Ukuqonda Isimiso SePanchayati Raj

Isimiso sePanchayati Raj simelela itshe lokubusa okuhloniphekile emaphandleni aseNdiya, simisa isimiso sokuthi idemokrasi kumelwe ifinyelele ezimpandeni zotshani. Simiswe njengesakhiwo esinezingxenye ezintathu, sihlanganisa iGram Panchayats edolobhaneni, iPanchayat Samitis emngceleni wesitemu, neZilla Paris iqinisa imiphakathi yendawo ngokukwazi ukuthatha isigaba esiphezulu ngokukwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile nezimiso ezilawula ukuphila kwayo kwansuku zonke (kusukela ekuqondiseni amanzi nenhlanzeko ukuya emfundweni nasekuhosheni). Isimiso siklanyelwe ukuba ibhunge igebhube phakathi kwegebhube phakathi kukahulumeni nombuso nebusayo, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthuthukisa kwezimiso zendawo kunokuveza indawo ephezulu.

Umthetho - sisekelo wagunyaza uPanchayati Raj ngomthetho-mthetho ka-1973 weSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo ka-1992, owaqala ukusebenza ngo-April 24, 1993. Lo mthetho ophawulayo wanikeza izindikimba zasemaphandleni isikhundla somthetho-sisekelo ezimaphakathini, wazenza izinhlangano zohulumeni abazimele. I-mende yagunyaza ukumiswa kwesimiso sesifunda sesifunda ngasinye esinezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, sasungula ukhetho oluvamile ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweSizwe i-Ecompute Commissions, futhi wabeka isithathu sezihlalo zabesifazane nezihlalo ezilinganayo zeShemedy Castees (SC) ne-Press Primed Parents (S). Namuhla, iNdiya i-ase inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ze-cmFmPanchaat, cishe 6,700 Samtatis, futhi cishe i-zamplas ehlangene abamelelwe 3 abamele abamele i-ir.

Isizinda Esingokomlando SePanchayati Raj

Umqondo wemikhandlu yamadolobhana noma pans awuyona into esungulweyo yanamuhla. Ubufakazi benkathi yeVdic (c. 1500-500 BCE) bubonisa ukuthi imihlangano yendawo eyaziwa ngokuthi [ i-sabaspans ne[FLT] i-asititis[[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] iphathise izingathamo zezahlulelo nezindaba ezisemgangathweni emphakathini. Phakathi nezindawo zaseMauryan neGupta, i-ibration, nenhloko nemikhandlu ephethe izwe, imali, kanye nempikiswano. I-Muqual yabona ukuqhubekelwa kwale nkathi yalemiphakathi yalezi zithethe, nakuba isilinganiso esiphakathi senani elikhulu lamandla azo.

Ukubusa kwekoloni kwaphazamisa lezi zakhiwo zomdabu zokubusa. Izikhulu zaseBrithani, ezazinesithakazelo ngokuyinhloko ekukhishweni kwenzuzo, zazenza izindikimba zendawo ezizilawulayo zaba buthaka ngokwezimiso. I-Mayo Resolution ka-1870 yazama ukuvuselela amabhodi endawo, kodwa yayiyithuluzi lokukhokha intela kunokuba igunyazwe. ISigqi sango-1882 Ripon, ngokuvamile sabiza i-"Magna Carta ye-deta yombuso wendawo," ngokuthi i-"ikhuliswe izindikimba ezikhethwe zendawo kodwa yazigcina zingaphansi kwezikhulu zaseBrithani. Uhulumeni waseNdiya Acts nowe-191970 nowasungula i-dyarchy ne-Equalic, wanika izifunda zendawo ukulawula izidumbu zendawo, kodwa ingqondo yamakoloni yazivimbela ukuthozeka kwangempela.

I-Pst-FLT:1] (izibopho zokuzilawula), u-Dr. B.Ambedkar waveza ukukhathazeka ngendima ye-panchayats yedolobhana. Nakuba uMahatma Gandhi asekela [[FLT: 0]] Armam Swaraj (izintambo zomthetho ozimele), uDkt. Ambedkar waveza ukukhathazeka ngokulawula kwesigaba sesizwe emizaneni. Umthetho ekuqaleni wabeka i-pankats eMipane Eqondise Izimiso Eziqondisileyo Zezwe (i-Profekthelela), unxusa ukuba zihlelwe njengezigaba zomthetho wobuzwe. Nokho, ukusebenza kwahlala kubuthakathaka futhi kungafanele phakathi kwezindawo.

