IRaje Sabra, indlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya, isebenza njengenhlangano ebucayi yokukhuthaza ukumelelwa kwabesifazane ezweni lezwe ngokwezombangazwe. Njengegumbi likahulumeni elimele amazwe namasimu okuhlangana, inikeza iqophelo eliyingqayizivele ukuze abesifazane babe nengxenye ekuhleleni imithetho yobuzwe, ukuhlola imithetho yesizwe, nokuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwemithetho yesizwe, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindawo zesifundazwe ngezindawo zesifunda nekhono laso elikhethekile lokusekela izingxoxo zempikiswano. Nakuba i-Indiya iye yenza izibophono eziphawulekayo zomthetho kanye nezomthetho wokulawula ubulili obulingana nabesifazane, ukuma kwabesifazane eRajiya Sabha kuye kwabonakala ngokwesiko kwangokomlando. Noma kunjalo, umklamo wayo wokukhetha ngokungaqondile kusetshenziswa kwesifunda izingxoxo zezentengo yomthetho kanye nezinselele ezikhethekile zokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukubaluleka kokumelela kwe-Sab Sab ekwayhah, ukukhula kwemicimbisweni yamanje, ukuhlola izimo eziqhubekayo, ukuveza izimo zeze zezindawo zezindawo zesifunda, futhi ziqhubeke, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izimo eziqhubekayo.

Umlando Ongokomlando Wokumelelwa Kwabesifazane ENdiya

Isilinganiso sangaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwePost-Constitution

Ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane kwezombangazwe eNdiya ngaphambi kokuba bafune ukukhululeka, namanani amaphayona anjengeSarojini Naidu, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, neKamaradevi Chattopadhay bahlanganyela ngentshiseko emzabalazweni wenkululeko naseMhlanganweni weSivumelwano. ELok Sabha (1952-557), abesifazane baba nezihlalo kuphela, kuyilapho eRapya Sabhaha, inani lalimi cishe ku 6.9%. Amashumi eminyaka, ukumelelwa kwabesifazane kuzo zombili izindlu kwahlala kungaphansi kwe 10%, kubonisa kakhulu imithetho yemfundo egxile kakhulu, ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe, kanye nezakhiwo zezombangazwe ngokuvamile ezisezinhlangothini zabesifazane. Ukungabikho kwanoma iziphi izikhundla zabesifazane eziseqenjini zezenzwe ngokuzithandela, kwasho ukuthi kusekuhlosiwe ukuphumelela.

Izihlahla Ezigciniwe Nohambo Lwabesifazane

Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho emisiwe kwathola amandla ngawo-1990. Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho we-1992 zabekela abesifazane izihlalo eziyisithathu ezimadolobheni asemaphandleni nasedolobheni, ukwakha iqoqo eliphumelelayo labesifazane abaholi abanezimpande zotshani. Nokho, ukudlulisela izibopho ezinjalo ePhalamendeni nakuzo izishaya-mthetho zesizwe kwabonakala kuphikisana kwezombangazwe. Abesifazane bawaseBill (10th Resperandmentmentmentment) befuna ukubekela izihlalo ezingu-35% eLok Sabba ne-Adiya (i-Reavss Reactives, kodwa badlula izikhathi eziningi ngenxa yokungabi naso somvumelwano. Ekugcineni kwadluliswa i-Rajishaha ngo-2010 kodwa asula i-Loyaha. Ngo-2023, i-Naskan Vanian'ston (incin's's's's's) yadlula i-Act, i-Lokin ezindaweni ze-Lokin, i-Rodha ezindaweni zayo eziphambili zezombangazwe ezilandela

