Izimbangela Zasendulo Nesidingo Sokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uwumthetho ophakeme wezwe, incwadi engadalanga nje kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni kodwa futhi enikeza amalungelo abantu ababusayo. Ukubaluleka kwawo akunakuchazwa ngokungaphezulu; ipulani yentando yeningi yaseMelika, isimiso esiye sashukumisela izinhlangano zokuzilawula emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda imvelaphi, isimo, kanye nethonya elihlala njalo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi, futhi ikakhulukazi kubafundisi abasebenza ngokudlulisa lelifa.

Indaba yoMthetho-sisekelo iqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kuka-1787. Abahleli baqala i-flames bathonywe kakhulu izazi zefilosofi zeNhlanzo njengoJohn Locke, owalwela amalungelo emvelo (1689), ukukhululeka, nempahla (nenkolelo yesivumelwano sezenhlalo phakathi kokubusa nohulumeni wabo. Bafunda futhi amarepublic asendulo, inkolelo yezombangazwe, nesiko leMithetho, kuhlanganise neMagna Carta (12) neNgilandi yeMang James Bill of Rights (1689). Nokho, kwakuyisivumelwano sezentengo yeNhlokozo yeNhloko, incwadi yokuqala ebusayo ye-United States eyamukelwa ngo17777 no-ogye-swwwwwwwwwwwwwww. Ukuhlanganisa i-mathelve, akukho komiti yesizwe, i-judiary, futhi akukho kulawula intela yesizwe. I-Georgen, yayiyi-intengo ye-toom, kuhulumeni we-geestrive, “end, uhulumeni wesizwe, u-gend, ka-geong

Ngo-1786, ubuthakathaka baqala ukugxeka. Ukuvukela kweSivumelwano somthetho (sase-Shay’s Redult) okuhlomile kwabalimi abanesikweleti eMassachusetts − kwaveza ukuhluleka kukahulumeni wezwe ukugcina ukuhleleka. Lokhu kuthusa kwabaholi abavuselelwa ukuba bameme umhlangano ePhiladelphia. Injongo eyaziwayo kwakuwukubukeza iZiphakamiso; umphumela wangempela waba ukubuyiselwa okuphelele. ISivumelwano soMthetho-Constitution sahlangana kusukela ngo-May 1787 kuya kuSeptemba 1787, kanye nenxanxathela engu-hlanu emelela amazwe ayishumi nambili (iRhode enqaba ukuhlanganyela). Baphikisana kakhulu ngenqubo eshubile, impikiswano eyaziwa kakhulu, njengemithetho ephakathi kwempi (inkulu neyamahnst - organ Revitionston Revinces Revinces Revice Revinces) (ist Revilutions) kuhulumeni enguhulumeni enguhulumeni wokuqala, isithembiso sika-ose - , kwasayinwa ngonyaka ka-17877,

Ukwakheka Nomsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi efingqiwe ngokuphawulekayo cishe kuphela cishe amagama angu-4 400 asesimweni sawo sokuqala. Uhlukaniswa ube yisihloko sesihloko esisandulela nezihloko eziyisikhombisa, nezinguquko ezilandelayo. Isitho ngasinye sifeza injongo ethile eqondile ekudaleni uhulumeni olinganiselwe noqinile.

Isiqalo

Isaziso asisona imvume yamandla kodwa amazwi enjongo. Iqala ngamazwi abonisa umfanekiso athi “Thina bantu base-United States,” sigomela ngokuthi igunya likahulumeni lisuka ezakhamuzini, hhayi ezifundazweni. Khona - ke lihlela imigomo eyisithupha: ukwakha i-Union ephelele kakhulu, ukumisa uBumendi, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela okuvamile, ukuthuthukisa i-Welfarelfare, nokuvikela izibusiso ze-Liberty kithi ngokwethu kanye nePoster. Lezizinhloso ziye zaqondisa ukuchaza nenkambiso emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

