ikhulu le-1994, izinhlangano zezisebenzi zaba yindawo yokuhlola enamandla. Izisebenzi zabuthana ukuze zifune iholo elifanele, amahora amafushane, nezimo ezilondekile. Ilungelo lokwakha izinyunyana zezokuhweba laphikiswa kakhulu, ngokuvamile lahlangatshezwa ngobudlova nokucindezelwa okungokomthetho. E-United States, i-Pullman Attall ka-18949 ne-Haymartet Affier yabonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nelungelo lokuhlela. Lemizabalazo yaholela ekuvikelweni ngaphansi kwe-National Laborty Relations Act ka-1935.

Ikhulu Lama - 20: Amalungelo Omphakathi Nokuqashelwa Kwembulunga Yonke

Inhlangano yamalungelo ezakhamuzi e-United States ingenye yezibonelo ezinamandla kakhulu zokuhlangana ngenkululeko. AmaMarche, ahlala-hlala, kanye nemihlangano emikhulu zazingamathuluzi abalulekile okubekela inselele. Ngo-1963 eWashington yabonisa indlela yokuthula komhlangano ekwazi ngayo ukuguqula umbono womphakathi nomthetho wethonya. Inhlangano yezizwe ngezizwe, iSivumelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR), esamukelwa ngo-19489, safaka lenkululeko eSiphakathini 20: “Wonke unelungelo lenkululeko yenkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula nenhlangano.” Isivumelwano sezizwe nge-o%ICPUR (ICPR), esaqala ukusebenza ngo-1976, izibophopho zikahulumeni ezithe xaxazulu ukuvikela lamalungelo.

Umhlangano Nenhlangano Evikela Isimiso Esingokomthetho

Izivikelo Zomthetho - sisekelo: ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Nangaphezulu

E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ngokucacile ilungelo “lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.” INkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ichaza lokhu ngokungaguquki ukuthi kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokusungula amaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu enzalo, nezinye izinxulumani zokuzithandela. Izembe eziyinhloko zihlanganisa NAACP v. Alabama[FLD:1] [1958], okuvikela ukuba ulwethulo lwezinhlu zamalungu, kanye Brandenburg v. [[FLT:]]] [[FL:]] [1969]), ezabeka imikhawulo ephakeme yenkulumo evimbela leyosenzo sokungabi namthetho.

Ezinye idemokrasi zinesivikelo esifanayo. EJalimane, iSiphakamiso 8 soMthetho oMkhulu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula nangokungahlomi, nakuba kungase kudingeke isaziso sangaphambili emibuthanweni yangaphandle. I - European Convention on Human Rights, iSiphakamiso 11, ivikela kokubili inkululeko yokuhlangana nokuhlangana, kanye neNkantolo Yamalungelo Abantu yaseYurophu ikhipha izahlulelo eziningi ezilinganisela lamalungelo ngokumelene nokuhleleka komphakathi.

Izikhali Zamalungelo Abantu Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngalé kwe-UDHR, i-ICCPR ifuna izimemezelo zezifunda ukuba zihloniphe futhi ziqinisekise lamalungelo, zivumele imingcele kuphela lapho kudingeka ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhleleka komphakathi, impilo yomphakathi, noma ukuziphatha. IKomiti yamaHulumeni yamalungelo abantu ikhiphe uGeneral Peader No. 37 elungeni lomhlangano onokuthula, icacisa ukuthi imihlangano kufanele ibhekwe njengengokomthetho futhi ingabi yi-athonsi, futhi ingavimbeli. Ngokufanayo, iNhlangano yezizwe zezizwe zonke ze-Labour Organization (ILO) ivikela ilungelo lokukha nokujoyina izinyuko zezokuhwebela, isici esiyinhloko senkululeko yokuhlangana kwezokuhwebelana.

Ukulinganiselwa Nemingcele Efanele

Nakuba lamalungelo eyisisekelo, awawona ayisisekelo. Izwe lingase libeke imingcele emiswe umthetho futhi edingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka noma ubugebengu, ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi, nokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, imingcele kumelwe ilinganiswe, ingaba yizenakele, futhi ihlolwe ngokwezokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvinjelwa ngokuvala yonke imibuthano yomphakathi phakathi nobhadane kungathethelelwa ngezizathu zempilo, kodwa ukunqabela amaqembu athile ezombangazwe kungaphula izimiso zesilinganiso.