Indima Ehlukile YeRaje Sabra Ekuthuthukiseni Ukuhlanganyela Kwabesifazane

Ukuhlelwa Kwendlela Yokuhlela

I-Raje Sabra inamalungu angu-245, angu-233 akhethwa amalungu emihlangano yezomthetho ekhethekile, futhi angu-12 akhethwa nguMongameli ngenxa yobungcweti bawo ezincwadini, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Isimiso sokukhetha esingaqondile sisho ukuthi amalungu eRajiya Sabba athathelwa equleni lezazi zezombangazwe ezinolwazi oluqinile, kuhlanganise namalungu esifunda sezwe, abaphathi benhlangano, kanye nomphakathi womphakathi. Lokhu kungasiza futhi kuvimbele ukumelelwa kwabesifazane: kwesinye isandla, ngokuvamile kukhipha abesifazane abasebancane noma abaxhunyiwe kakhulu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunikeza indlela yabesifazane abaye bakha imisebenzi eqinile yezombangazwe.

Ingabe IRaje Sabha Inezinti Ezigciniwe Zabesifazane?

Ngokuphambene nemibono evamile, iRaje Sabba ngokwayo ayinaso isikhala esigciniwe sabesifazane. Isihloko sokuqala sisho ukuthi "izihlalo ezigciniwe", kodwa akunembile. IRajiya Sabhaha ayibeki sabelo esingokomthetho kwabesifazane. Nokho, amaqembu ezombangazwe ngokuvamile ahlela isilinganiso se-Rajiya Sabba nomiminiministri yabo kubesifazane. Eminyakeni yamuva lomkhuba uye wanda, cishe wonke amaqembu amakhulu aqinisekisa okungenani ukuthi i-Rajiya Sabraha abamelelistending. I-Reservation Act 2023 ihlobene kuphela ne-Lok Sabbaha nesifundazwe; i-Rajiya Sabba ihlala ingathinteki, eye yaholela ekubizeni ukumisa noma ukuveza okufanayo.

Izimpikiswano Ezibucayi Nomsebenzi WamaKomiti

I-Raje Sabra yaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yesimiso sayo sekomiti enemininingwane, lapho amalungu ehlola khona izikweletu futhi ahlola izimpikiswano zesimiso. Abesifazane baye basebenzisa lezi ziteshi ukuphakamisa izindaba kusukela empilweni kamama nasemfundweni kuya ebudloveni kwabesifazane kanye nasekwethuleni kwezomnotho. Igumbi lingenalutho lokulwa nabesifazane , i-Smriti Irani, ne Jaya Bachnec i-cregadegaded izikhundla zabo ezisemthethweni zobudlova basekhaya, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane. Abesifazane abakwaziyo uRajiya Sabba jaj, i-Britai, i-Smriti Irani, ne-Yachinec bathoko ezindaweni zabo zomthetho ezisebudloveni, ukuhlukunyezwa kwezenzo zobulili, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, nokuphatha impahla yabesifazane.

Ukubukeza Okungokwezibalo Ukuba Khona Kwabesifazane ERaje Sabha

Ukuthambekela Eminyakeni Engamashumi

Ihlanganisa izinombolo: Kusukela ngo-1952 kuya ku-1970, ukumelelwa kwabesifazane kuyiRaje Sabha kuphakathi kwe 6% ne-8%. Inani laqala ukukhuphuka ngo-1980, lifinyelela cishe ku-10% ngo-1990. U- 2000s wabona unyuko oluphawuleka kakhulu: kusukela ku 8.7% ngo-2006 kuya ku-14% ngo-2014. Ekwakhiweni kwamuva kakhulu (njengobango-2024), abesifazane babamba izihlalo ezingu-34, noma cishe ezingu-13,9%. Lokhu kumelela intuthuko ehamba kancane kodwa ebonakalayo, nakuba kusuka kusuka eqeleni eliphezulu kakhulu. Isilinganiso sasingu-15% ngo-2017. Imininingwane ibonisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwentuthuko, i-expagracn.

