UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States wamisa isimiso sikahulumeni esakhiwe ngesimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya, uhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile eklanyelwe ukukwazi ukufeza ukubusa okuphumelelayo kuphela kodwa futhi nokuvimbela noma isiphi isici esisodwa ukuba sikwazi ukulawula kakhulu. Lesi simiso, esicwengisiwe ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, sihlala siyitshena eliseceleni lentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda indima ekhethekile yegatsha ngalinye kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, ephoqelelwe, echazwa ngayo, nendlela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa okugcina inkululeko okugcina inkululeko. Lesi sihloko sihlola igatsha ngalinye ngokujula, ukuhlola amandla awo, ukusebenza, nokusebenza okushukumisayo okuchaza uhulumeni wase-U.

Imithetho Engokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Yesizwe

Igatsha lemithetho, ngokuyinhloko elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho, libekwe eMkhandlwini we-United States. UMkhandlu uyindikimba ye-baobal eyakhiwe ngamakamu amabili ahlukene: iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Lesi sakhiwo sasiwukuhlehla phakathi kwezithakazelo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787. Nakuba womabili amaqembu ehlanganyela umsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho, ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile nemithwalo yemfanelo ebonakalisa indima yalo ehloselwe wona.

ISigele: Isiteshi Esiphakeme

ISigele sakhiwa amalungu ayikhulu, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye sikhetha izigebengu ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinabantu bani. Abahlaziyi basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, nesinye sezihlalo eziyisithathu zokhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili. Leligama elithatha isikhathi eside nesimiso sokukhetha esishaqisayo saklanyelwa ukunikeza izizinzile futhi sivumele abasizi ukuba bathathe isilinganiso esithe xaxa, ukuthatha indlela ende yokubusa. ISigele sinezigunyaza eziningana ezisenza sibe nethonya elikhulu kakhulu ezindabeni zesizwe.

I-Advice kanye ne-Connect ingenye yamagunya abaluleke kakhulu eNdlu yeSigele. UMongameli umisa izikhulu eziyinhloko − kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji ombuso, amanxusa, namajaji eNkanto Ephakeme yeNkantolo ephakeme (*) kodwa lawo manxusa adinga isiqinisekiso seSigelethiwe ngeningi. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe libheka isahlulelo segatsha lemithetho lapho ligcwalisa izikhundla eziphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigebengu sinamandla okuphela okuhlanganisa izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezixoxisana noMongameli, ifuna ukuvota okubili okuzintathu. Lokhu kuhlola inkambiso esimisweni sakwamanye amazwe agcizelela isifiso semithetho yezindawo zokuvumelana kwesizwe ngezivumelwano ezisezizwe ekubekeni ezingokomthetho ezisezweni ezingokomthetho zesizwe ezisezizweni ezisezihlangene.

Elinye igunya lesigele eligxekayo ukuphatha ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngemva kokuba iNdlu yabameleli isebenzise isikhulu sikahulumeni (izinsolo ezingokomthetho) − njengoMongameli, uMongameli ongumpheleli, noma umahluleli .Njengongo-isigele sisebenza njengenkantolo yokungagunyazi. Ukuvota okungama-3 amathathu kuyadingeka ukuze iboshwe futhi ikhiphe isikhulu esikhundleni. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziswa ngokuncipha kodwa inemiphumela emikhulu, njengoba ibonwa ekulingweni kukaMongameli uAndrewrence Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump.

ISigele sibuye sibe namandla ekumiseni ezinye izikhundla zobumongameli ngaphezu kwezikhundla zeKhabhinethi, kuhlanganise nabahluleli besifunda nesenkantolo kahulumeni. Ngokwe-Congregational Research Service, iSigele saqinisekisa amajaji angokomthetho angaphezu kwekhulu eSishaya-mthetho esisodwa phakathi nokuphathwa kweTrump, siqokomisa ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwalendima ([ Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Cutational Service [[FLTL:1]]). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigeqe sinendima eyingqayizivele ekucabangeleni umthetho ngesimiso saso somthetho ngesimiso seSishayamthetho, esihlanganisa iziphakathi seKomiti yeSishaya-Hlo neSishaya-Hlo.

Indlu Yabameleli: Indlu Yabantu

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-455 okuvota, ngalinye limelela isifunda sesifunda esicishe silingane (abantu abangaba ngu 761 000 esifundeni ngasinye njengasemini yonyaka ka-2020). Amalungu asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili, awenza asabelele kakhulu kubavoti. Ubukhulu bendlu namagama amafushane kwakuhloselwe ukuba igcine iseduze nabantu, futhi imibuso yayo ibonisa lokho kugxila kwentando yeningi.