Indima Yomhlangano Nenhlangano Ekuphileni Okubusa Intando Yeningi

Ukunikeza Izakhamuzi Izwi

Imihlangano ekhululekile inikeza indlela ehleliwe yokuba abantu baveze ukukhathazeka okungase kungazwiwa. Izikhalo, imibuthano, nemihlangano yomphakathi ivumela abantu ukuba babonise ukuqina kwezinkolelo zabo. Izinhlangano − noma yimaphi amawashi aseduzane, amaqembu okuhlobana, noma imiphakathi yobuchwepheshe − ukuthakazelela ukuhlangana nokunikeza ulwazi olunganikeza inqubo. Ngaphandle kwalemikhondo, izikhalo zingakhula futhi ziholele ezimweni eziphazamisayo zokungavumelani.

Isenzo Sokuhlanganisa Ushintsho

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ushintsho oluhlala njalo lwezenhlalo aluvamile ukuvela kubantu abahlukene. Inhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane, i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo okulwa, ukuthatha imingcele yendawo ezungezile, kanye nemikhankaso yamalungelo abantu konke kwathembela ekuqoqweni kwabantu abaningi. Ukusuka eSeneca Falls Convention (1848) ukuya ekuhlaseleni kwesimo sezulu sembulunga yonke (209), ingqungquthela kanye nokuhlangana kuye kwaba yizinjini zentuthuko. Ngokwesibonelo, izibheluyalu zamazwe angaphambili zikaStonellall zango zika-1969 ezazenza zakha inhlangano yamalungelo ongqingili anamuhla. Eminyakeni elandelayo, njenge-Senecan Familylylykly Applicance ne GLAAD ezasungulwa ukunyathelisa ukulingana okungokomthetho.

Ukuqinisa Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kokuphikisa, ukuhlangana kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganeni kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe, izinhlangano zotshani, namaqembu akhuthazayo asiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele okhethweni, ekumiseni umthetho, futhi zengamele ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Eziningi zemibuso yentando yeningi, izihlomelo zezakhamuzi zithembele ekuhlanganiseni izigqebhezana zokusayina nokuvota. Inkululeko yomhlangano ivikela futhi imibhikishosho yemibhishobhi nemihlangano yezombangazwe, okubalulekile ekuhlolweni ngentando yentando yeningi.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuhlangana Nobudlelwane Obukhululekile

Ukufinyelela Kakhulu Nokwanda Kukahulumeni

Eminyakeni yamuva, ohulumeni abaningi baye bamisa izinyathelo ezithiya kakhulu emihlanganweni emincane nakumaqembu. Kwezinye izifundazwe, iziphathimandla zidinga ukuqashelwa kusengaphambili, ukuphikwa kwemvume, noma ukukhokha izindleko ezinkulu zomshuwalense. Ukuncishiswa kwabahleli ababhikishi nokungena kwamaqembu abashisekeli kupholisa ukusetshenziswa kwalamalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlola kwezemishini ukuze kuqashe abahilelekile eBlack Live Confect ukuphikisa okungathi sína nokungakhululeki. [FLT: 0] ACLU[FLT] kuye kwafaka izenzakalo eziningi lapho izinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho ziwephula khona imingcele.

Ubudlova Nokuthuswa Abavikeli Abangesiwo Amazwe

Ngisho noma uhulumeni ungabunyazi ubudlelwane, abadlali bomshoshaphansi bangase basongele ubudlova. Abaphikisi bezombangazwe, amaqembu ahleliwe enzondo, noma ngisho nabavukeli bangaphazamisa imibuthano enokuthula. Emazweni amaningi, abashisekeli babhekana nokuhlukunyezwa, ukusongelwa kokufa, noma ukuhlaselwa ngokomzimba. Ukubulawa kuka - Adama Traoré umfowabo ka - France nokubulawa kwabaholi ababhikishoyo ezindaweni ezinjengeNdiya neMyanmar kubonisa izingozi. Amazwe anesibopho esiqinile sokuvikela abahlanganyeli kulolu budlova, kodwa ngokuvamile ayantuleka.

