Izisekelo Zobuqotho: Ukuqonda Inqubo Efaneleyo Kubulungisa Bobugebengu

Inqubo ingenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu zanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esilungile. Phakathi nendawo, iyisiqinisekiso sokuthi amandla kahulumeni ayosetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho futhi ukuthi wonke umuntu obhekene nokulahlekelwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla uyophathwa ngokungakhethi okuyisisekelo. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, isimiso sobulungisa singabeka engozini yokuba ithuluzi lamandla angenalusizo kunokuba ibe inqubo yokukhipha imingcele. Lesimiso sifuna ukuba imithetho icace, leyomithetho ibe sobala, futhi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda noma isimo, athole ithuba elibalulekile lokuzwakala phambi komenzi wesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi.

Lomqondo awuyona imfihlo engacacile kodwa uyisivikelo esiqinile esibekwe emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, imithetho engokomthetho, namakhulu eminyaka esibonelo sokwahlulela. Ihlanganisa kokubili imithetho engaphansi kwemithetho (ingakho okungenziwa uhulumeni) ne- ivikela [indlela leyo mithetho elandelwa ngayo [uhulumeni okumelwe uthathe ngayo isinyathelo). Ekwenzeni ukwahlulela okufanelekile, inqubo efanelekile isebenza njengesivikelo sokulwa izinkolelo ezingalungile, ukuqulwa okunzima, nokucwaswa kwezimiso zezeluleko. Kubafundisi, othisha, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, ochwepheshe bezezemfundo, nezakhamuzi ezibodwa, ukuqonda okujulileyo inqubo efanelekile yezimiso zokulungisa inqubo yezenhlalakahle nokungalungiseki.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Ukusuka EMagna Carta Kuya EMthethweni Ovamile

Uhlu lozalo lwenqubo efanele lungalandelelwa ngokuqondile kuMagna Carta ka-1215, lapho iNkosi uJohn yavuma khona ukuthi wayeboshwe umthetho nokuthi akukho muntu okhululekile owayengaboshwa noma ahlulwe impahla yakhe "ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe." Lamazwi aqaphela ukuthi, "umthetho wezwe," washintshela emfundisweni yanamuhla yenqubo efanelekile. Umthetho wesiNgisi wathuthukisa lemibono ebanzi nge-habeas corpus — ilungelo lokubekela iziboshwa ezingekho emthethweni imthetho — nangokuvela kokuqulwa kwecala. Lamazwi asheshe aqaphele ukuthi igunya lasebukhosini elingalawulwangalawuleki lingaba ngunyasihluku, futhi lezozinga ezihlelekile zazidingeka ukuvikela abantu ezweni eliphansi.

Inqubo Efanele Emthethweni - sisekelo Wase - United States

Abahleli bomthetho womthetho wase-U.S. babethonywe kakhulu amasiko e-Orthom ase-Ngilandi. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSiphakamiso samaLungelo, siyala ngokucacile ukuthi akukho muntu ozothi "aphuce ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Leli lungiselelo ekuqaleni lalisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Ngemva kweMpi Yezigebengu ye-Nani (1868) iSiphendulo se-Gadi Yezine esayinda isivikelo esifanayo ehulumeni, isho ukuthi akukho mbuso ozokwedlula "umuntu oyedwa wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho."[3], le nqubo emibili iveza inqubo efanelekile eMelika. Baye bachazwa yiNkadeli ephakeme ukuba kungadingi kuphela izinqubo ezilungile kodwa futhi bahloniphe kakhulu ngenxa yenkululeko kahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo yekhono.

Ukuze babheke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando, abafundi bangahlola i-Cornell Legal Information Institute yenqubo efanele, elandelela lemfundiso isuka ekuqaleni kwayo kwenkathi ephakathi ngemishini yanamuhla.