Indlu inamandla akhethekile iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izikweleti zemali [. NgokweSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo, “Zonke Izimemo zokuphakamisa inzuzo zizakuvela eNdlu yabameleli.” Leli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zokukhokha intela zenziwa gumbi eliseduze nabantu, njengoba abameleli bebhekene nokuhlelwa njalo eminyakeni emibili. Nakuba iSigebe singenza ukubuyiselwa kwenkokhiso, kumelwe zivele eNdlungwini.

Elinye amandla akhethekile endlu ikhono lokungamela izikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukumangalelwa kuyisimangalo esingokomthetho sobubi; akususi isikhulu kodwa kubangela icala eSigele. Indlu iqalile ukuqulwa kwemithetho ngokumelene noMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (twice), kanye nezikhulu eziningi zomthetho. Inqubo iqala eHouse Judiary Committery, futhi uma ivunyelwa yinkombha, iya eNdlungwini egcwele yevoti.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNdlu inomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhetha uMongameli uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti amaningi. Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi ukuvota kwe-cunci, siye senzeka kabili emlandweni wase-U.S. (ngo-1800 nango-1824) ezimweni ezinjalo, abameleli bombuso ngamunye eHood bavota kanye, futhi ozothatha izithumo zikahulumeni uba uMongameli.

Isakhiwo sekomiti yendlu sikhethekile futhi ngokuvamile sihlukanisa kakhulu kuneseSigele. Amakomiti avelele ahlanganisa iMibhoshongo neMathelo (intela), i-Appropriation (ukukhomba), neMithetho (okubeka amagama enkulumo-mphikiswano yephansi). La makomiti ayinjini yomsebenzi womthetho, agcina amacala, aphawula izikweletu, futhi alungisa indlela yokulungisa. Indlu futhi inamandla okuxosha amalungu ayo ngevota, isenzo esiyivelakancane kodwa esinemiphumela.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukunikeza Nokukhonza Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe libekwa icala lokuphoqelela nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolose. Enhloko yayo kunguMongameli wase-United States, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni. Igatsha futhi lihlanganisa uMongameli oyisekela, iminyango yeKhabhinethi (15), izinhlangano ezizimele, nesimiso esikhulu sikahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMongameli amandla abalulekile, kodwa ahlolwa yi-Congress kanye nezinkantolo.

Amandla KaMongameli

UMongameli uphethe uhide lwamandla omthetho-sisekelo nomthetho. Owokuqala phakathi kwawo ugunyaza . Uma uMkhandlu udlula umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa (ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi), noma u-veto. I-veto ingangangangadlulwa kuphela ngenani elikhulu eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu, okunzima ukukufeza. Omongameli baye basebenzisa i-vetoss izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-500 ku-U. Umlando, noMongameli Frankmentalist D. Rooselt uphethe umbhalo ngo-635 (kuhlanganise nezithuphaphana).

Ngalé kwe-vetos, uMongameli angakhipha iziyalo zokubulala ukuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zingawubeki umthetho, ziphethe ithonya lomthetho lezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ziye zasetshenziselwa ukusingatha yonke into enqubeni yokufuduka (umz., iDefered Action for Childencawals, noma DACA) ekulondeni izwe. Nokho, iziyalezo zezikhulu zingabekwa inselele enkantolo futhi zigumbuqelwe yi-Mongameli ezalandela.

UMongameli futhi unegunya phezu kwesimiso sangaphandle kanye ne[FLT] izindaba zempi . NjengoMphathi-iNkulumbuso wamabutho ahlomile, uMongameli angasebenzisa amabutho ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi, nakuba iSigqi seMpi sonyaka ka-19379 sidinga ukutshelwa nokulinganiselwa kwesikhathi sempi. Umongameli uxoxa nezizwe, izivumelwano zokulwa, futhi angangena ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli unamandla okuvumela ukuthethelela nokwenza ubugebengu obuhlangene, ngaphandle kwezenzo zokungagunyazi.

Amanye amandla agxekayo Ukumisa . UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye namanxusa, onobhala bamaKhabhinethi, nezinye izikhulu ezithatha izigaba eziphakeme. Lokhu kuphoqelela kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uMongameli futhi angamisa izinqumo lapho iSigebengu singekho esimisweni, nakuba ziphela ekupheleni kwesimiso esilandelayo.

Umongameli Oyisekela Nekhabethe

UMongameli ongumcimbi usebenza njengesikhulu esiphethe sesibili esiphezulu, nomsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo wokwengamela iSigele nokuvota ngokunqanda ukubophana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lendima iye yanwetshwa yahlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo yombutho nezabelo ezikhethekile ezivela kuMongameli. UMongameli ongummeli uqala futhi ohlwini lobumongameli.