Izikhala Ezingokomthetho Nezincazelo Zokwahlulela Ezinobutha

Amanye amagunya aye amisa imithetho yokuthi ngokuzisholo isivikelo somhlangano kodwa ihlanganisa nokungacaci. Ukukhula kwemithetho ye- “boffer counter” emalunga nemithola-mpilo ekhipha izisu noma imithetho evimbelayo“ emelene” e-Australia nase-United Kingdom inganciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlangana okunokuthula. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zizimisele kakhulu ukuvikela uhulumeni noma ukuhleleka komphakathi, njengoba kuboniswa kuyi European Court of Human Rights ecaleni Belyaev v. Russia noma iNkanto yeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US [FLT:] [FLT:] [[FT:]]

Umhlangano Wezinombolo Nenhlangano Ye - Internet

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwadala izindawo ezintsha zokuhlangana nokuhlangana, kodwa futhi nezinsongo ezintsha. Imithetho-mthetho ingakhulisa ukuhlukana, futhi amapulatifomu angasusa amaqembu ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Ihlazo le-Cambridge Analytica lembula indlela imininingwane engase isetshenziswe ngayo ekulawuleni imibuthano. Izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso kusaphazamisana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zesiko zemihlangano eqongweni ephezulu. [[FLT: 0]] I-ECLEctronic Foundation Foundation ibiyizwi eliphambili ekukhuthazeni amalungelo amanani ahambisana nesivikelo semihlangano engokoqobo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Umhlangano Nenhlangano Kuyasebenza

Ukuhamba Kwabesifazane Nokuqina Kwembulunga Yonke

Ngo-January 2017, uMashi waba omunye wemibhikisho emikhulu kakhulu emlandweni we-US, enabathathi hlangothi abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezine kulo lonke izwe futhi abayizigidi ezingu-5 embulungeni yonke. Kwabonisa indlela umhlangano ongahlela ngayo ngokushesha emgomweni ofanayo − ukulingana nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe. Lo dwendwe lwaqokomisa indima yokuhlangana: amakomiti endawo okuhlela, amaqembu abesifazane angazuzisi, kanye nemibutho yomhlaba wonke yafaka isandla ekubuthweni. Amasesha aminyaka yonke aye agcina umza uphila, okwaholela ekwandiseni ukuvota kanye nokukhokha umthetho.

Inhlangano Ephilayo Emnyama Inendaba

Ixoshiwe ukulahlwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman ngo-2013 futhi yaphinde yavutha ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-2020, Black Lives Confect (BLM) yasuka ku-hashtag yaphenduka yaba ulwelwelwe oluhle lwezahluko zendawo nezinhlangano. I-BLM yasebenzisa kokubili ukubhikisha okungokomzimba namathuluzi amanani ukuze ifune inguquko yamaphoyisa, ukwahlulela kohlanga, nokuncishiswa kwamaphoyisa. Inhlangano yabhekana nohulumeni obalulekile ophoqekelele ukunqanda ukubhisa, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwezithunywa zikahulumeni ukuze zivimbele imingcele ePortland, e-Oregon. Naphezu kwalokho, i-BLM yaphumelela ekuboneni komphakathi okushintshashintsha kwezinguquko zemithetho esemthethweni engokomthetho ezindaweni eziningana. [[FLT:] [FLD] [F: 0] [iACPFF]

Ukulwa Kwesimo Sezulu Nokugadla Kwesikole

Kusukela kumfundi ongayedwa, uGreta Thunberg, owayehlala ngaphandle kwephalamende laseSweden ngo-2018, ukuhlasela kwembulunga yonke kwesimo sezulu kwakhula kwaba umzabalazo omkhulu. NgoSeptember 2019, abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidi ezine bahlanganyela ekuhlaseleni emhlabeni wonke. Inhlangano yasebenzisa ilungelo lokuhlela ngokuthula ukuze icindezele ohulumeni ukuba basebenzise izimiso zesimo sezulu esiphambili. Izinhlangano ezinjengezingu-350.org kanye nezingosi zesikhathi esizayo zanikeza ukusekela kwenhlangano. Inhlangano yamazwe ahlukene nayo yabhekana nezinselele: abanye ohulumeni benqaba ukuvuma isikole, bethi abafundi kufanele bachithe isikole, kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa amaphoyisa ukuba babhikishe. Nokho ukuphikelela kwamalungelo emihlangano kwenza ukuba inhlangano ikwazi ukukhuthazela nokukhuthaza izimvume zezwe lonke.