Ukuqhathanisa Nemikhandlu Yemithetho YoMbuso YaseLok Sabha

I-Lok Sabha, enesithombe samanje sabesifazane abangaba ngu-15% (ngemva kokhetho lwango-2024), iphakeme kakhulu kune-Rajiya Sabha. Nokho, isilinganiso sembulunga yonke sabesifazane abahlala ezindlini eziphansi simi ngapha nangango-26%, ibeka i-Indiya ngemuva kwemibuso yentando yeningi. Phakathi kwemikhandlu yemithetho yesizwe (i-Vidhan Parishads), ukumelela kwabesifazane kuyahlukahluka kakhulu: e-Utarradesh's comkhandlu, abesifazane babambelele cishe ku-18% yezihlalo, kuyilapho umkhandlu kaBihar' unamalunga eyishumi. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukumelela kwe-Rajiya Sab' i-saha' kubanzi ngohlangothi lwe-Lobab, kusikisela ukuthi kokubili amaqembu adinga ukwakhiwa ukuze asheshe isigaba sobulili.

Iqembu Lezombangazwe Lisakaza Ngokuhlakanipha

Amaqembu amakhulu esizwe aye abonisa izibopho ezilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Indiya National Congress iye yaveza isilinganiso esiphakeme sabesifazane kuRaje Sabhaha (cishe ngo-18-20%) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Bharatiya Janata Party (cishe ngo-12-15%). Amaqembu esifundazwe ayahlukahluka; iDravida Munnetra Kazhangam (DMK) kanye neTrinamool Congress ziye zawandisa abesifazane ngokwezinga elingaphezulu kwekhulu lama-20%, ziveza ukugxila kwabo kwezinga lokugunyazazisa abesifazane. Amalungu ahlukene, akhethwe nguMongameli ekuxoxisaneni nohulumeni, ngokuvamile ahlanganisa abesifazane abavela emasimini anje, ephephandabeni, ezindaba, nasemsebenzini ezenhlalo, kodwa andisa izinga eliyigugu kakhulu.

Umphumela Wabesifazane ERaje Sabha

Iminikelo Engokomthetho

Amalungu eWomen Rajiya Sabba aye asetshenziswa ekulolongeni imithetho ephawulayo. Isivikelo Samen of Policy Act (2005) saboniswa ukuyenga okunamandla kwabenzi bomthetho wabesifazane ezindaweni ezinqamule imikhakha yeqembu. I-Scom Sexual Hamusion of Women eWorking eWork (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act (203) Act (203) yaqiniswa ngenxa yokungenela yi-Rajaya Sabba amalungu enka, ukuvimbela, nokukhuphula inzuzo ye-mfadi yabesifazane eRajya Sabra eRabha ngo-2023, yayiyisikhashana esingokomlando, enamalungu amaqembu ahlukahlukene akhuluma ngokuzwakala ngendlela enomusa. Abesifazane baye basekela futhi izimpikiswano ezinjengokusetshenziswa kwenhlanzeko yokuya Sabha, ukuhweba, nokukhuliswa kwenzuzo.

Izinyathelo Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Somnu

Ngaphandle komthetho, abesifazane eRaje Sabha baye basebenzisa imibuzo yephalamende, ukuthatha izivumelwano zokuzimela, futhi bakhuluma ngokukhethekile ukuze banikeze ukunakekela ezikhawulweni zobulili. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungu abesifazane aye aphakamisa njalo impikiswano yokuziphakamisa enkantolo nakubaphathi be-computer, isidingo sokunakekela izingane okungafikeleleki, kanye nethonya lezimiso zezomnotho emsebenzini wabesifazane. Izinhlelo zeNkonzo yabesifazane neChild Development ziye zabukelwa futhi zaqulwa eRajya Sabbah Committee, kuholele ekulungiseni izinto ezibalulekile.