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengoMnyango Wezwe, i-Calsure, Justice, Justice (eholwa u-Athorney General), kanye nabanye. Laba onobhala bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa iSigele, futhi bakhonza ngokwenjabulo kaMongameli. IKbittenet yeluleka uMongameli ngezindaba ezisezindaweni ezihlukene futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ngeminyango yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlangano eziningi ezizimele neziphathiswa, njenge-Epagement Protectional Provial Agement (EPA) neFederal Reserve, ezisebenza ngamazinga ahlukahlukene e-OSCMFURC ngaphakathi kwegatsha eliphethe igatsha.

I-compatior, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “igatsha lesine,” isebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi zomphakathi eziphethe inqubo yosuku nosuku. Lapho uMongameli emisa isiqondiso sesimiso, ukumiswa kwezinhlelo ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho okuyinkimbinkimbi nokugcinwa kwamandla. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, igatsha eliphethe lakhipha iziyalezo eziningi zezikhulu eziphathelene nempilo yomphakathi nempumuzo yezomnotho, ezibonisa ububanzi begunya lomongameli ezikhathini zenhlekelele (USA.]A.gov).

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Umthetho Nomthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki. Yakhiwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi (kuhlanganise izinkantolo zezifunda nezinkantolo zesifunda) nezinkantolo ezikhethekile njengeNkantolo ye-International Trade. Indima eyinhloko yejaji iwukuxazulula izimpikiswano, ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo, nokubukeza ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye nezenzo zezikhulu .

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal

Amandla okwahlulela e-United States abekwe eNkantolonyeni Ephakeme futhi ezinkantolo eziphansi njenge-Congress zingamiswa. Kunezigodi ezingu-94 zikahulumeni (izinkantolo zamacala), izinkantolo ezingu-13 zezikhalo (ezinye zesifunda ngasinye), kanye neNkantolo ePhakeme. Amajaji akhonza ukuphila “ngokubheka ukuziphatha okuhle,” okusho ukuthi angasuswa kuphela ngokungagunyazi. Lokhu kuphila kuvikela abahluleli ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kubavumela ukuba banqume amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasemthethweni womthetho naseMthethweni kunokuba banqume umphakathi.

Izinkantolo zesigodi ziyikhokha icala elingenayo emacalani amaningi kahulumeni. Zisingatha kokubili izindaba zomphakathi nezezigebengu ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukene (ukubusa ngokwezimo) namacala ahilela uhulumeni kahulumeni. Izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda zingadluliswa enkantolo yesifunda yecala lamacala, okubukeza umlando wokuqulwa kwecala ngenxa yamaphutha omthetho. Izinkantolo zesifunda ngokuvamile zimisa isiqalo esibopha imingcele esendaweni yazo.

INkantolo Ephakeme: Igunya Eliphakeme Kunawo Wonke

INkantolo Ephakeme inezahlulelo ezingu-9: IJaji elilodwa eliyinhloko neJaji elingu 8 elihlangene. INkantolo inegunya lokuqala ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa zezindaba (umzk., izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe) kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho ezinkantolo eziphansi ze-omgudltu nezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni uma kuhileleke umbuzo. INkantolo ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe ezwe ngemvume ye-ceretiorari; ezinkulungwaneni zezicelo unyaka ngamunye, kunikezwa amacala angaba ngu-80-100 kuphela.

Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme agxeka kakhulu yiye ukubukeza . [Igunya lokuqeda imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho.] Lamandla amiswa ecaleni eliwuphawu burybry v. [iSiphetho] (186] [185]), lapho uMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall abhala khona: “Izwe nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkantolo iye yashaya amakhulu emthetho nezwe. Izibonelo ezithiwayo zihlanganisa [[FLT:] Brow v [FLD].[5] [5], i-ocrouthsss, [3] i-Focrome] futhi iyavuma ukuthi:[3]

INkantolo Ephakeme ichaza futhi uMthetho-sisekelo emacaleni ahilela umthetho kahulumeni nezingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe. Izinqumo zawo ziyabopha futhi zingaphendulwa kuphela ngokulungisa komthetho-mthetho noma ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva. Isinqumo seNkantolo siguqula ukuphila kwaseMelika ngokujule kakhulu, senza inqubo yokushaya indiva nesiqinisekiso ibe baluleke kakhulu. Indima yeSigele ekuqinisekiseni amajaji ngokuvamile ibangela ukuphikisana okukhulu kwezombangazwe, njengoba kuboniswa emacaleni aphikisanayo eJaji abaBrett Kavanugh noAmy Coney Barrett.