Ukuthuthukisa Nokuvikela Umhlangano Nabangane Abakhululekile

Ukulwela Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqinisa lamalungelo kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho esiqinile. Amaqembu afuna imithetho efuna iziphathimandla ukuba zikwazi ukwenza, hhayi ukuba kube nesiyaluyalu. Ukutuswa kuhlanganisa ukuqeda izindleko zemvume, ukufinyeza izikhathi zokuqaphela, nokuvimbela ukuqapha imisebenzi engokomthetho yezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikelwa kwempepho kwezintatheli eziphikisayo kungavikela ukulandisa. Inhlangano enikeza izilungiselelo ezingokomthetho zokuhlela imithetho yezwe lonke ukufuna ukuhlanganisa imithetho yezizwe ngezindinganiso.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokufunda Okusemthethweni

Izakhamuzi eziningi aziqapheli ukuthi amalungelo azo aphelele kangakanani. Ama-profective, imitapo, nezikhungo zomphakathi zinganikeza amashabhu okuhlanganisa ngokomthetho, indlela yokusebenzelana nomthetho olandelwayo, nokuthi yini okufanele iyenze uma amalungelo ephulwa. Ama-Website afana ne-National Lawyers Guild’s “Promental Scencer yasemthethweni” anikeza iziyalezo ezisebenzayo. Kuwo wonke amanani omthetho, ukufundela ukufunda amanani kungasiza abashisekeli ukulungiselela ukucindezelwa kwezwe. Abafundisi kufanele bahlanganise izifundo zemihlangano nezinhlangano zezezeze ngokomthetho ukuze bathuthukise impucuko yesizwe ekhuthele.

Ukusekela Imizabalazo Ye - Grassmpande

Abanikeli ngabanye, izisekelo, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke bangafeza indima ebucayi ngokuxhasa izinhlangano zendawo nangokunikeza usizo olungokomthetho. Ukuthungatha abantu ukuze bafake izimali zokubhikisha, ukuqeqesha ukukhulumisana okungenabudlova, nokunikeza amagiya okuvikela kuyizindlela eziqinile zokusekela abashisekeli. Ubumbano lwezizwe zonke, njengemibiko yeZizwe Ezihlangene Ezikhethekile Rapporteur ngesimo sabavikeli bamalungelo abantu, kungakhulisa amazwi nokucindezela kohulumeni bendawo abaxhaphazayo. [[FLT: 0] Imikhankanti ye-Amnety International [ yemikhankanti yokukhululwa kweziboshwa ezihlangene zonembeza emhlabeni wonke.

Ukwakha Izindawo Ezibophayo

Amalungelo omhlangano namaqembu asongelwa kanye kanye emazweni amaningi. Ukusabela okuhlangene embulungeni yonke kungaqinisa inhlangano ngayinye. Imishini enjenge-International Commission of Jurist (ICJ) neNhlangano Yezwe Yezomthetho ivumela ulwazi olulula nokusebenzisana. Amathuluzi amanani avumela abashisekeli ukuba bavumelane ngokuhambelana kwezizwe zonke, njengokumasha kwezezulu okuhlangene kwembulunga yonke okuhlanganisa abahleli bezindawo ezihlukene zezikhathi. Imifelandawo efana ne-Human Rights Council ukuba basekele izindikimba zenkululeko enjenge-Human Rights Council ukuba ithole izinqulumo ezivikela lenkululeko.

Isiphetho

Inhlangano ekhululekile nenhlangano iwumkhakha wenhlangano eqinile, ehlukanisayo. Bavumela abantu abangaphansi ukuba bakhulume, bazimisele ukuhlela, futhi bahlele iqembu ukuba balwele ukungabi nabulungisa. Nakuba kukhona isivikelo esingokomthetho, badinga ukuqapha njalo − ngokuphaphanyiswa kukahulumeni, ubudlova, nokunganaki kwamasiko. Ngokuqonda izimpi ezingokomlando eziqinisekisiwe nalezo zinsongo zamanje ezibhekene nazo, izakhamuzi zingawavikela kangcono. Ikusasa lentando yeningi lixhomeke ekutheni sivikela yini izikhala (zemvelo nenombolo) futhi lapho abantu behlangana khona, futhi becabanga ukuthi lamalungelo amasha akhona. Ukuwavikela akuwona umsebenzi wesikhathi esisodwa kodwa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwesimiso esikhona esiqinile.