Ukumelelwa Kwabesifazane Abanohlangothi Oluhle

I-Raje Sabra iye yanikeza abesifazane abahlala emiphakathini ephansi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uShobhana Bhartia (owake wathathwa njengelungu) waletha imibono yemithombo yezindaba, kuyilapho amalungu angaphambili kaMohsina Kidwai noNajma Heptulla ayemelela abesifazane abambalwa. Nokho, ukumelelwa kukaDalit, u-Adivasi, nabesifazane abambalwa benkolo kuhlala kuphansi kakhulu, nabesifazane abambalwa kakhulu abakhonza nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-sociana Kidayaldai nesidingo sokuthatha i-aspease.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Embukisweni Wabesifazane ERaje Sabha

Iqembu Lezombangazwe Liyokhetha Futhi Liyokhetha

Isithiyo esiyinhloko ukuthi amaqembu ezombangazwe awathandisisi ukuba afune abesifazane abazokhetha u-Raje Sabha. Njengoba amalungu e-Rajeya Sabba ekhethwa yi-MLAS, futhi ukuhola kweqembu ngokuvamile kubeka imingcele yabesilisa abancintisanayo, abaqotho, nobunzima obukhulu, abesifazane abavame ukunganakwa. Iqembu lentando yeningi yentando yeningi libuthakathaka; izinqumo zenzakalwa iqembu elincane labaholi abaphezulu, abavame ukukhuthaza ubandlululo olukhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko eziphakeme zokuncintisana ngisho nokhetho olungaqondile (ngokulwa nombangongosi phakathi kwe-MLMLS) zingavimbela abesifazane ngemithombo embalwa yezimali. Intethiyo yesigaba sesigaba sokuthuthukisa abesifazane zihlala zilinganiselwe kuze kube yilapho ukucindezela kwabahoti noma izimvume ezingokomthetho zifuna ushintsho.

Izithiyo Ezingokwezesayensi Nezakhiwo

Abesifazane kwezombangazwe babhekene nemithwalo emithathu: imithwalo yemfanelo yasekhaya, amathemba ezenhlalo, nokucwaswa kwezinhlangano. Isimiso sikaRajeya Sabha, nakuba sinzima kakhulu kuneLok Sabhaha, kusadinga ukuhamba njalo ukuya eDelhi kanye nezingxenye ezinde, ezingaphikisana nemithwalo yemfanelo yomkhaya ehlelweni lenzalamizi. Abesifazane abaningi babika ukuthi babhekene nezimo zengqondo zokulahla izimo zengqondo zabesilisa abasebenza nabo, nokuntula izakhiwo zokusekela (njengeziteshi ezifanele kanye nokunakekela abantwana) ePalamendeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihloko zezindaba ngokuvamile zilulaza iminikelo yabesifazane, zigxila ekubukekeni noma ezihlotsheni zomkhaya kunokuba zisebenze.

Ukuntuleka Kokwaziswa Nokulandisa

Azikho imfuneko ezibophelelekile zokuba amaqembu ezombangazwe adalule ukuhlelwa kwezinhlu zobulili ze-Raje Sabba. IKhomishane yoMhlangano wobuPhostoli yaseNdiya ilondoloza ukwaziswa kwabazohlolwa kodwa ayiqinisi inani lobulili bobufanasini. Ngaphandle kokubona obala, kunzima ukwenza ukuba amaqembu alandise ngokungezwani kwawo kwabesifazane. Ukucwaninga okuzimele kwezinhlangano ezinjenge PRS Legislative Research neInter-Parliamentary Union kunikeze ukwaziswa okuwusizo, kodwa amakomiti epalamendelwane awakatusi neze izisulu ezibopha iRajiya Sabra.