Inqubo Eyizindlela Ezimbili Ezolandelana

Inqubo Engokwemvelo: Indlela Ubulungisa Obunikezwa Ngayo

Inqubo efanelekile iphathelene nomthetho isho ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuvikela kanye [FT:2] no [FT] mechans oqashwe uhulumeni lapho enza ukuncisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kumongo wobugebengu, lokhu kusho ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthola isivikelo, ilungelo lokumangalela ofakazi, ilungelo lokuthatha icala elisheshayo nelomphakathi, ilungelo lokuthola ukuqulwa okungokomthetho, ilungelo lokukhululeka ekubopheni isibopho sokuzibophekisa. Inkantolo ephakeme ibonelela kaningi ukuthi lezi zisivikelo azikho ngokwenzuzo; zithembekile ukuthi zinikezwa ilungelo elithembekile nelenziwe ngelungelo lokuthola icala.

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusebenza ezifanele zomthetho wobugebengu yimfuneko yokuba umbuso ubonakalise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lendinganiso ephakeme yobufakazi, etholakala kuphela ezimpilweni zobugebengu, ibonisa imiphumela enzima yesiqinisekiso nesidingo esifanayo sokunciphisa izingozi zephutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhutshwe ngabahluleli nabacholi-jaji abangakhethi, futhi abamangalelwa banamandla okudlulisa imithetho engalungile. Ngisho nangemva kokukhonzwa, inqubo efanelekile iyaqhubeka isebenza: iziboshwa ziye zavikela izithakazelo ezizweni ezizwayo, ezikweletayo, ezikweletayo, kanye nezimo zokuvalelwa.

Inqubo Eyisisekelo Elindelekile: Lokho Imithetho Engase Ingenze

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ibheka ngalé kwezinqubo ukuhlanganisa [ komthetho ngokwawo. Ibuza ukuthi umthetho awunabulungisa yini ngokwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphoqelelwa ngokulinganayo kanjani. Imfundiso igcizelela ukuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo — njengobuqotho bomzimba, ubuqu, nenkululeko yokuhamba — agxile kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika namasiko kangangokuthi uhulumeni angawagxambukeli ngaphandle kokuba kunokulunga okuphoqelelayo futhi umthetho uhloselwe ukufeza leyonjongo.

Kumthetho wokwahlulela wobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile eyimfihlo iye yacelwa ukuba ishaye imithetho evimbela ukuhlelwa kwesigwebo sokufa ngezindlela eziphula umthetho ukuziphatha okusondelene nokuziphatha (umzk., ] LAWREnce v. Texas), ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwezenzo zokulwa ngokweqile kwamaphoyisa, nokuvimbela ukuhlelwa kwesigwebo sokufa ngezindlela eziphula izindinganiso ezihloniphekile zokuziphatha. Kusebenza futhi njengokuhlola imithetho ebhacekile eficile kangangokuba abantu abavamile abakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yikuphi okunqatshelwe, noma okushabhibhikishayo nokubandayo. Ukudlala phakathi kwenqubo ephakathi kwe-partia ne-procracture kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kokubili kusebenza ndawonye ukuvikela abantu emandleni ohulumeni.

Inqubo Efanele Iyasebenza: Indima Yayo Ekulungeni Kwesigebengu

Ukuvikela Obekwe Icala Ekukholelweni Okungalungile

Mhlawumbe umsebenzi obonakala kakhulu wenqubo efanele ukuvikela abantu abangenacala ekulahlweni ngecala lobugebengu abangazange bakwenze. Unyaka ngamunye, amakhulu okukhishwa kwemithetho egciniwe ebangelwa ubufakazi be-DNA kanye nokunye ukuhlola kwangemva kokuhlongozwa kwenqubo kwembula ukuthi ukukholelwa okungalungile kwenzeka ngokuphindwe ngokushaqisayo. Inqubo ephawulekayo yokuvikela — njengamalungelo okuphumelelayo okusizayo, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi bokuphothula, nokuvinjelwa kokuvuma ngokuphoqelelwe — kuklanyelwe ukunciphisa lezi zinhlekelele. Lapho lezi zivikelo zilulaza, ingozi yokukholelwa okungalungile inyuka ngokushelela. Izenzakalo eziphakeme ezifana nezeCentral Park Five, lapho intsha emihlanu yalahlwa ngokungafanele ngaphambi kokuba iboshwe ngobufakazi obungenacala, kubonisa lokho okwenzekayo lapho inqubo eqenjini eholayo, ukuvuma okungathembekile, nokungathembekile.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukulingwa Okuqotho Nelungelo Leseluleko

Ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga yicala eliyinhloko lenqubo efanele eqenjini lobugebengu. Lelilungelo lihlanganisa ikhono lofakazi abangaphansi komthetho womuntu, ukunqamule-examine ofakazi bombuso, ukunikeza ubufakazi noma ukuhlala buthule, nokuthola ijaji elithathwe eqenjini elifanele lomphakathi. Icala elivelele Gideon v. Wainright [1963] liqinisekisa ukuthi iSiphendulo seSihla sesithupha siqinisekisa usizo lwezeluleko kubo bonke abamangalelwa ababhekene nezinkantolo ezingathi sína. Izinqumo ezilandelayo ziye zanweba ilungelo lokufaka ukunxusa, ukunxusa, ukunxusa kokuqala, ukukhomba nokuqulwa kobulisa. Ngaphandle komthetho ongokomthetho, umuntu onecala obekwe ngecala ezindaweni eziqinile.

Ukulondoloza Ithemba Lomphakathi Nokungagwegwesi

Ngaphandle kokuvikela abamangalelwa ngabanye, inqubo efanele yenza umsebenzi obalulekile womphakathi: ivumela imiphumela yesimiso sobulungisa. Uma umphakathi ukholelwa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kulungile, ukuthi wonke umuntu uyalingana phambi komthetho, futhi abamangalelwa baphathwa ngenhlonipho, basengozini kakhulu ukwamukela izinqumo — ngisho nalezo abangavumelani nazo — futhi bavumelane nokugcinwa komthetho. Ngokuphambene, lapho inqubo efanele ithathwa njengentulekayo, ukuthemba komphakathi kuyancipha, futhi ukungathembeki noma ukuvinjelwa kungalandela. Izimiso zobulungisa bonke zisekelwe esisekelweni sobulungisa obuqotho, njengoba ukucwaninga ngobulungisa obusemthethweni kuye kwabonisa ngokungaguquki.

Ukuze uthole ngokujule kakhulu ukuthi ubulungisa obungokwesiko buthinta kanjani ukwethemba umphakathi, bheka i- Institute yesizwe yombiko we-procedual jastical jastification ne-polic.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukufinyelela Okungalinganiyo Ekumeleni Okungokomthetho

Naphezu kwesithembiso se- Gedeon, iqiniso kubantu abaningi abakhohliswayo lifiphele. Amahhovisi omphakathi avikela umphakathi kulo lonke izwe ahlala egcwele futhi egcwele, izimpahla ezidlula kude izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe, futhi abamangalelwa abaningi kumelwe balinde izinyanga ngaphambi kokuba babone ummeli. Kwezinye izizwe, abamangalelwa bacindezelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ngaphandle kokuthintana nommeli, ukuze bavikele isigwebo esifushane ejele eliminyeneyo. Lenkinga yokungamele ilulaza inqubo edinga ukugcinwa komthetho. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abaningi abavalelwe ngaphambi kokuba baqashelwe — ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi abanamali — bavame ukuboshwa futhi bamukele imigebeko emidala, ngokuvamile bakhankanto evayo, bakha inzuzo egcwele lapho befuna ukuvalelwa inzuzo egcwele kunokuba banqume.

Ukungakhethi Okuphelele Nokungakhethi

Inqubo efanelekile ifuna abakhi bezomthetho abangathathi hlangothi, kodwa abantu abaphelele. Ukucwaninga ngobandlululo olucacile kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amajaji, abahluleli, nabashushisi bangagcina izinkolelo ezingafani ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, ubulili, noma isimo sezenhlalo esithinta izahlulelo zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi abamangalelwa abaNsundu basengozini kakhulu yokubekwa icala ngobugebengu obungathi sína, ukuvalelwa ngesigwebo esinzima kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ababekwe ngokufanayo. Nakuba ubuhlanga obusobala buye bancipha ezinkantolo eziningi, ukucwala okuphelele kuyaqhubeka nokuthinta isimiso sokwelapha okunjengokuqeqeshwa okungacacile, ukukhohlakaza izimiso eziqinile, ukuthatha imithetho eqinile, nokulungisa izakhiwo ukuze kunciphe ikhono lokulawula.

