I-Swachh Bharat Mission (Entsha) eyasungulwa ngo-2 Okthoba 2014 nguNdunankulu uNarendra Modi, ingenye yezindawo ezinkulu zokukhucululwa kwendle emlandweni wesintu. Ngaphezu kwesimiso sikahulumeni, imelela ushintsho olunzulu endleleni izakhamuzi zaseNdiya ezihileleke ngayo enhlanzekweni yomphakathi, umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu, kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Eshumini leminyaka kusukela ekuqaleni kwazo, umsebenzi uye waguqula ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zasemaphandleni ngaphesheya kwedolobha nasemaphandleni eNdiya – kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezindlu zangasese eziyizigidi eziyikhulu kuya ekuncipheni okusobala. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhloso, izinselele, izinselele, izinselele, nokuhlala njalo komsebenzi wezenhlalo yezwe lase-India, ukudweba kwezeze-data, nokuqhathaniswa kwezembulunga yonke.

Imvelaphi Nemigomo Ekhangayo Yomsebenzi We - Swachh Bharat

I-Swachh Bharat Mission yazalwa ngenxa yenkinga ecindezelayo yesizwe. Ngokwenani lenani lango-2011, cishe ingxenye yabantu baseNdiya abayizigidi ezingaphezu kwezingu 600 – babengenakho ukufinyelela ezikhungweni eziyisisekelo zokukhucululwa kwendle. Ukuvuleka komoya kwakugcwele, kwanezela emazingeni aphakeme esifo sohudo, ukungondleki kahle, nokufa kwabantwana. Umsebenzi owasungulwa ukufinyelela ukugujwa kwesimiso sokukhucuthwa kwendleka yonke indawo ngo-2 October 2019 – unyaka we - 150 wokuzalwa kweMahatma Gandhin – isikhathi esimisiwe esabonakala sihambisana nobunzima benkinga.

Yiba Nemigomo

  • hlela uphazamiso oluvulekile ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke indlu iyakwazi ukungena endlini yangasese.
  • Ifundisa izigidi zezindlu zangasese ngazinye (IHL)[[FL:1] nezindawo zomphakathi zokuhlanzeka emaphandleni nasemadolobheni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulawula udoti oqinile nowuketshezi [ emphakathini, kuhlanganise nokuhlukanisa, ukuqoqwa, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe, nokulahlwa okuphephile.
  • Ushintsho lokuziphatha oluqhubekayo[ ngemikhankaso yokuqaphelisa abantu abaningi, amahlelo ezikole, kanye nezindlela zokukhuculula indle ezihlangene (CLTS).
  • umthamo wokwakha esifundazweni, esifundeni, nasedolobhaneni ukuze kulondolozwe izakhiwo zenhlanzeko.

Lo msebenzi wahlelwa emifudlaneni emibili: Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, eholwa iNkonzo ye-Daisy Water ne-Sanitation, kanye Swach Bharat Mission [Urban] [FLT], ephethwe yiNkonzo ye-House ne-Urban Affin. Umfula ngamunye wawunezisulu ezihlukene, imishini yokuxhasa izimali, kanye namapulani, kodwa womabili ayehlanganyela umbono owenziwe ngokuyidlayo we-India ehlanzekile.

Umphumela Wesiyalo Sobungcwele Nokuziphatha Kwesibili

Ukuvalwa Kwezinto Nokuncishiswa Kwezikhali

Impumelelo ephawulekayo ye-Swachh Bharat Mission iwukwanda okuphawulekayo kokuhlanganisa indlu yangasese. Ekuqaleni kuka-2024, uhulumeni wabika ukuthi kwakhiwe izindlu zangasese ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kuphela, futhi izindawo zasemadolobheni zanezela izigidi eziningana. Ngokwe-National Moralralsarial Sanitation Survey (NARS) 20222, 96.5% zasemaphandleni zakwazi ukungena endlini yangasese, kanti ezingu-49% zazizisebenzisa njalo. Lokhu kuyintuthuko ephawulekayo evela ekuhlolweni kwe-40% ngo-2014. I- Independent, kuhlanganise nalezo zifundo ze - World Bank neUNICE, ziye zaqinisekisa ukuncipha okukhulu ekuvulweni kwezindawo ezikude ezingaphansi kwe-55% zasemaphandleni ngo-20222 kuya ku-20222.

