Ukulalela komphakathi kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kunikeza inqubo engokomthetho yokuba izakhamuzi zihlanganyele ngokuqondile nabenzi bomthetho ezinqumweni ezihlongozwayo zemithetho nezimiso. Lezi zimemezelo ezihleliwe zivala igebe phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo ezikhonzayo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zomthetho zibonakalisa intando nezidingo zabantu. Kungenjalo zingezona nje izenzo zokulawula, ukuzwa komphakathi kukhuthaza ukulandisa, ukuba sobala, nokwenza izinqumo phakathi kwenqubo yemithetho.

Izimbangela Zomlando Zezindlebe Zomphakathi

Umkhuba wokulalela umphakathi usekelwe kakhulu emasikweni entando yeningi, futhi umsuka olandelanayo uhlehlela emuva emihlanganweni yasendulo lapho izakhamuzi zazihlangana khona ukuze zixoxe ngezindaba zomphakathi. E-United States, lomqondo wavela emihlanganweni yedolobha yezikhathi zamakoloni zaseNew England, lapho imiphakathi yenza khona izinqumo zendawo ndawonye. Ukulalela kwasobala kwanamuhla kwemithetho yomthetho kwavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengoba uhulumeni wandisa isidingo sokufakwa kwezakhamuzi ngokuhleleka. I-Proceduction Act ka-Drecrate ka-19646 ehlelwe ngokomthetho izimfuneko zokuhlanganyela komphakathi ekubekeni imithetho kahulumeni, ibeka isibonelo sokuveza ukuthi uhulumeni abaningi nohulumeni bendawo kamuva bamukela.

Namuhla, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zemithetho emazingeni onke, ($federal, State, nomasipala). Akuyona nje imfuneko engokomthetho ezindaweni eziningi kodwa futhi iyimfuneko engokokuziphatha yentando yeningi yabameleli. inqubo engokomthetho yezomthetho yokulawula [ ichaza ukuzwakala njengesigaba lapho amakomiti eqoqa khona ulwazi nombono ngaphambi kokudweba izimali.

Injongo Nobukhulu Bezindlebe Zomphakathi

Ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kunezinjongo eziningi ezisezingeni lezimiso zokushaya umthetho. Ngokuyinhloko, kuyithuluzi lokuqoqa ubufakazi nobufakazi obunikeza izinqumo zenqubo. Nokho, ukubaluleka kwazo akugcini ngokuqoqa ukwaziswa.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • Iqoqo:[ Abacuphi bemithetho bavumela izishayamthetho ukuba zizwe ngokuqondile kubafaki maphepha, ochwepheshe, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ngemiphumela engenzeka yomthetho.
  • Inqubo iveza ukucubungula komthetho emphakathini, inciphisa amathuba okusebenzisa igumbi lokulala noma ithonya elingadingekile.
  • Imfundo ye-cobic: Izakhamuzi zifunda ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi nangenqubo yomthetho ngokuya noma ukubukela ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • Imithetho eqaliswe ngokwaziswa komphakathi ijabulela ukwamukelwa kakhulu komphakathi futhi ithathwa njengefanele kakhulu.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nongokwesiko

Ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kulawulwa iqoqo lemithetho, imithetho yomthetho, nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Kuyi-Congress yase-U.S., kunezici eziningi eziqulwayo ezibekwayo ezingeni lekomiti, njengoba kubekwe emithethweni yegumbi ngalinye. AmaKomiti akhetha ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithola ukuthethwa kwecala, ukuthi ofakazi bakhethwa kanjani, nendlela yobufakazi. Ngezinga likahulumeni, imithetho yomhlangano evulekile idinga ukuqashelwa nokuvunyelwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nezindlela eziphambili zokulalela .