Izinkantolo Ezinzima Kakhulu Nobulungisa Bezinhlangothi Zomhlangano

Ukudlondlobala kwecala lobugebengu — ikakhulukazi ngenxa yecala eliphansi lezidakamizwa kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi — kuye kwaholela entweni ezinye izazi eziyibiza ngokuthi "ubulungisa obuqinile" ezinkantolo eziningi zasedolobheni, amahluleli ahlela amakhulu ezimpikiswano ngosuku, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuhlola izimo ngazinye. Lesimiso sokuxoxa siye saba indlela evelele yokulungisa imicimbi, ngenqubo efanelekile yokuqinisekisa izicelo zecala ezibangelwa yicala kunokuba zilingwe. Lapho abashushisi besebenzisa izigwebo ezinkulu ngemishona elinganiselwe ephoqelelweni nangokubekwa icala, abamangalelwa bangase bazizwe bephoqelelwe ukuba bamukele ukunxusa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banecala elingokoqobo. Lesimiso sizenza kube ngcono kakhulu, sicindezela inqubo efanelekile yokuqinisekisa ukulingwa okunengqondo.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukusebenzisa Imishini, Nenqubo Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Intuthuko esheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe ikhona nenqubo edinga inselele. Ngokwezenzakalo zentuthuko ezifanele isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekuhloleni ngokomzimba, ukuquleka, nokuphenya. Kodwa namuhla, ukugcinwa komthetho kungathola amaqoqo amaningi emininingwane ye-metary metary memone, imisebenzi yezezokuxhumana, i-menutam, ngisho nokwaziswa okuvela emishinini ehlakaniphile yasekhaya. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazama ukulungisa imfundiso yeSijikelezo seSijikijikijelo ezimweni ezifana ne [FLT: 0]. [[FLT] California] [20], (isithi ngokuvamile amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola inqubo ye-celling meopt, futhi avule nemibuzo engokobukhali, ukukhomba kobufakazi obuncane. [FLT]]][FLT]V:8]), (208], okudinga ukuqaphela ulwazi lwezinsuku eziningi zocingo. Nokho, kodwa, kodwa ezikhathini eziningi, ukuveza inqubo, ukuvumisa, ukuqanda kakhulu, ukuvumisa, ukuvu

Imiphumela Engapheli Nezici Ezivelele Zomlando

Inqubo elindelekile ayipheli ngokuqiniseka. Nokho abamangalelwa abaningi babhekene nemiphumela enzima ebekwe kabanzi ngaphandle kokuzwa noma ukucatshangelwa kwezimo zomuntu siqu. Irekhodi lobugebengu lingahlubula umuntu onelungelo lokuvota, ukuthola izindlu zomphakathi, ukuthola amalayisense ochwepheshe, ufanelekela imali ebolekwayo yabafundi, noma ngisho nokuphila ezindaweni ezithile. Lemiphumela, ehluka kakhulu ngokwezwe, ingalimaza kakhulu kunesigwebo sokuqala. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa kwesijeziso esinjalo ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwendlela eqekelelwe, kuphula umoya wenqubo efanele, ikakhulukazi lapho ukukholeliswa okungaphansi kutholakala ngesicelo sokusebenza okungaqondwangaphelele.

Izimpawu Eziwuphawu Ezathonya Inqubo Efanele

UGideon (1963): Ilungelo Lokweluleka

Clarence Earl Gideon wayengumuntu ompofu osongiwe owayesolwa ngokugqekeza ehholo lechibi eFlorida. Lapho equlwa icala, wacela ummeli, kodwa umbuso wenqaba, wacaphuna isibonelo esandulela esandulela esavumela amazwe ukuba angasifuni iseluleko emacaleni angewona avamile. UGideyoni wazivikela futhi walahlwa. Esitokisini sakhe sasejele, wabhala isikhalo esibhalwe ngesandla eNkantolo Ephakeme, ephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo umnika ummeli. INkantolo yavuma evume ngomthetho ovumelanayo, iphethe ukuthi ilungelo leSiphakamiso sesithupha lokunikeza iseluleko liyilungelo elibalulekile elisebenza kumazwe ngeSiphendulo se - 14. Isinqumo sashintsha isimiso sobulungisa saseMelika, simisa isimiso sokwahlulela somphakathi sokuvikela amahhovisi ezwe lonke futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi ubumpofu abungenakuvimbela ukuvikela ubulungisa.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Ukuvikela Ukumelana Nokuzilimaza