Ukuqinisa Imifanekiso Yabesifazane: Izindlela Nezinguquko

Izinguquko Ezihlongozwayo ZeRaje Sabha

  • I-Internal Party Quotas: amaqembu ezombangazwe kufanele athathe ngokuzithandela izigaba zangaphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani 33% weRajiya Sabha nominees ayizifebe. Amanye amaqembu, njengoMkhandlu, aye azwakalisa isibopho ekungaqiniseki kwangaphakathi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo bekungaguquguquki.
  • Ngaphandle kokufuna i-Reservation Act: Nakuba uMthetho wama 2023 uhlanganisa kuphela iLok Sabhaha nemihlangano yombuso, ukuqedwa komthetho-sisekelo okufanayo kweRajiya Sabhaha kungacatshangelwa. Lokhu kungadinga impikiswano yephalamende nokuvumelana.
  • Amalungu aneziphakamiso: UMongameli, ngokweseluleko sikahulumeni, kufanele asebenzise amalungu anezigaba ezihluzekile ukuze alethe abesifazane ngokuqondile emasimini angaphansi kwesikhundla, ikakhulukazi lawo avela emiphakathini ephansi. Lokhu kungasebenza njengesilinganiso sesikhashana sokulungisa.
  • I-Encanced Transparency: IKhomishane yokhetho kufanele igunyaze ukuba amaqembu anyathelise ubulili be-Rajiya Sabha ebhajwe ngezizathu zanoma yiziphi izinhlobonhlobo. Umphakathi womphakathi ungasebenzisa lemininingwane ukusekela ushintsho.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasezweni Nezindikimba Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Izinhlangano ezinjengenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ye-Gener Eureal (UN Amen) kanye ne-Inter-Parliamentariary Union (IPU) ziye zanikeza ukusekela kobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhuliswa kwemithetho yezokuthatha isinyathelo kwabesifazane ekwandiseni ukungenela kwezindlu zomthetho zamaNdiya. Izinhlelo ezigxile ekuqeqesheni abesifazane abezombangazwe, ukufundisa abaholi abasha, nokuhlola abesilisa nabesifazane emsebenzini wephalamende zingalinganiswa. Imikhankasi yamaMede eqokomisa abesifazane abaphumelelayo uRajiya Sabba ingasiza futhi ekubekeni inseleleni izinkolelo ezingokwezisekelo. Ukuthatha i-tetableble Development Development 5 (Ukulingana) kunikeza izisulu zokuhlelwa kwentuthuko engoko.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Eminye Izindlu Eziphezulu

Ngokwesibonelo, isigebengu sase-Australia, sinesilinganiso esiphakeme sabesifazane (cishe abangu-38%) ngenxa yempumelelo yezibalo zeqembu nenqubo yokumelela. Inqubo yokuveza i-Bundesrat yaseJalimane, emelela ohulumeni bamazwe, iye yabona ukushintshashintsha kwemidwebo yabesifazane kodwa izinzuzo zemithetho yombuso yobufana nobulili obubodwa. I-India ingahlola lezi zimo ze-face futhi izivumelanise nomongo wayo. I-Rajya Sabra'sbha' ethambileyo inqubo yokuveza i-'suengasetshenziswa ukulingisa isibonelo sobungcweti esiqinisekisa amazwi ahlukahlukeneyo.

Isiphetho

IRajiya Sabha iphethe isikhundla esihlukile nesinemiphumela elungiselelweni lephalamende eNdiya njengendawo yokuhlela, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokumelela amazwe. Ikhono layo lokuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwabesifazane libalulekile, kodwa lihlala liphansi. Intuthuko engokomlando ibonisa intuthuko ethatha kancane kodwa enenjongo, eqhutshwa kakhulu yimizamo yomuntu ngamunye nethuba lokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala kunehlela inguquko yesimiso sohlelo. I-Reservation Act 2023 imelela impumelelo enkulu yendlu ephansi, kodwa ayikhulumi iRajiyahahahahahah . I-oglay engaphezulu ngaphandle komthetho olawulayo kuphela. I-Syahab, idinga ukuhlangana kwezibo zomfela-mfako womzimba wayo. I-Sya, i-odvicedromagray, ne-etapeal. Njengoba isekela ukukhomba kwayo ingunda kwayo yonke inzuzo yesilinganiso esingu-ose.