Phawula Nezimfuneko Zokufinyelela

Ukuze kwandiswe ukuthatha isinyathelo, kumelwe kumenyezelwe kahle kusengaphambili ngamakhalenda omphakathi, amawebhusayithi angokomthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izikhangiso zemithombo yezindaba. Ungenelo ludlulela ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingokoqobo (isinye isigamu sesihlalo sabakhubazekile), izinkonzo zokuhumusha izilimi, kanye nokuthatha izinketho zokuhumusha ezikude lapho kunokwenzeka khona. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi manje zithumela iziphakamiso ze-intanethi futhi zisekela amabhukwana ezindaba ezisene zinsuku ezingaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zinika izakhamuzi amandla okulungiselela ubufakazi obunolwazi.

Inqubo Engokoqobo Yokulalela Kwasobala

Nakuba kunezinhlobonhlobo ezitholakalayo ezikhungweni ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile inqubo yokuphatha ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ilandela ukulandelana okuhleliwe:

  • Ukumemezela:[ Ikomiti ikhipha isaziso esiningiliza usuku, isikhathi, indawo, izihloko, nokuthi ungasayina kanjani ukuze ukhulume noma ubhale izitatimende.
  • Ukulungiselela:[ oFakazi bayamenywa; izisebenzi ziqoqa izinto zesizinda, imibiko yokucwaninga, nobufakazi bokuhlela izinhlelo zamalungu amakomiti.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Isihlalo sekomiti amafelemu ezwi, ihlela imithetho yezokuhloba, futhi yethula amalungu nofakazi.
  • Uvavanyo: oFakazi baveza ngomlomo noma ngokuzithoba okubhaliwe, ngokuvamile kulinganiselwe enanini elimisiwe lemizuzu. Imibuzo evela kumalungu amakomiti ilandela.
  • Inkathi yophicotho-lwazi: Ezizweni eziningi, indawo ekhethiwe yesikhathi yenza amalungu omphakathi ovamile (hhayi ofakazi abakhethwe kusengaphambili) asho imibono yawo erekhodini.
  • Umbhalo wesandla: Imibhalo elotshiwe noma amavidiyo aqoshiwe akhiqizwa futhi agcinwe phansi, asebenza njengerekhodi elingokomthetho lokubhekisa phambili nezinselele zomthetho zesikhathi esizayo.

Izinhlobo Zezindlebe Zomphakathi

Izindikimba ezingokomthetho ziqongelela ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inombono ohlukile:

Izindlebe Ezingokomthetho

Lena yimithetho evame kakhulu, ehlanganiswe ngokuqondile nomthetho okhethekile. Abamisi-mthetho bazimisele ukuqonda ithonya lemali, ukuzwa izimpikiswano, nokuphikisana nazo, nokuqoqa ubuchwepheshe. OFakazi bavame ukuhlanganisa izikhulu zezinhlangano, abameleli bezimboni, amalungu omphakathi athintekile, nemfundo.

Ukuqapha Izindlebe

Amazwi aqashelwayo ahlola ukumiswa nokugcinwa kwemithetho ekhona. Ahlola ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zikhipha izinqubo ezihloselwe ukumiswa kwemithetho futhi ukuthi zidinga izinguquko zemithetho. Lezi zimemezelo zingaholela ekuhlolweni, ezihlelweni ezibukeziwe, noma emthethweni omusha.

Ukusebenzisa Izindlebe

Amakomiti ezokushaya izimali anezikhalo ezimayelana nokukhishwa kwezicelo, izinqubo zentela nokusetshenziswa kwemali.

Izindlebe Ezithola Ulwazi Neqiniso

Ngezinye izikhathi ukuqulwa kwamacala kuyafundisa, kuhloselwe ukuhlola izindaba ezivelayo ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo sokushaya umthetho.

Ukuzwa Izindlebe Ngokugoma

Kwezinye izimiso, ikakhulukazi ezingeni likahulumeni, kuqulwa amacala ukuze kumiswe abaqondisi nabezokwahlulela. Nakuba ngokuyinhloko kubhekiselwa kwabazohlasela, bamema ukuqondiswa komphakathi ngezimfanelo nemibono yomphathi.