Imiphumela Yempilo Nokuncishiswa Kwezifo

Isimiso sokukhuculula indle sibonise ngokuqondile ukuthi i-Sawich Bharat Mission ingcono. Ukucwaninga okukhishwe [ku- i-Lancet kanye ne-[FLT] u-Journal yeNhlalo yezempilo yembulunga yonke[ kulinganisela ukuthi i-Swachh Bharat Mission ivile ukubulala izingane ezifayo ezilinganiselwa ku-300,000 phakathi kuka-200,000 phakathi no-202020, kanye nokuncipha okukhulu kwezinye izifo ezibangelwa yi-athonsi. Ukuhlola kwe-atton no-Indiya Council Research of Medica bracture kwathola ukuthi zonke izigwebo ezisetshenziswa ekhungweni zezempilo, ukuchuma, ukuncipha nokufa. Izisebenzi zomphakathi zibika ka-typhomalthmose, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezinculweni ezimpofu.

Ukuqaphela Ubuhlobo Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wobunye

Ngaphandle kwesisekelo sezemisebenzi, lo msebenzi uye wasungula i-ethos entsha yomphakathi. I-iconic “Swachh Bharat” logo – i-octus ye-Mahatma Gandhi – iye yaba uphawu olugcwele lwenhlanzeko yomphakathi. Izakhamuzi manje zivame ukuhlela imishini yokuhlanzeka, zithathe izindawo zomphakathi, futhi zibike indle ngemishini ehambayo. Izikole ziye zahlanganisa imfundo yezenhlanzeko nemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yamuva yesikole, ziguqula abantwana baba yizinguquko emikhayeni yazo. I-Swachh Survekshan, ukuhlola konyaka kwezenhlanganisela emadolobha, ifaka ukuhlalisa izingxoxo zomphakathi, kanye namadolobha ancintisanayo ngenxa yokulahlwa kwemfucumfucumfucu. Lo mkhuba wokuziphatha ushintsha ifandlalo oluhlala njalo.

Ukuphatha Amanzi Angcolile Nokushintsha Kwamadolobha

Izimiso Eziqinile Zokuphatha Imfucumfucu

I-Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) yagunyaza ukuba zonke izinhlangano zikamasipala zisebenzise iqoqo lezindawo ezisandleka ezingu-100% ukuya kudoti wasendlini, imfucumfucu encishisiwe ezingceni ezomile, futhi zimise izakhiwo zokulungisa. Ngo-2023, izakhiwo ezingaphezu kuka-90% zedolobha laseNdiya zase zifinyelele ukuqoqwa komnyango ukuya kumnyango, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-30% ngo-2014. Izindawo zokuthuthukisa imfucucucu yempahla (MRFs) kanye nezitshalo ezinciphiswayo zivele emadolobheni anjenge-Indore, Surat, ne Mysuru, manje ezisezingeniswe imfucucucucu kakhulu e-ova e-octive, ngokwesibonelo, ziye zathola i-100% nemfucuculsu, zingenisa izihloko ze-ose-opera yedolobha laseNdiya eminyakeni eyisithupha elandelanayo.

Izinselele Ekongeni

Noma kunjalo, ukuphatha udoti kusalokhu kungumsebenzi ongakapheli. I-Central Poltion Control Board (CPCB) ilinganisela ukuthi eNdiya ikhiqiza ama-tone ayizigidi ezingu-62 emfucumfucu eqinile ngonyaka, okuthi kuwo kuqoqwe cishe amaphesenti angu-75 kuphela futhi kungaphansi kwa-30% elashwe ngokwesayensi. Okusele kuphelela ekuvuleni kwenhlabathi, ngokuvamile okungahlelwanga kahle futhi okungalawulwa kahle. Izindawo ezilandelayo, i-Swachh Mission 2.0 (ethathwe ngo-2021), iye yagxila ekufinyeleleni “ukugcinwa kwezinto ezingokwesayensi” zemfucucwe, ukuthuthukisa ukuvuselelwa kwemfucucumfucumfucu, nokusungula izitshalo ezixubeneyo zepulasitiki. Izindawo ezifana ne-Bengallu zisebenza kahle i-ocreastroptionsss, futhi ziveza imiphumela ethembisayo.