Inkathi yoshintsho yafika ngo-1953 nge- iBalwant Rai Mehta Committee, eyatusa isimiso sezindawo ezintathu zokubusa nezindawo ezinamandla angempela. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kwezinhlangano zePanchayati Rajip (Printa Rajagi (Pristi) ezizweni eziningi, ziqala ngeRajasthan ne-Andrahsh ngo-195959. Nokho, isimiso salahlekelwa ukusekela okungaguquguquki, ukumelana nezimali, futhi akwanele. Ikomiti yama-Ashhok Mehtat Committee (1985). USingviko lwe-Genev (1966) i-Genev (196) i-Genev.

Ukubaluleka Kwesimiso SePanchayati Raj

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Panchayati Raj uletha idemokrasi eminyango yezakhamuzi zasemaphandleni. Ukhetho oluvamile, oluqhutshwa yi- State Ecommust Commissions, luvumela abantu basemaphandleni ukuba bakhethe abameleli babo. IGram Sabhas (imihlangano engokweziphethu) isebenza njengezindawo zombuso wentando yeningi lapho zonke izakhamuzi ezikhulile zingahlanganyela khona ekuhleleni, ekusekeleni izimali, futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala. Lenqubo yokukhetha ikhuthaza ukuqaphela kwezombangazwe, ukubophana kwesizwe, nomuzwa wokuzisebenzela intuthuko yendawo.

Kuqinisekiswa intuthuko yendawo

Izindikimba zendawo zibekwe ngendlela ekhethekile ukuze zibone izidingo eziqondile zemiphakathi yazo. I-Gram Panchayat endaweni yesomiso ingamisa ukugcinwa kwamanzi, kuyilapho enye endaweni yamagquma ingase igxile ekuxhumaneni nomgwaqo. Isimiso sivumela ukuhlela okuhle ngokuvumela iPanchayat ukuba ilungiselele amapulani akhona ahlotshaniswa nombono wesifunda nombuso. Imishini enjengeMahatma Gandhian Orbactical Alctal Act (MGNREGA) kanye nePradhantri Yawanca isetshenziswa ngePanchayats, iqinisekisa ukuthi imali ifinyelela abaqondisi abahlongozo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi imizi ekhuthele ne-Dangchaycatrays inezinga eliphezulu, ukukhuphuka kwe-crinders, ukukhuliswa kwempilo.

Amandla Abesifazane Namaqembu Anemingcele

ISichibiyelo se- 73rd sabeka ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu (manje eyanda yaba ngu-50% ezizweni eziningi) zezihlalo zabesifazane, kanye nezingalo ezilinganayo ze-Shedymard Castes and StedyFoldning. Lokhu kuvuma kuye kwaguqula ukubusa kwendawo. Abesifazane abangaphezu kwesigidi manje bakhonza njengabameleli abakhethiwe be-pankayat, iziqondiso ezibekela inselele zobubhishobhi ezibekela inselele futhi ziletha ukunakekela ezimpikiswaneni ezinjengempilo yomama, imfundo yabantwana besifazane, nobudlova basekhaya. Ngokufanayo, i-SC/ST bameleli baqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho i-Reservation Bill (2023) i-Reamen’s Reservation (2023) ngenxa yempumelelo yemithetho yomthetho yezezishaya - mthetho.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphathwa Kwengcebo Okungcono

Izindikimba zendawo ziphatha imithombo yemvelo enjengemibhoshongo yamanzi, amahlathi, kanye namazwe avamile asebenza kahle kakhulu kunezindawo ezikude. AmaPanchayat anendima enkulu ekusebenziseni i-National Cultural Teach Water Programme, i-Swach Bharat Mission, nemisebenzi yokulawula encishisiwe amanzi. Ukubusa okulawulwayo kunciphisa ukonakala ngokunciphisa uhide lwemithetho kanye nokubonakala okukhulayo. I-PFFMS manje imikhondo yezimali igeleza iPanchayats, kanye ne-Progents sh .