Izinzuzo Zesimiso Sezindlebe Somphakathi Esiphumelelayo

Lapho kuqhutshwa ngendlela efanele, ukuqulwa kwecala kwasobala kunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu kokubili kubenzi bemithetho nakuwo wonke umphakathi:

  • I-Application Policy Mouty: ukuchayeka emibonweni ehlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe kusiza abashaya imithetho ukuba bahlele imithetho eqinile, esekelwe kubufakazi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuthembana okungaphelele: Ukubona gca namathuba okuhlanganyela andisa ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iphutha lokuqala eliboniwe:[ Ababambi bangabona imiphumela engahlolwanga noma amaphutha emalini ngaphambi kokuba idluliswe.
  • [ Igunya lokwehlisa amandla: Ukunika izakhamuzi indawo yesikhulumi yokukhuluma kunciphisa imizwa yokudangala futhi kuqinisa isivumelwano somphakathi.
  • I-Alathisboriti: Izikhulu ezinganaki imizwelo ecacile yomphakathi ezingakhetha imiphumela eyingozi nomonakalo wedumela.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwezindaba Zomphakathi

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo kwentando yeningi, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi akukona okungenaphutha.

Ukuhlanganyela Okuphansi Nokungalingani

Izindlebe zivame ukuhluleka ukudonsa ummeleli oxhunyiwe ophethe umphakathi. Abantu abasebenzayo bangase bangakwazi ukuya phakathi namahora ebhizinisi; imiphakathi ehhadla imali ingantula izinto zokuhamba noma ukuqaphela. Ngenxa yalokho, ubufakazi obuzwiwe bungase buthuntubeze amaqembu enzalo agcwele abantu noma abashisekeli bezenzweni.

Ingxenye Encane Yezithakazelo Ezihleliwe

Izinhlangano zezohwebo, izinhlangano zezohwebo, nezinhlangano ezingochwepheshe ezinxusayo zinemithombo yokulungisa ubufakazi obupholishiwe, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, futhi bakhona kaningi. Ngokuphambene, ugebe lwezakhamuzi oluvamile olunamaminu amathathu lungathola isisindo esiphansi, lwenze ithonya elingalingani.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezakhi Zomzimba

Isihlalo singahlela ukuzwa ngezikhathi ezingezinhle, silinganisele ukukhulumela komphakathi, noma izinqwaba zofakazi abasekela uhlelo lwabo. Amasu anjalo alulaza injongo yezindlebe futhi aqede ukwethemba umphakathi.

Ukwaziswa Okuningi Nesikhathi Esiningi

AmaKomiti kumelwe ahlele ukwaziswa okuningi okuyinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Abaphathi bemithetho bangase bangakwazi ukufunda bonke ubufakazi obunikezwayo, futhi izinkulumo zivame ukuphuthunyiswa.

Ukuntuleka Komphumela Ezinqumweni Zokugcina

Asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi ukwaziswa komphakathi kuzowushintsha ngokunenzuzo umthetho. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzwa kusebenza njengesitembu senjoloba yemiphumela enqunyiwe, ikakhulukazi uma iningi lamaqembu lilawula uhlelo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuthuthukisa Ukuphumelela Kwezindlebe

Ukuze baxazulule lezi zinselele futhi bafeze ithonya lentando yeningi lokuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, abashaya izishaya - mthetho nezisebenzi bangamukela imikhuba esekelwe ebufakazini:

  • Isibonakaliso seNyakatho ye-Provide Nearting phawula: Shicilela izinsuku zokuzwa, iziphakamiso, neziyalezo okungenani izinsuku ezingu-7-14 ngaphambili. Sebenzisa iziteshi eziningi (izinti, imithombo yezokuxhumana, amabhodi ezindaba zomphakathi).
  • Isikhonkwane esivumelana nokuhlanganyela Izinketho: Vumela ukufakwa okubhaliwe, ubufakazi bevidiyo, nokungena ekude nge-panel ehlalayo noma nge-tem confice. Lokhu kuhlalisa labo abangakwazi ukuya khona.
  • [ Izikhathi ezibanzi: Jikeleza izikhathi zokuzwa (izinsuku zonyaka noma izikhawu zempelasonto) nezindawo zokufinyelela imiphakathi ehlukene futhi unciphise izingxabano ngomsebenzi.
  • [ Yakha umkhathi ozolile: Abaqondisi besitimela ukuze bahloniphe zonke izikhulumi, baphoqelele imingcele yesikhathi ngokungaguquguquki, futhi bavimbele ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukwesatshiswa.
  • Ukuhlukanisa oFakazi: ubufakazi obuqanjiwe obuvela emaqenjini amelelwe, abaholi bomphakathi, kanye nabantu abathinteke ngokuqondile, hhayi nje ochwepheshe nabangenisi.
  • Incazelo ne Accommodment: Nika ukuhunyushwa kolimi, ukuchazwa kolimi lwezandla, izisetshenziswa zokulalela, kanye nezinto ngamafomethi amaningi (okukhulu ukuphrinta, ukufundeka kwesibuko).
  • Yenza ama-preadscripts e-Special and Records Public: Shicilela ama-pyript agcwele, izinqolobane zevidiyo, kanye nokubhalwa kwemigomo kulayini ukuze kubonakale futhi kuqhubeke ukukhomba.
  • Vala i-Faafback Popy:[ Ngemva kokulalela, sho kafushane indlela ukufakwa komphakathi okuthonye ngayo isigwebo sokugcina noma isinqumo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuhlonipha abahlanganyela kuso futhi kukhuthaze ukuthembisana esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuqulwa Kwezindlebe Komphakathi Kuyaboniswa

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi okuye kwawubumba ngayo umthetho obalulekile:

Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakulinganiswa (2009-2010)

Phakathi nempikiswano nge-Affordble Care Act, amakomiti e-countain aqhuba izigigaba eziningi ezweni lonke. Imihlangano yamahholo edolobha yashiswa, kodwa ubufakazi obanzi baqokomisa ukukhathazeka ngezimo ezikhona ngaphambili, ukuhlanganisa abantu abadala nezindleko. Lemifakela yasiza ekuhleleni amalungiselelo ayinhloko afana nokunikeza imvume yokukhokha nokusekela abantu abaphansi.

Izimiso Zokukhipha Isikhala Ezihlanzekile Emoyeni (1990)

ISigele Committee on Environment and Public Works saqunga izikhalazo ezazihlanganisa ubufakazi obuvela kososayensi, abameleli bezimboni, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nezakhamuzi ezishisekela ukuqasha komphakathi onamandla, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlushwa ukungcola komoya, kwaholela ezindinganisweni eziqinile zokukhishwa kwemvula kanye nasekudalweni kwesimiso semvula esiyi - asidi.

Ukuzingela Kwendawo Nezwe Kusebenzisa Izindlebe

Esigabeni sikamasipala, ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngezinguquko ezisezindaweni zomphakathi ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuhileleka okukhulu komphakathi. Emadolobheni anjengePortland, e-Oregon, ukuzwa ngezindinganiso zezindlu ezibizayo kuye kwaphumela ekubukezeni okulinganisela isithakazelo sokuthuthukisa nokuthandwa komphakathi, okubonisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwemininingwane yendawo kungaveza imiphumela enenjongo.

Ikusasa Lokuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi: Ubuchwepheshe Nokuthululwa Kwezimo

Njengoba umphakathi uxhumana ngokwengeziwe ngemishini, ukuqulwa kwezindlebe zomphakathi kuyashintsha ukuze kuhlanganiswe ubuchwepheshe obusha obuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela nokubonakala:

Izindlebe Ezingokoqobo Nezibukhali

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sasheshisa ukuvunyelwa kwezindaba kuyi-intanethi. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi manje zinikeza izindlela zokukhetha ezixubile, ezivumela abakhona ukuba bafakazele ngapha nangapha nge-vidiyo noma ngocingo lwengqungquthela. Lokhu kunciphisa imingcele yokuhamba futhi kusiza ukuba abantu abahlala emaphandleni, abantu abavalelwe ekhaya, nalabo abangenamandla okuhamba. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bukhona futhi kuhlala kunezimo ezizinzile eziqhubekayo.