ISiphakamiso I: Igatsha Elingokomthetho

ISiphakamiso I sihlanganisa iSishaya-mthetho, esihlanganisa iSishaya-mthetho neNdlu yabameleli, futhi sibala amagunya aso. Sisihloko eside kunazo zonke, esibonisa inkolelo yabakhi bomthetho wesigeqe ukuthi iyakuba yigatsha elinamandla kakhulu. Imibuso eyinhloko ihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula izifundazwe namazwe angaphandle, imali, ukukhipha impi, ukuphakamisa amabutho, nokwenza yonke imithetho “efaneleke” ngokukhipha lawo mibuso. Imithetho futhi ilinganisela imibuso yeSishaya-Hulumente, ivimbela imithetho yeposi, i-expost corpo, i-corpus ngaphandle kwezenzo zokuvukela noma ukuhlasela.

Isihloko II: Igatsha Eliphethe

ISiphakamiso II sithwesa amandla okuphatha kuMongameli wase-United States, ukuze akhethwe yi-Electoral College. Simisa izimfanelo zikamongameli, igama lehhovisi (iminyaka emine), nemisebenzi: ukukhonza njengoMphathi eNkosana, ukunikeza izikhundla ze-Repriev kanye nokuthethelelwa, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele), ukumisa amanxusa namajaji eNkanto Ephakeme, nokunakekela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka. Ukungacaci kweSiphakamiso II kuye kwaholela ekuchazeni amandla kamongameli isikhathi eside.

ISiphakamiso III: Igatsha Lokwahlulela

ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo ePhakeme futhi sivumela uMkhandlu ukuba wakhe izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Ichaza amandla okwahlulela mayelana nawo wonke amacala avela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano, nesiqinisekiso sokuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli emacaleni obugebengu. Lesi sihloko asiwaniki amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela (ukubekwa kwemithetho engavumelani nemithetho), kodwa lelogunya labekwa iNkantolo Ephakeme esabelweni somkhondo [[FLT]] burybury v.

Izihloko IV\-VII

Isiphakamiso IV sikhuluma ngobuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe, idinga “ukholo olugcwele nokuboleka” ezenzweni zezinye izifundazwe nokuqinisekisa uhlobo lukahulumeni werepublic. ISiphakamiso V sichaza inqubo yokulungisa: ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngevoti yamahora amabili-mitha-mitha yezindlu zomthetho weSishaya-Mkhandlu noma ngomhlangano wesizwe oceliwe yizikhulu ezimbili zesizwe, futhi kumelwe zivunyelwe ngemithetho emithathu-yokuqala. ISiphakamiso VI siqukethe isigqebhezana esiphezulu, sisho ukuthi uMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kazwe, nezivumelwano “zinguMthetho wezwe owenziwe ngesizwe oceliwe yizikhulu ezimbili ezicela izivumelwano zokufunga lokuwusekela. ISiphakathi se-I simise izimfuneko ezintathu zomthetho wokuqala.

I - texte Ephilayo: Iziphendulo Nokuvumelana Nezimo

Abakhi bomthetho ngamabomu benza ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungabi nzima ukuqeda kodwa kungabi yinto engenakwenzeka. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30, ukubuyiselwa kwamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela kuye kwagunyazwa, isiqinisekiso sokuzimela kwencwadi nesixwayiso amaMelika asondela ngaso ekushintsheni okuyisisekelo. Ishumi lokuqala `iBill of Rights' lanezelwa ngokushesha ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye enjengokukhuluma, inkolo, ukucindezela, ukuhlangana, nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali, kanye nesivikelo ekuhlolweni nokuqubuka okungenangqondo, ukuhlangana komuntu siqu, nesijeziso esinonya nengavamile.