Ukuqinisa Ukulandisa

Abameleli abaqanjiwe bangaphendula ngokuqondile kubantu abasebenza nabo. AbaseDolobheni bangabuza i-sarpanch phakathi nemihlangano ye-Gram Sabha, bafuna izincazelo zokulibala, futhi bavote abangenzi misebenzi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izinga lokulandisa ukuthi amazinga aphakeme kahulumeni antula. I-Frect Act (2005) inika izakhamuzi amandla okuthola amarekhodi nokuphakamisa izikhalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iZimemezelo zezimali zitusa ukuncishiswa kwemali, imisebenzi, nemisebenzi ye-Panyats, ukusekela i-fiscalculture yazo.

Ukubambisana Kwezenhlalo

I-Panchayats ivame ukusebenza njengezindawo zokulungisa izingxabano edolobhaneni. Ngokwesiko [[FLT: 0]nyya pankaya [izinkantolo zezezimali] zisingatha izimpikiswano ezincane, ukunciphisa umthwalo ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho. Emadolobhaneni amaningi, ukumelelwa okuhlanganisayo kusiza ukuhlukanisa izenhlalo nokuthuthukisa ukuzwana. Isimiso sibuye senze umphakathi uhlanganyele emikhosini, ukusabela enhlekeleleni, nokuthengiselwa kwezinkonzo ezingcono.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nesimiso SePanchayati Raj

Naphezu kokuma kwalo mthetho - sisekelo nokuphumelela kwawo, isimiso sePanchayati Raj sibhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezinciphisa ukuphumelela kwaso.

Ukungasamukeli Imali Nemishini Yezimali

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-73 sagunyaza ukuba ohulumeni bahlukanise imali ePanchayats, izimali ezinikezwayo zivame ukufinyela. AmaPanchayat amaningi athembele kakhulu ezinkokhelweni eziphakathi nakumbuso, okungenawo amandla okuphakamisa izimali zawo ngentela, izimali, izimali noma izimali zomsebenzisi. NgokweNkonzo yePanchayati Raj, izimali zawo siqu zikhokhwa ngemali ngezimali ezingaphansi kwezingu-5% zemali yePanchayat ezibhajects ezisezindaweni eziningi. I-State Depacioclements, isho ukutusa ukukhutshwa kwentela, ngokuvamile ibone ukulahlwa kwazo noma ukuncishwa kwemishwa kwemali. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zendawo kanye nemikhosi yePachayatraj ukuze isebenze njengezinhlangano zezinhlangano zemali kunokuba zisebenzise izindikimba zeze ngokwayo.

Ukuntuleka Kwezisebenzi Eziqeqeshiwe

IGram Panchayats ivame ukuntula izisebenzi ezinekhono − njengababali bemali, onjiniyela, kanye nezikhulu zokuhlela — ukusingatha imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi njengokulungiselela uhlelo lwemali, ukuklama, nokulandela inqubo yokuhlola. UNobhala wePanchayat, umsebenzi oyinhloko, ngokuvamile unzima futhi akakwazi. Abameleli abaningi abakhethiwe, ikakhulukazi abesifazane kanye namalungu okuqala, banemfundo elinganiselwe futhi bathola ukuqeqeshwa okulinganiselwe. Izinhlelo zokwakha izakhiwo ze-Caparitic zikhona, njengalezo ezingaphansi kweRashtriya Gram Swaj Awahiyan, kodwa bafinyelela ingxenyana kuphela yabameleli abayizigidi ezintathu.

Ukumelana Kwezombangazwe Nemibuso Yamabuthophozi

Ohulumeni bombuso kanye neminyango ye-panchayat bavame ukululaza amaPanchayat ngokugodla imisebenzi noma ukwakha izakhiwo ezihambelanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMagi aseSifundeni sase-ruwa angadlula kuZilla Paris asebenzise amaqhinga. Ukungenela kwezombangazwe kwabaholi beqembu lendawo noma abezombangazwe bamazwe aphezulu kungaphazamisa izinto eziza kuqala futhi kubangele ukuthengwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kokucaca kwe-11 Shetellem (okudweba izihloko ezingu-29 ze-Panchayats) kuholela ekuhleleni imingcele kanye nezimpi phakathi kweminyango ye-pal.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Endaweni Yakini

Ukulungisa kwachaza imisebenzi yePanchayats ngokubanzi, kodwa izifunda eziningi ziye zathatha kancane ukudambisa zonke izihloko ezingu-29. Izindawo ezibucayi njengemfundo, impilo, nezolimo zivame ukulawulwa umbuso. Ngisho nalapho imisebenzi ishintshelwa, izimali ezihambisana nale misebenzi kanye negunya lokuphatha akunjalo. Lokhu "Ukwenziwa kwenguquko ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwemali" kuguqula iPanchayats njengezinto eziwuphawu. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bendawo bayazibheka njengezingenamandla, zinciphisa ukholo lwabo esimisweni.