Amathuluzi Okufunza Nezinombolo Angokoqobo

Amanye amaqembu aye azama ukuphenya, ukuphawula, nezindawo zokusebenza lapho izakhamuzi zingafaka khona imibuzo futhi ziphakamisele phezulu lapho kuqulwa icala. Lamathuluzi angenza ukuhlanganyela kube nokusebenza okunamandla nokusabela ngokwengeziwe, nakuba kudinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo ukuze kugwenywe ukubuswa imikhankaso ehleliwe.

Ukuqaphela Imithombo Yezindaba Nomphakathi

Amahhovisi agunyaza umthetho asebenzisa kakhulu izokuxhumana ukumemezela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuhlangana kwemifula ehlala ndawonye, nokuqoqa ukukhulumela okuzwa ngaphambi kokuzwa. I-Twitter, i-Facebook, ne-YouTube ivumela ukufinyelela futhi yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhileleka ngisho noma zingakwazi ukuya esikhathini sangempela. Nokho, izimpendulo kula mapulatifomu zingase zingaphathi ubunzima obufanayo obuhleliwe njengobufakazi obufungelwe, ngakho izinqubo zokucabangela kwazo okungokomthetho kumelwe zichazwe ngokucacile.

Izazi Zezobufakazi

Ezinye izishaya - mthetho zihlola ukuhlelwa kolimi lwemvelo ukuze zihlaziye izinkulumo ezibhaliwe zasobala ngezinga elithile. Lokhu kungasiza ekutholeni izihloko eziphindaphindwayo, imizwa, nokukhathazeka okungalindelekile ekuthobeleni izinkulungwane, kunezela enqubweni yokuzwa engokwesiko.

Kodwa ubuchwepheshe bubodwa abukwazi ukuthatha indawo yokuxhumana kwabantu okunenjongo nokuhlobana nentando yeningi. Ikusasa lokuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi cishe liyohlanganisa i-efficiencies yobuchwepheshe nokubaluleka okungenakuthathelwa indawo kwengxoxo yokuxhumana ubuso nobuso.

Ukuqinisekisa Ubuqotho Bezindaba Zomphakathi

Ukuze kuqashelwe ukuqulwa kwamacala obala ukuze kufezeke injongo yabo yentando yeningi, kumelwe kuqhutshwe ngobuqotho nangokungakhethi. Lokhu kudinga isibopho esiqinile esivela kubamisi-mthetho, izisebenzi, nakwabantu. Ukwengamela kokuziphatha okucacile, imithetho ephikisayo ethakazelelwayo, nokugcina imibhalo egciniwe yokwaziswa kulondoloza ukuthembeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudluliswa kwezindaba nezinhlangano ezigadiwe kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni ukuzwa nokwazisa umphakathi ngokuba khona kwemithetho.

Ekugcineni, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi akulona ikhambi lazo zonke izinselele zentando yeningi yabameleli. Kodwa uma zihlelwa kahle, zinikezwa izimpahla, futhi zihlonishwa ngempela abenzi besinqumo, zingaguqula inqubo yokushaya umthetho isuka ekuziqeqesheleni okuphezulu ukuya ekusebenzeni okuphansi ukuze ibe yimpikiswane. Izakhamuzi ezinomuzwa wokuthi zizwiwe zisengozini kakhulu yokwethemba uhulumeni wazo, zivumelane nemithetho, futhi zihlanganyele emisebenzini yomphakathi yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuhlanganyela komphakathi kuhulumeni, hlola imithombo evela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge-UK ikomiti yokulalela iPhalamende yesiqondiso ne SSLL Foundation [, ekhuthaza ukuvula uhulumeni nokubonakala. Ukungena ngokujule kakhulu e-U.S. izinqubo zokuzwa kwe-palmeom, kubhekisela enqubweni ye-inqubweni ye-injini ye-Progiontion .