Kubafundisi, ukuqonda igatsha lokwahlulela kudinga ukuhlola amacala aphawulekayo nencazelo eguquguqukayo yezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Imivubukulo evela kuwebhusayithi yase-U.S. inikeza izinto zokufundisa ngendlela imisebenzi yejaji ye-athom nendima yezinkantolo edemokrati.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Isimiso Esilondoloza Inkululeko

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso iyodwa akwanele ukuvimbela ubushiqela; igatsha ngalinye kumelwe libe namathuluzi okulinganisela amanye. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isimiso samasheke nezilinganiso ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba limelane nokugqekeza kwamanye. Lendawo eshukumisayo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni waseMelika.

Ikhonkwe ihlola umphathi ngezindlela eziningi. Ingadlula i-parenti ye-veto nevoti engumongameli futhi ifake izivumelwano ezimbili kwezintathu. Inamandla esikhwameni semali: ayikho imali engachithwa ngaphandle kwe-application Congress. UKhomishane angamkhipha uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu zesikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifake izivumelwano. Ikomiti yombuso iqondisa ukuzwa nokuphenya ngezenzo zezikhulu, njengalokhu kuzwakala i-Gastrunet Committee khetha.

Umqondisi ophethe uhlola i-Congress ngamandla eveto nangokutusa umthetho eSifundazweni sekheli le-Union. UMongameli angabiza futhi uKhongolo ukuba lungene esiqephini esikhethekile futhi abe negunya lokuphoqelela (noma ukuphoqelela) ukumiswa kwenqubo ephumelelayo. Amandla kaMongameli okumisa abahluleli bezwe nezikhulu eziphethe amvumela ukuba athonye ukuchaza nokuphatha imithetho.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola kokubili iSishaya-Mkhandlu kanye nomphathi ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwesivumelwano, njengoba yenza ku- United States v. I-Lopez [1995], eyabulala umthetho wezifunda zesikole ezizimele ezikhululekile [FLT] zezentengiselwano. Inkantolo ingabuye ibukeze futhi ibone iziqondiso zezikhulu nezenzo, njengaku [FLT.FLT:4] Intsha ebhalwe phansi i-partum & Tube. v. Sawiter[FLD] [[FLD] [55] [195], lapho iNkakhulu yeNkakhulu ye-Preauegent [um] yezentellion.Truence] phakathi neMpi yempi ye-Cowerst Trueast, izigwebo ezisebenza khona ngokuqhubekayo, izigwebo zezombangazwe zezombangazwe.

Isimiso asimi ndawonye; siphenduka ngokusebenzisa nesibonelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigqibo seWar Powers sonyaka ka 1973 sazama ukulinganisela ukuthatha isinyathelo sobumongameli ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, nakuba ukuphumelela kwaso kuye kwaphikiswana. Ngokufanayo, umugqa-ocetveto wamiswa ngo-1996 kodwa washaywa yiNkantolo Ephakeme njengengavumelaniyo Clinton v. New York

Imithombo yemfundo evela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge Bhill of Rights Institute[ inikeza ukuhlola kwecala ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni okusebenzayo, isiza abafundi ukuba babone indlela lezimiso ezifiphele ezisebenza ngayo ezimpikiswaneni zangempela zezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kubalulekile kubafundi ukuba baqaphele ukuthi amagatsha asebenzelana kanjani nokuthi amalungelo abo avikelwe kanjani.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kolwazi Oluyikho

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni wase-U.S.(elegislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo) anemisebenzi ekhethekile kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganisayo, edala isimiso esilinganiselayo sokubusa. Igatsha lomthetho lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphethe liyawaphoqelela, futhi liyawachaza. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalemisebenzi eyisisekelo, igatsha ngalinye lineziphetho ezihlukile kwezinye, liqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlala esabiwe futhi elandisa.

Kubafundi nakothisha, ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kuyisisekelo sokufunda umphakathi. Njengoba isakhamuzi sihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuthatha isigaba sentando yeningi, sigcina abaholi benecala, futhi sisekela izinguquko. Ngokufunda uMthetho-sisekelo, amacala enkantolo aphawula izenzakalo zezenzakalo, nezibonelo ezingokomlando zamasheke nezilinganiselo, abafundi bayazi ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani [1] nendlela abangahlanganyela ngayo kuso. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha, ukwakheka kwamandla ahlukene kuyaqhubeka kuqondisa ukuzama kwaseMelika ngobuso bobuso bomuntu siqu. Othisha bangathola ezinye izifundo nemithombo yezezimali ezihambisanayo Izinqolobane zezemfundo , ezinikeza izincwadi eziyinhloko nemisebenzi yokuhlukanisa imibuso.