Ernesto Miranda waboshwa ngemva kokutholana emgqeni. Ngemva kwamahora amabili ephenywa, wasayina isivumelo esasisetshenziselwa ukumbeka icala lokudlwengula nokuthumba. Ekudluliseleni isikhalo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abashushisi bangase bangasebenzisi izinkulumo ezivela ekuphenyweni kwelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kokuba batshele ukuthi izinqumo zabo zeSigqizo zeNkantolo zikwenziwa ukuba babophe imvume yokuzikhipha imvume futhi iSimemezele ukukhipha iseluleko. ISimemezelo seSithathu sokuzikhipha izigwebo sokuzihlasela ngokungenamthetho manje singesona kanye nesehloko lokuphepha komphakathi. Icala eliphakathi liphethe igumbi elifanele lenqubo yokuphepha.

EGault (1967): Inqubo YeJuvenile Elindelekile

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, inkantolo yezingane yasebenzisa ngokwethukela, amajaji asebenza njengezibalo zobubaba ayengabamba intsha ngaphandle kwezindlela eziningi zokuvikela ezinikezwa abantu abadala. Lokho kwashintsha ngecala likaGerald Gault, umfana oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala ogwetshelwe ukuya esikoleni sezezimboni iminyaka eyisithupha ukuze ashaye ucingo olungcolile — ubugebengu obungathi umuntu omdala abhekane nobuhle kakhulu obunguR550 noma izinyanga ezimbili ejele. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi intsha ebhekene nenqubo yokujeziswa ngecala inelungelo lokuvikela inqubo efanelekile, kuhlanganise nesaziso sokumangalelwa, sokushaya isigwebo, ukubhekana nofakazi besodwa, nelungelo lokumelana nomthetho ozenzela ngokwayo. [FLD:] [FUR.] [FLD] [F:]

I - Daty to Disculor Exporation Ubufakazi

Nakuba ingadume kakhulu kune- Gedeon noma Miranda, Brady] v. Maryland[ inye yenqubo ebaluleke kakhulu edingayo yokuqinisekisa ukulingwa okulungile. INkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi abashushisi kumelwe bakwambule ubufakazi obuhle kummangalelwa — kuhlanganise nobufakazi obungayenzisa ofakazi bokumangalelwa — noma ubufakazi obungasolwangabo. Lo msebenzi, owaziwayo ngokuthi "umthetho we-Brady," ubalulekile ngenxa yokuthi uvimbela ukuvinjelwa kobucala. Kodwa, uBradhdh, uqeqe ume ngokusha; ume ngokuhluza izicelo ezinziwa kakhulu, futhi uthola ubufakazi obukho.

Inqubo Efanele Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ukusakaza Imininingwane Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Ukuqhuma kwemininingwane yezibalo kuye kwaphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zicabange ukuthi isiphi isigaba esidinga "iSichibiyelo sesine. Kuyi-Carenter v. eUnited States (2017), iNkantolo yathi ukufinyelela amarekhodi ezindawo zocingo ezihlanganisa inkathi yezinsuku noma amasonto kuwupheniso oluvamile oludinga imvume. Nokho, umbono wawumncane, futhi izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zazama ukuwusebenzisa kwezinye izinhlobo zezibalo zezehlakalo, kuhlanganise nabafundi belayisense, drone pagege, kanye ne-data evela kubaqondisi bemikhondo abaqeqe. Isimiso esifanelekile sokuthi abantu kufanele baqaphele impatho kahulumeni ngokucindezela okukhulu njengoba ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane kuyinto ekhona ekhona futhi engabonakali.