Izithiyo Zezenhlalo Nokubanjwa

Naphezu kokungaqiniseki, amaqembu anamandla afushaniswe ngezicabha eziphezulu noma amaqembu afuya izwe ngokuvamile abusa izinqumo ze-pankayat. Abameleli besifazane, nakuba begunyazwe ngokomthetho-mthetho, ngezinye izikhathi basetshenziswa njengamaphepha okuvota izihlobo zabesilisa − isici esaziwa ngokuthi "sarpanch pati". Ama-Casteas anamandla abuye athonye ukukhethwa kwezimpahla, futhi avame ukuthola izinzuzo ezimbalwa. I-Gram Sabbas, isho ukuthi izokwa, ngokuvamile zithathwa ngezigaba ezinkulu kuphela, zishiye abampofu namazwe bengazwangazwanga lutho.

Igebe Eliyiphutha Nokonakala

Igebe phakathi kwesimiso nokusetshenziswa kwemali libi kakhulu. Izimali ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ngokuvamile azinakuhlelwa kahle noma zibambezeleka. Ikhampasi kanye noMphini woMphini woMphicothi-zincwadi (CAG) ibika ukuthi njalo kuqokomisa ukungavumelani kwe-Panchayat akhawunti. Ukuhlolwa kwezenhlala-khona, nakuba kufunwa ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-MGNREGA, kuqhutshwa ngokungejwayelekile futhi kuvame ukuvinjelwa yizikhulu zendawo. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okukhulu, inkohlakalo iyachuma.

Imizamo Yokuqinisa UPanchayati Raj

Izinguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezomthetho

ISichibiyelo sekhulu sekhulu se- 73rd sasiyisinyathelo esikhulu, kodwa izinyathelo ezilandelayo ziye zahloselwe ukunika amandla. i-Panchayats (Inani le-Ptension to Shendement Aquares) Act (PISA), 1996 yandisa isimiso ezindaweni zesizwe, iqaphela izimiso zokulawula ezingokwesiko. [[FLT:] 14th Commission (205-20) yandisa isabelo sokunikeza iPanchayats ngokuphawulekayo, kusukela ngo-596969 000 000 000 000 ngo-20 kuya ku-2020. [FL:20] I-PM.[FLD [25]

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zalungisa iPanchayati Raj Acts yazo ukuze zinciphise imisebenzi eyengeziwe futhi ziqinise uGram Sabhas. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Kerala’s People’s Cwastimulant (1996) uhlelo lokuhlela lokuhlela oluhloniphekile lwe-Cetation, zikha i-pregnome de device presence. u-Odisha noRajasthan baye basungula impatho esekelwe ekuqeqesheni i-flical ne-opistlement.

Izinhlelo Zokwakha Nokuqeqesha

INkonzo yePanchayati Raj, nge Rasiya Gram Swariyaj Abhiyan [RGGSA], inikeza ukuqeqeshelwa ukukhetha abameleli nabasebenzi. [[FLT:] I-National Institute of Moral Development ne Panchay Raj [Flactida SY] [NATIAR] ifaka phambili izikole zezetifiketi, e-olictam, nezindawo zokusebenzela. [[FLT][FG][G]

Ukuwohloka Kwezezimali Nobuchwepheshe

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe Isimiso seMandle (PFMS) kanye Inzuzo yokudluliswa (DBT) inciphisile ukuvuza. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] i-National Social Convition Programme (NFMS) manje idluliswa ngePanchayats, ngezimali eziboletwayo ukudluliswa kwama-akhawunti e-Mnust. [FLT] I-GRAP] I-GRAMFLT [FLT] [FFFF:6]]

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqaphela Nokuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Izinhlangano zomphakathi nemikhankaso yezezindaba iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekufundiseni abantu basemaphandleni ngamalungelo abo ngaphansi kwesimiso sePanchayati Raj. Izinhlelo ezifana no- UNICEF'S iqinisa i-panchayat [ ne [[[FLT:]'Attaid's izimpande zotshani [[FLT:]'s izinyathelo zokubusa [[[FLT:]] [FLT]] zithuthukisa ukuhileleka. [[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] I Gam Sah kuNundasss Day (January 26)[FLT:] kanye [FLT] nosuku lwabesifazane] [FLT] lwezinyunyuko]