Izinguquko ezilandelayo ziye zaguqula isizwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1865) saqeda ubugqila. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane (1868) saqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okufanayo ngaphansi komthetho nenqubo efanele, saba isisekelo samalungelo omphakathi aqashelwayo nokufakwa kweBill of Rights ezindaweni. ISinyunzi seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) sanqabela ukuncishwa kwevoti esekelwe ezinhlangani. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesi-1920 sanika abesifazane iSiphendulo se-Sikhutha (1971) ihlisela inkathi yokuvota yaze ibe yiminyaka engu-18. Inguquko ngayinye ibonisa ukuthi umphakathi umbangongowe-1995) iphikisana nemibono yayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Izindaba Ezivumelana Nezimo Zibe Yizinto Ezithile

Ikhono lokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo − elihlangene nencazelo yokwahlulela kanye nesenzo somthetho-mthetho − livumele lencwadi ukuba iqhubeke inde ekuvuselweni kwezinguquko zezenhlalo, ukucindezeleka kwezomnotho, impi, noshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe. Isakhiwo esifanayo esathethelela ubugqila ngo-1787, ngokuyekethisa, sanikeza namathuluzi angokomthetho okubuqeda. Lokhu kuvumelana mhlawumbe kunamandla amakhulu kakhulu. Kuyisisekelo esisekela ukukhula ngaphandle kokuwa. Ukuhlolwa okujulile komlando wenguquko, izinqolobane zesizwe [

Izimiso Zomkhomo Ezivikela Inkululeko

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Ifilosofi kaMontesquieu yokuhlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu, isikhulu, neyahlulelo yashintshwa ngabahleli be-flames ukuze bavimbele ukubekwa kwamandla. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile, kodwa futhi livumelana ngezindlela ezivumela ngalinye ukuba lihlole ezinye. Umongameli angawuvumela umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawulawula nge-vegrate nenani elikhulu. ISigeqe siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwamongameli nezivumelwano. INkanto ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zesikhulu ezingagunyazi lutho. Lokhu kulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi akuwona umklamo nje wobububhishophu. Njengoba uJakobe Mado kubhalwe ku-[FLD:] Fallerast. [5] [5]

Ubumbano Nokuhlukana Kwemibuso

UMthetho-sisekelo wakha isimiso sikahulumeni lapho amandla ahlanganyelwa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinwa emazweni (noma kubantu) nanoma yimaphi amandla angaphathiwa i-United States. Lengxenye ivumela ukuhlola kwendawo futhi ilondoloze izinga elithile lokuzimela kwemibuso. Ibangela futhi ukucindezeleka okungapheli okunjengokuba nemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, amalungelo okuvota, nomthetho wendawo (xa imingcele yamandla kahulumeni) ivivinywa.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

I-Bill of Rights kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuvikela amalungelo akhethekile ayisisekelo, kodwa ukuvikela koMthetho-sisekelo kwenkululeko kuyajula. Umqondo wenqubo efanele, otholakala kokubili ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane, udinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Isivikelo esilinganayo seSichibiyelo se 14th uye waba isisekelo esingokomthetho sokususa igebe elizimele nokuthuthukisa ukulingana kwabesifazane. ISiphendulo sokuqala sezeluleko senkulumo, inyathelise, inkolo, izicelo, nenhlangano siyitshe eliyingi lomphakathi wentando yeningi, okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukugxeka uhulumeni wazo futhi zisekele ushintsho.

Ukufundisa Umthetho - sisekelo: Iziyalezo Zothisha

Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekwenzeni uMthetho - sisekelo ufaneleke kubafundi abangase bawubheke njengombokwane onothuli.

Izinga Eliyisisekelo

Ukuhlanganyela Imisebenzi Yasekilasini

  • Isivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo sobuProto-msuka: Yabela abafundi izindima njengezihambeli (umzk., Madison, Hamilton, Sherman, Paterson) futhi bafune ukuphikisana nokuvota ezindabeni eziyinhloko: ukumelelwa, amandla aphethe, ubugqila. Lokhu kudinga ukucwaninga nempikiswano.
  • uphawu lwezwe lweNkantolo Ephakeme Ucwaningo lwecala: hlaziya amacala anjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (145] [154] kuvikelwa okulinganayo, [[[FLT:]] .Des Moines [ [1709] [kukhulunye] ngenkululeko ezikoleni, noma 06] 0,7] . Hodges[FL:] (20) kumshado olingana. Khulula indlela iNkakhulu leNkantolo ichaza ngayo umthetho kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo.
  • Impikiswano ye-colom Broom Inqala: izimpikiswano zomphikisi ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo zamanje: izimali zomkhankaso (i-Citamizens United), izinga leziqondiso zezikhulu, amalungelo ezibhamu (i-Purce of Columbia v. Heller), ucingo lwezindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini yonyaka, kanye nendima ye-Electoral College.
  • Imfaniso ye-Amentement: Abafundi bacela futhi bafake ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo omusha ngendaba ekhathazayo yamanje (umz., amalungelo olwembu jikelele, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, isilinganiso senkathi). Bese wenza inqubo yokuhlanganisa, bexoxa ngezinkinga zokufinyelela i-atmajories.
  • Imisebenzi e-Creative:[ Abafundi bangadala ama-despictrial okubonayo, imibhalo echaza amagatsha kahulumeni, noma amavidiyo achaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngolimi olulula.