Ukuhlolwa Nesigwebo Esiyingozi Kumthetho

Izifunda eziningi manje zisebenzisa ama-algorithm ekhomphyutha ukuhlaziya ingozi yabamangalelwa yokuzifihla lapho bezwa futhi begwetshwa nge-pall. Lamathuluzi, njenge-COMPAS, ahloselwe ukunciphisa ubandlululo lomuntu futhi athuthukise ukungaguquguquki. Nokho abagxeki baye baphakamisa inqubo efanelekile yokukhathalela: i-algorithm ngokuvamile i-propritary, isho ukuthi imisebenzi yabo yangaphakathi iyimfihlo futhi ayinakubekelwa inselele inselele. Abavikeli abakwazi ukuthi i-algorithm yawayiveza kanjani noma yiziphi izici ezicatshangelwayo. Lokhu kungabi nakuveza kwaziswa okufanelekile okuhambisana nobufakazi. Izinkantolo zimane ziqale ukuzama ukuthi izimpawu ezinjalo eziyimfihlo ziyayilahla inqubo efanelekile, kodwa indaba ngeke ikhule njengoba i-AIAI ifeza indima enkulu esimisweni sobulungisa.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Enqubweni Efanele

Nakuba inqubo efanele ivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-United States, isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga siqashelwa ezimisweni zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. ISiphakamiso 10 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo Amalungelo Abantu sithi "wonke unelungelo lokulingana ngokuphelele nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi." i-European Convention on Human Rights iqinisekisa ngokufanayo ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile, kuhlanganise ilungelo lokuthola usizo olungokomthetho, nelungelo lokuhlola ofakazi. Amazwe amaningi avamile — kuhlanganise neCanada, i-Australia, ne-United Kingdom — aye asungula inqubo eqinile yokuvikela izinhlelo zawo siqu zomthetho nezinqumo zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iCharter’s of Canada iphethe i - Rights of Rights ne - Free and translation iqukethe isivikelo esicacile ekufuneni okungenangqondo, ukuncintisana nelungelo lokungasheki kweseluleko ngaphandle kokulibala, futhi azame inqubo efanelekile phakathi kwezimiso ezifanele phakathi kwezinhlangano ezizimele. Inhlangano zomphakathi ngabanye.

Ukuze uthole ukucubungula okufinyelelwayo kwendlela iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu egunyaza ngayo ukuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga, bheka iSiphakamiso sesiqondiso saseYurophu seSiphakamiso 6 se-European Convention on Human Rights[[FLT: 1].

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona imfundiso ekhona kodwa isimiso esiphilayo okumelwe sivumelane nezimo ezintsha. Kusukela emasimini ase-Runnymede enkathini ephakathi kuya ezindaweni zempi ye-amanani zenkantolo yanamuhla, umqondo oyisisekelo uhlala ufana: umbuso kumelwe usebenzise amandla awo ngokuzibamba, ngokungakhethi, nangokuziphendulela. Izinselele ezifanelekele namuhla — ngaphansi kwezimiso zokuzivikela eziqinile, ukufiphala komthetho wezibalo, ukuvalelwa okukhulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola — zinamandla, kodwa azinakwehluleka. Ngokuqonda isisekelo esingokomlando, izivikelo ezimbayo nezingathandeki, kanye nezingatho zezwe langempela zezezendaba ezingoko, labo abasebenza noma abafunda isimiso sobulungisa bangathuthukisa kangcono.

Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuqapha kunoma ubani ophethe inqubo: abahluleli okumelwe babophe imithetho ngisho nalapho ingelula, abamisi-mithetho okumelwe banike imithombo eyanele yesivikelo, abashushisi okumelwe bazise umsebenzi wabo wokufuna ubulungisa kunokufuna izinkolelo nje, futhi izakhamuzi okumelwe zifune ukuba umuntu abe nokubonana namacala. Uma inqubo efanele iqine, isimiso sobulungisa sithola ubuqotho baso. Uma sibuthakathaka, isimiso siba umshini wokubangela usizi nephutha. Isibopho sokugcina isibopho sokufuna inqubo efanelekile singumqondo wokuthi wonke umuntu, akakho okungabalelwa yicala kuye, silondoloza isithunzi sakhe sobuntu — futhi isithunzi kumelwe sihlonishwe ngaphansi komthetho.