Ukuqinisa Ufuzo Lwesabha

Iqaphela iGram Sabbas njengengxenye ephakathi yentando yeningi, izifunda eziningi ziye zagunyaza ukuba kube nemihlangano emine ngonyaka. I-Modell Panchayat Goverliance (MPG) iziqondiso zigcizelela indima yeGram Sabbas ekuhleleni, ukuhlolwa kwezentando yeningi, ukuncintisana kwezenhlalo, nokukhalazela ukuvuselelwa. I-National Expert Committee on Panchayati Raj (20)[FLD:3] yatusa ukuba ukuvunyelwa kweGram Sabha kube yisibopho kuyo yonke imisebenzi emikhulu yokuthuthukisa, ukuqonga izwe, ukuthatha, nokusebenzisa inzuzo yemvelo. [FLT]

Ukulandela Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Isimiso sePanchayati Raj sibaluleke kakhulu namuhla kunanini ngaphambili. Njengoba i-Indiya ihlanganisa amadolobha ngokushesha, ukubusa kwasemaphandleni kuhlala kuyi-inchpinchpe ngokuncishiswa kobumpofu, ukulondeka kokudla, nokuqina kwesimo sezulu. Umqedazwe weCHOVAD-19 wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwemizimba yendawo ekulawuleni izinkinga. .Panchayats waba yizindawo eziphambili zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwe-lockdock, ukwabiswa kwezindawo zokusiza, nokuqaphela impilo. Ngokufanayo, i-Moral Livelitural Livetions Mis Mission (NRLM)[FLM:1] kanye [FLT:] ne[FLT] i-Indiya Mission[FLT:] [FLT]] ithembele ku-Panchaykats ukuze kungenelwe amaqembu azimele.

Nokho, ukuze kuqaphele umbono Gram Swaraj, izinguquko eziningana ziyadingeka:

  • Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuphelele: i- States kumelwe idlulise zonke izihloko ezingu-29 kanye nemali eyanele, imisebenzi, nokuvumelana nezimo.
  • I-Faiscal Manyment:[ Panchayats kufanele inikwe amandla okukhokha intela yempahla ye-levy, intela yomsebenzi, kanye nokukhokha komsebenzisi, ohulumeni bakahulumeni abafaka ukulahlekelwa kwemali.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemigomo: Ukunikezwa konobhala abaqeqeshiwe, onjiniyela, nabagcini-zincwadi ezingeni leqoqo kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imiyalo ye-Opacial kanye nokubonisa ngaphaya:[ Ukuhlola komphakathi kwaminyaka yonke kwezinhlangano ezizimele kumelwe kuphoqelelwe.
  • [ Ukunqwabelana kwezindikimba zendawo zase-Urban: Izifundo ezivela kuPanchayati Raj kufanele zizise ukuqiniswa kokubusa kukamasipala.
  • Ukuhlanganisa okungavumelaniyo: Ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa komsebenzi [[FLT:] eGramsawarij kanye ne-Panchayat Enterprise Admite [PET:5] kungagobeka inqubo yocingo kanye nesinqumo-data-okanye.

Isimiso sePanchayati Raj asisona nje ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo kodwa ukuhlola okuphilayo kwentando yeningi. Impumelelo yaso ixhomeke ekufuneni kwezombangazwe kohulumeni bombuso, ekuqapheleni izakhamuzi, nobuqotho babameleli abakhethiwe. Uma igunyazwe ngokugcwele, iPanchayats ingaguqula i-Indiya isuka ekubeni isigaba esiyinhloko sombuso wentando yeningi wezwe lapho idolobhana ngalinye linezwi elinamandla khona.

Imithombo Yezinto Nokufunda Okwengeziwe

Ekuphetheni, isimiso sePanchayati Raj sisalokhu sibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindinganiso zentando yeningi nasekuthuthukiseni intuthuko egcwele eNdiya. Ukuqinisa lesi simiso kuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo inezwi elilawulayo, okuholela ekukhuleni okungaguquguqukiyo nokungaguquguquki ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ase-Ndiya. Uhambo olusuka empucukweni yamakoloni kuya ekwakheni umthetho wentando yeningi luye lwanzima, kodwa isithembiso Gram Swaraj[ siyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izinguquko nokumelana nomthetho.