Ukungcola Kwasemaphandleni Nendima Yomphakathi

Ukungcola Okuphelele Komphakathi

Iphiko lasemaphandleni lomsebenzi lamukela i- Community-Lected Mothersation (CLT) ukusondela, kwaphandwa uDkt Kamal Kar. Esikhundleni sokwakha nje izindlu zangasese, i-CLT isebenzisa isimo sokuvuselelwa kweqembu nokuthola “ukuqeqeshelwa" njengokubala izibalo ezivulekile zezindawo zokubulala nokubala imicimbi yemithwalo - ukunengwa nokuhlazeka kwemiphakathi ekushintsheni ukuziphatha. Amamizana athola isimo sokuvula i-defecation-rective (ODF) athola ukuva okuvela kuhulumeni, futhi amaningi azuza ukuziqhenya komphakathi. Njengama 2024, ngaphezu kwemizana e-60 000 aye amenyezelwa ngezifunda eziningi njenge-SDkik, ne-Smachsch, ne-ODFradey) (ieved fad) kanye nokuphatha okuqinile kwe---odmistrition.

Ukulondolozwa Kwezinto Ezifudukayo

Inselele engapheli emaphandleni ukugcinwa kwezindlu zangasese kanye nokunamanzi. Izindlu zangasese eziningi zokuqala ezakhiwa ngaphansi komsebenzi zibhekene nezinkinga ezinjengokungaphelele, ukuntuleka kwamanzi, noma ukuwa kokwakha. Uhulumeni waphendula ngokuhlanganisa indle neJal Jeevan Mission (izindawo zokuthutha amanzi) nokuletha “ukwandiswa” - zihlanganisa zonke izindlu ezihlala edolobhaneni kunokuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezihlukene. Amanzi omphakathi kanye namakomiti ezokukhuculula indle (VWSC) aye anikwa amandla okulawula imibhobho yendawo, imigodi, nokulungisa indlu yangasese. Ubufakazi obuvela ezifundeni ezinjenge-Maharastratra ne-Tamil Nad bubonisa ukuthi idolobha ngalinye eline-VWSC lisekela izinga elinamandla kunalawo angaphandle.

Ukuthunywa Kwe - Swachh Bharat Nokusetshenziswa Kwesigebengu

I-Santiation i-Imfect ibangele inguquko esithunzini sabesifazane nasekulondekeni. Ngaphambi kuka-2014, izigidi zabesifazane emaphandleni aseNdiya kwadingeka ukuba zizikhulule emasimini noma ngasemgwaqweni ngaphambi kokusa, noma ngemva kobusuku, ukwesaba ukuhlukunyezwa, inyoka, noma ubudlova bobulili. Ilungiselelo lezindlu zangasese zasekhaya liye lakhulula isikhathi, incishisiwe, futhi lavumela abesifazane ukuba bafunde noma basebenze. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation kwathola ukuthi abesifazane ezindaweni eziseODF babika ukuncipha kokukhathazeka okuhlobene nokukhucululwa kwendleko kanye nokwanda okungu-40% okubikwa kahle. Umsebenzi wasungula amathuba okusebenza kwabesifazane njengabafonsomi, abakhi bezindlu zangasese, nabasebenzi bemfucumfucumfucumfucu.