Ukuhlangana Nezakhamuzi

Ukufundisa uMthetho-sisekelo kuphathelene nokufundisa umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babhalise ukuvota, babhalele abameleli babo, baye emihlanganweni yesikole, futhi bahlanganyele okhethweni lokugcona. Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo kubanika amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo futhi bafeze imisebenzi yabo njengezakhamuzi. [ Umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ unikeza imithombo engcono kakhulu ye-inthaneti, izifundo ezihambisana nezifundo ezihambisanayo, kanye nezifundo eziphilayo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo awuzichazi. Izikole ezimbili ezinkulu zomqondo ziye zalawula i-grandment yaseMelika: ukuchaza umbhalo ngokwesikhathi uthathwa ngawo kanye nokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo (ukuvumela incazelo ngokushintsha kwezenhlalo). Lokhu kungafani kwefilosofi kudlalwa kuyo yonke impikiswano enkulu yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphikisana ngeSichibiyelo sesibili kuxhomeke ekuqondeni ukuthi "imithetho engcono eMilitia" idingekile yini ekuqondeni ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. Ngokufanayo, iSiphendulo sesine sivimbela "ukuphenya okunengqondo nokuqubuka nokuqubuka" kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngezindaba zobuchwepheshe zobuchwepheshe enkathini yokushaya ama-applea nokuqapha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho-sisekelo uye wasetshenziselwa kokubili ukuvikela nokucindezela. Iphepha lokuqala labala abantu abagqilazwe njengezigqila ezintathu zomuntu ngenjongo yokumelelwa, nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme uDred Scott [1857] [umlando] wamemezela ukuthi amaMelika ase-Afrika awasoze abe yizakhamuzi. Yathatha impi yamakhaya, imishayo emithathu yemithetho-mfashini, nekhulu leminyaka lokulwela lezi zenzo zokungalungi ukuba zilungiswe ngokwengxenye. Ukufundisa lomlando ngobuqotho (h__onke) kuhlanganise nokuhluleka nokuphikisana kwabafundi nokuqondana kwalencwadi kanye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha isibopho esiphelele.

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo Njengesicelo Sokuthatha Isinyathelo

UMthetho-sisekelo ungaphezu kwesithombe esingokomlando; uyisisekelo esiphilayo esisaqhubeka sibumba ukuphila kwaseMelika. Unikeza imithetho yomdlalo wentando yeningi yethu, uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi umise uhulumeni ozolandisa kubantu ngendlela yawo efanelekile. Kodwa umthetho-sisekelo unamandla njengezakhamuzi eziwusekelayo. Ukuqonda izimiso zawo, uhlanganyela ezizinqubeni zawo, futhi ubeka abaholi umthwalo wemfanelo wazo zonke izizukulwane.

Kubafundisi, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ithuba elingenakuqhathaniswa lokufundisa ukucabanga okugxekayo, ukuthembisa umphakathi, nezindinganiso zobulungisa nenkululeko. Ngokuletha incwadi ekuphileni ngezifundo ezishukumisayo nangengxoxo eqotho, singasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okushoyo kodwa ukuthi kungani kubalulekile. Izimiso zango-1787 zihlala zibalulekile ngoba zivivinywa njalo futhi zivuselelwa isizukulwane ngasinye. UMthetho-sisekelo awusona isikhumbuzo esicacile; uyisisusa sokuphila kubo bonke abazisa inkululeko.