Imishini Yezimali Nezinqubo Zokubusa

I-Swachh Bharat Mission ibiyenye yezinhlelo zomphakathi ezithakazelelwa kakhulu emlandweni waseNdiya, nemali ekhokhwayo engaphezulu kakhulu 761.5 lakh crore (cishe i-USD 20 bhiliyoni) phakathi kuka-2014 no-2023. Imithombo exhasayo yayihlanganisa izimali eziphakathi nezindawo zohlelo lwezimali, umthwalo wemfanelo wezezenhlangano (CSR) nemali eboletwayo evela eMnyango wezwe ne-Asiya eMbalini. Uhulumeni wasungula futhi i-Swach Bharat Ceses (u-harat) (u-egrafy% ngentela yenkonzo) ukuveza izimali ezikhungelelweyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa, ukuthunywa kwezengathwa kwezentengiselwano kuxhomeke ekuhleleni indlu yendlu yendlu nge-geojini [FLD:] [FLD] [FF1] [FFF1], i-'ultlective-ssion-ssion-od yesithathu, ukuhlola kweze-'ixport

Ukuqashelwa Kwezizwe Zonke Nezifundo Zezwe

I-Swachh Bharat Mission iye yaduma emhlabeni wonke. INhlangano yezempilo yezwe lonke (WHO) yayincoma ngokuthi “impumelelo ephawulekayo empilweni yomphakathi.” IZizwe Ezihlangene zahlanganisa izindaba eziningana zempumelelo evela kulokhu kuthunywa njengezifundo ze-Sustating Development Zomgomo (SG 6 emanzini ahlanzekile nenhlanzeko). Amazwe anjenge-Bangladesh, i-Ethiopia, ne-Indonesia aye athumela izihambeli ukuba zifunde indlela ye-Indiya, ikakhulukazi ingxube yokuxhumana kwabantu abaningi, ukuphambana, nokulandisa okuphezulu kakhulu. Nokho, izazi zixwayisa ukuthi isimo somthunywa womsebenzi wobuthunywa we-SDGravertus - intelligations ezikhwasweni zikahulumeni nezokukhubazeka eziphakathi-onqandayo – zingangalingani namazwe anezimo ezizweni ezibuthakathaka kakhulu zesizwe noma amasiko ahlukile.

Izindaba Ezingashintshi

Naphezu kokuphumelela kwayo, i - Swachh Bharat Mission iyakwazi ukugxeka.

  • Ushintsho lwezentengiselwano alulingani[: Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwendlu yangasese kuye kwanda, ukuhlola okuthatha isikhathi eside kwe-Preacher Institute for Heference Economics (RICE) kusikisela ukuthi ukuvuleka kwenkululeko kuyaqhubeka emiphakathini eminingi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu ahamba ngaphansi nasemaqenjini ahamba amanzi. Izimiso zomphakathi ziyashesha ukunyakaza, futhi eminye imikhaya isakhetha izithuba ezivulekile ngenxa yokungaphatheki kahle noma umkhuba.
  • Izinga eliqinile nokuzinzisa : Imibiko iye yavela yezindlu zangasese ezisetshenziswa njengamagumbi okugcina impahla noma izikhungo zemfuyo, noma ukuwa phakathi neminyaka embalwa ngenxa yokwakha okungakhi kahle. Ukujaha ukuhlangana nezisulu ze-ODF ngezinye izikhathi kwaholela ekwakheni isakhiwo ngokuxhamazela ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuhlala isikhathi eside.
  • Ukwelashwa kwamanzi kuyanele[: Ukugxila komsebenzi ekwakhiweni kwendlu yangasese ekuqaleni kwadebeselelwa “ikhilomitha lokugcina” lokuphatha indle. Ingxenye encane kuphela ye-faecal sldge elungiswa ngokuphephile, futhi amadolobha amaningi awanazo izimiso zokukhuculula indle, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwezindikimba zamanzi. I-Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 ihlose ukuxoxa ngalokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-faecal slm nokuphathwa kwe-seage (FSM).
  • Ukwahlukana kuyaqhubeka[: Ingxenye yasedolobheni iye yazama ukuhambisana nokufuduka okusheshayo. Amabhuloho namaphandle ngokuvamile awakwazi ukufinyelela izindlu zangasese zomphakathi noma izinkonzo zokuqoqa imfucumfucu, futhi amasiteji ase-Swachh Survekhan aye agxekwa ngenxa yokuthanda amadolobha acebile angazithenga izakhiwo ezingcono.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukuthunywa Kwe - Swachh Bharat 2,0 Nangalé Kwayo

I-Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 iqala ngo-2025-26 ngo-2025-26 ngokuhlelwa kwemali ye-761.41 lakh crore. Isigaba esisha sangaphambi kokucinana:

  • 100% ukulungiswa kwemfucumfucu kwemfucumfucu eqinile, ipulasitiki, nemfucumfucu yokwakha.
  • [ Ukubuyiselwa kwakho konke ukulahla ifa eliyifa [ ngokusebenzisa i-biodiadia nokulungisa.
  • Ukusetshenziswa koketshezi oluphephile lwemfucumfucu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kuhlanganise nokuxhumana nesimiso sokukhuculula indle kanye nokwelashwa okuhloniphekile.
  • [ Imikhankaso yokuguqula i-Behavior [ ihlasela izikole, amakholiji, nezinhlangano zentsha ngamathuluzi amanani nezokuxhumana.
  • Idolobha elikhululekile linemigangatho (izilinganiso zenkwenkwezi) ne-ODF++/Water+ isiqinisekiso sokukhuthaza intuthuko eqhubekayo.

Ukuphumelela komsebenzi kuyoxhomeka ekuthutheni “ekwakheni nasekuqapheleni” ingqondo eqinile ekutholeni“ ukubusa nokulondoloza” indlela yokuziphilisa. Lokhu kudinga ukuqinisa ukubusa kwendawo, ukuba nezakhamuzi ezandisiwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa namanye amasu okuthuthukisa njengezindlu, ukunakwa kwamanzi, nomshuwalense wezempilo. U-Crucily, i-Swachh Bharat Mission akumelwe ibe uhlelo lukahulumeni kuphela kodwa umzabalazo wezenhlalo ogxile unomphela ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi zaseNdiya.

Isiphetho: Ukushintsha Kwesisekelo Kuyisibonakaliso

I-Swachh Bharat Mission ngokuyisisekelo iye yaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwesakhamuzi saseNdiya nendawo yaso ezungezile. Lokho okwaqala njengesimiso sezemisebenzi ephezulu kuye kwashintsha kwaba ukuphaphama komphakathi okubanzi. Imigwaqo ehlanzekile, izindlu zangasese, nemfucumfucu eshiywe ngaphandle kukadoti akuseyona ekhethekile – ayilindelekile. Izikole zigubha i-Swachhalatata (ukuhlanzeka), amasonto amaqembu omphakathi aqhuba izibalo zokuhlanzeka ezivamile, futhi izindikimba zendawo zasemadolobheni zincintisana obala ngokukhululekile ngenxa ye-Swachh Survekhans. Lo msebenzi futhi uye wahlanganisa umnotho wezokukhucutha indle, ukudala izigidi zezigidi zemisebenzi ezinkonzo yokuhlanza, ukukhiya ukungcola, nokukhiya indle nezindawo zendlu yendlu.

Umgwaqo mude, futhi izinselele eziningi zikhona – ikakhulukazi ekushintsheni ukuziphatha okusekelayo phakathi kwenani labantu lokugcina elingu-5-10% nasekuqondiseni ngokuphephile inqwaba yemfucumfucu ebangelwa umnotho okhulayo. Nokho i-Swachh Bharat Mission iyisibonelo esivelele sendlela isenzo sikahulumeni esinesifiso esiphezulu, sihlangene nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, singaletha ushintsho olushintshayo. Ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zaseNdiya, kuye kwasungula inqubo entsha: ukuthi inhlanzeko ayiwona umthwalo wabashayeli nezisebenzi zikamasipala kuphela, kodwa yizo zonke izakhamuzi.

Njengoba uMahatma Gandhi asho ngodumo, “Ukudumisa kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuzibusa.” ISwachh Bharat Mission iye yathatha leloqiniso esivumweni esihloniphekile seliye elaziwa liba iqiniso elingokoqobo emakhulwini ezigidi zabantu.

Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe