I - Cornerstone Yesichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine siyisivikelo esibucayi ekuphathweni uhulumeni ozimele, simemezela ukuthi "ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, ngeke liphulwe." Okuphakathi kwalokhu kuvikela kuyimfuneko, inqubo yokusebenza eklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa isikhulu somthetho esingathathi hlangothi phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho kanye nezakhamuzi. Ngaphandle kwalemfuneko, amandla okufuna nokuthatha azakuhlala ezandleni zesikhulu, kukhuthaza ukuxhashazwa okufunwa yizikhulu ze-Framers of the shiciations.

Imfuneko egunyaziwe akuyona nje ilungelo lobushiqela elingaphansi komthetho-sisekelo eligcina ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwesifundazwe nomuntu ngamunye. Ngokufuna ukuba izikhulu zibonise [ imbangela engaxazululeki] kumaji owehlukile ngaphambi kokuba zihlole kakhulu, iSichibiyelo sesine siqinisekisa ukuthi ukungena kobuso becala kuyathetheleleka, kulinganiselwe, futhi kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola umlando, ukusebenza, ngaphandle, nezinselele zanamuhla ezihambisana nezimfuneko eziyimfuneko, sinikeza ukuqonda okubanzi kwendima yazo ekuvimbeleni ukuphethwa nokuquleka okungavunyelwe umthetho.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yemfuneko Engenakugwenywa

Imsuka yemfuneko egunyaziwe ibuyela emuva kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile kanye nezikhalo zabathathi-zincwadi ngokugunyaza nokufuna usizo. Lemvume ebanzi yavumela izikhulu zaseBrithani ukuba zihlole noma iyiphi indawo ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqondile, umkhuba owabangela ukuthukuthela futhi ekugcineni wabangela iNguquko yaseMelika. UJames Otis wagxeka ngokudume kakhulu ukuphazanyiswa kosizo ngokuthi "ithuluzi elibi kakhulu lamandla obuqili, ukubhubhisa okukhulu kwenkululeko yamaNgisi," umzwelo owaphinda ngokuhlelwa kweSiphendulo sesine.

Endabeni ephawulekayo Entick v. Carrington (1765), Lord Camden wabusa ukuthi imvume evamile ayivunyelwe ngokomthetho, wamisa isimiso sokuthi ukuphenya kumelwe kubekwe futhi kulungiswe ngobufakazi obufungelwe. Lelicala lathonya kakhulu i-jurisprudence yaseMelika. Uma i-Bill of Rights yamukelwa ngo-1791, iSichibiyelo sesine sasifuna ukuthi imvume "kakhulu ngokuchaza indawo ukuba ihlolwe, futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zithathwe," ukwenqaba izimvume ezivamile zenkathi yamakoloni.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi imfuneko yokugunyazwa umthetho wephutha. Johnson v. United States (1948), uMahluleli Jackson wabhala: "Ilungelo labaphathi lokuzifaka ekhaya liyindaba engathakazelelwanga kalula. ISichibiyelo sesine senqabe uma isikhulu singatholi isiqinisekiso." Lesimiso sihlala sisemfantwini weSiphendulo Sesine.

Imbangela Enengqondo: Isisekelo Somlweli Ofanele

Imbangela efanelekile indinganiso engokomthetho okumelwe ihlangatshezwe ngaphambi kokuba imvume ikhishwe. Ikhona uma ingqikithi yezimo inikeza umuntu isisekelo esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buzotholakala endaweni ukuze buphenyiswe. Lendinganiso iphansi kunobufakazi obungaqiniseki kodwa obuphakeme kunensuntlolo nje. Inhlangano yolwazi eCornell Law School ichaza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba imbangela isekelwe emaqinini.”

Ukuze kutholakale imbangela okungenzeka, ukugcinwa komthetho kunikeza isifungo esibhaliwe ```i-a'' esiqinisekisa amaqiniso asekela inkolelo yabo.' I-affidavit ingahlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvela kubameli, imibiko yokuhlola, izitatimende zobufakazi, noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Ngaphansi izintambo ze-Illinois v. Amasango [ [1903] [i-1983], iNkanto ephakeme yamukela u-"ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezimo", ivumela izigebendebe ukuba zicabangele ukwethenjelwa kolwazi oluphelele kunokuba zifune isici esiqinile ukuba kuqinisekiswe.

Imbangela eqinisekile ayifinyeleli; kumelwe ibekhona ngesikhathi imvume ikhishwa. Isaziso somtapo asinakusekela isiqinisekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, isipho esingaziwayo sokuthi ukuthengiselwa izidakamizwa kwenzeka ngonyaka odlule cishe kuyoba akwanele. Inhlangano yesizwe yeJaji ixoxe ngokuthi ukubhalwa okufanele kwembangela elindelekile kubalulekile kanjani ekunikezeni ubufakazi.

Inqubo Yokuthola Izisebenzi

Ukuthola imvume yokufuna kuhilela inqubo elandelana ngezindlela eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umqondisi ongokomthetho. Ngokuvamile, isikhulu silungiselela i-affidavit futhi siyinike umahluleli, kungaba ngumuntu noma, ngaphansi koMthetho 41 we-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, ngokusebenzisa imishini. Umahluleli uhlola i-affidavit ukuthi iyimbangela engenzeka. Uma yanelisekile, umahluleli unikeza imvume, ugunyaza ukuseshwa kwezindawo ezichazweyo nokuthunjwa kwezinto ezithile.

Ama-warrant kumelwe abulawe phakathi nesikhathi esithile, cishe izinsuku eziyishumi kuya ku-14. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka imbangela isha. Ukubulala kunengqondo; izikhulu azikwazi ukuwisa iminyango ngaphandle kokungqongqoza okokuqala futhi zimemezele ukuba khona kwazo ngaphandle kokuba izimo ezingaziwa zikhona. Ngemva kokuseshwa, izikhulu kumelwe zishiye ikhophi yencwadi kanye nohlu lwempahla ephangiwe.

Imfuneko eqondile ibalulekile. Isiqinisekiso esichaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe njenge "ndlu kaJohn Doe" ngaphandle kwekheli singaba yize. Groh v.Ramirez [2004], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi isiqinisekiso esihlulekayo ukuchaza izinto ezithathweyo sasingasebenzanga ebusweni, futhi ukuseshwa kwakungagunyazwanga naphezu kokholo oluhle lwezikhulu.

Izazi Ezingathathi - hlangothi Zihlola Ukubusa

Injongo eyinhloko yemfuneko yokugunyazwa iwukufaka imentshisi engathathi hlangothi nengahlukanisiyo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nesakhamuzi. Coolidge v. New Hampshire [19971], iNkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi izivikelo zeSichibiyelo sesine azikhonzwa yimvume yenjoloba. Imajini evuma noma yini amaphoyisa ayiphathisi ukuthatha uhlangothi. Imantshi kumelwe isebenzise isahlulelo esizimele.

Lokhu kuhlola kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba izikhulu zomthetho, nakuba zinikezelwe, zingathonywa amandla ophenyo noma ukucindezela kokuxazulula ubugebengu. Imantshi, ngaphandle kwalezo zingcindezi, inikeza ukuhlaziya okunenjongo. Njengoba uMahluleli Kennedy aphawulile ku United States v. Leon [19984], umthetho wokususa uklanyelwe ukunqanda ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, kodwa inqubo yokugunyaza ngokwayo iyisivikelo esiyinhloko.

Kwezinye izifunda, kunezinkinga "ngezokuthenga ngokusemthethweni" lapho izikhulu zifuna abahluleli abangase bavume imvume. Ukulwa nalokhu, izifundazwe eziningi zidinga imvume yokugcinwa ngesimiso senkantolo esiphakathi. i-American Civil Liberties Union[ iye yaphikisa ukuthi ukuqondisa kokwahlulela okunzima kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqashelwa nokuphamba, ikakhulukazi emongweni wemininingwane yezimiso zobuchwepheshe.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba imfuneko engokomthetho iwumthetho ovamile, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela okuhlukile lapho ukuphenya nokuquleka kungase kube okunengqondo khona ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela, akukho mvume edingekayo. Imvume kumele ikhululeke futhi ingaphoqelelwe; ukumane nje uvume egunyeni (umz., "Qaphela," kungathi" awusebenzi. Uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imvume impela ivuma ngokuzithandela. Imvume yesithathu ivunyelwe uma umuntu enegunya elifanayo ezikhundleni, njengaku United States v. Matlock [7]]). Nokho, uma umuntu evuma ngemvume yangempela, ukuphenya kungase kuvunyelwe ngaphansi .[FLD]

Umbono Ongamanga

Amaphoyisa angase athole ubufakazi obusobala obungagwegwesiwe phakathi nokugxambukela okungokomthetho, uma isimo sokusola sisobala ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iphoyisa limisa imoto ngokomthetho futhi libona isibhamu esihlalweni, iphoyisa lingasithatha ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, imfundiso ecacile ayikuthetheleli ukungena ekhaya ukuze ibheke ngapha nangapha, isebenza kuphela ezintweni eziphawulwe endaweni esemthethweni.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo eziphuthumayo zingathethelela ukuphenywa okungenasizathu. Lezi zihlanganisa ukufunwa okukhulu kwe-felon ebalekayo, ingozi yokucekelwa phansi kwabantu, noma ukubhujiswa okusheshayo kobufakazi. Kencondy v. King (2011]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi izikhulu zingangena endlini ngaphandle kwemvume uma zikholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi bungabhubha ngaphakathi. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi umehluko kumelwe ube qotho futhi ungakhiqizwa amaphoyisa.

Ukuhlola Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Uma umuntu eboshwa ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingase zifune umuntu oboshiwe kanye nendawo eseduze ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuhlukile, okumiswe Chimel v. California [[1969]], kuvunyelaniswe ngesidingo sokuvikela izikhulu futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Nokho, isilinganiso silinganiselwe endaweni ephakathi kokulawula okusheshayo kwe-crompee. ku-Arizona v. [2009], iNkantolo yemoto enciphekayo ukuze iboshwe: ukuphenywa okunjalo kuvunyelwe kuphela uma ukuboshwa kwemoto okungakhokhwawayo noma uma kuqukethe ubufakazi bokuthuthwa.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

I-Vhicles ingaphansi kokulindela okunciphileyo kobuso besikhathi somuntu siqu ngenxa yemoto yayo. Ngaphansi kwemoto, amaphoyisa angase afune imoto engenaluphawu uma kungenzeka ukuthi inesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inesithako noma ubufakazi. Lokhu okuhlukile, okusekelwe ku Carroll v. United States [1925], kuvumela ukuphenyiswa kwemoto yonke, kuhlanganise namabhokisi avaliweyo angabamba into yokufuna.

I - stop neFrisk

Ngaphansi Terry v.Oo (1968), izikhulu zingathatha i-ma futhi zifake i-frisk uma zinokungabaza okunengqondo ukuthi umsebenzi wobugebengu uhamba ngezinyawo nokuthi umuntu uhlomile. Lokhu kuyindlela elinganiselwe evumela ipayipi lengubo yangaphandle yezikhali, hhayi ukuphenya ngokugcwele ubufakazi.

Ukuhlola Okungenamanqamu Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buletha izinselele ezintsha zemfuneko. Omakhalekhukhwini, ama-laptop, kanye nokugcinwa kwamafu kunama-data amaningi omuntu siqu, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kokuseshwa okungokoqobo kwekhaya kungaveza. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe athole imvume ngaphambi kokuhlola izenzakalo zocingo. UMahluleli uRoberts waphawula ukuthi ocingo lwanamuhla lungu-"milliputers" owembula umfanekiso oseduze wokuphila komuntu.

Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yeGPS yokulandelela i-GPS kudinga imvume. United States v. Jones (2012]), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukunamathisela umkhondo weGPS emotweni kwakhiwe ukuseshwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine ngoba zenzakalela ngokwayo entweni yangasese. I-Exticronic Foundation [ ibilokhu ikhona phambili ekuphikisa leyo mininingwane yezehluleko yezeli noma ngokusebenzisa imininingwane engokomlando yengqamuzana-S.[FLT] ngokufanayo idinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwimbangela engenzekayo.

UKhongolose futhi luye lwangenela nemithetho yokuvikela. I-Ved Communications Act (SCA) idinga imvume yokungena kokuqukethwe i-imeyili ngezinsuku ezingaphansi kuka-180 ubudala, nakuba ama-imeyili amadala namarekhodi okhokhelo kungatholakala nge-tomic poena. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge California, ziye zadlulisela imithetho yazo yezibalo ezifuna isiqinisekiso semininingwane yendawo yocingo. Ukuthambekela kusekwandiswa kokunikezwa kwemvume yokuhlanganisa ubufakazi bemishini, ebonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi imfihlo emniningweni yemishini yezobuchwepheshe ibaluleke njengaleyo emaphephani engokoqobo nasemiphumeleni.

Umthetho Wokuqeda: Ukukhipha Imfuneko Yokunqoba

Umthetho ohlukanisayo uyikhambi eliyinhloko lokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine. Unikeza ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuseshwa noma ukuphangwa okungekho emthethweni abunakusetshenziswa lapho kuqulwa icala. Lomthetho waqale wasetshenziswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni v. United States[FLT] [1914] futhi wadluliselwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni [[FLT:]]Mbb v. [ [1961]]. Injongo iwukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa nokungavumeli ukugcinwa kwecala ngokungemthetho owephula umthetho.

Nokho, umthetho wokuhlukanisa ukhona ngaphandle. "ukholo oluhle" oluqashelwe ku- United States v. Leon (19984]), uvumela ukuba kuvunywe ubufakazi uma izikhulu zithembele okholweni oluhle esivumelwaneni kamuva esatholakala esingasebenzanga ngenxa yephutha lobuchwepheshe, uma izikhulu zisenza ngendlela enengqondo. Ngokufanayo, ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni bungabonakala uma bebungatholakalele (imfundiso engakholeki) noma uma bebutholakele emthonjeni ozimele ([FLT:][FLD]]Murray.[FFF:3]

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uvumela abamangalelwa abanecala ukuba bakhululeke ngenxa "yobuphekula". Kodwa abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa, imfuneko yemvume ingaba yize. Njengoba uMahluleli Clark abhala ku- Mapp[[, "Ngaphandle komthetho wobufakazi ofakazelwa ngaphandle kobufakazi obutholakele ngokungekho emthethweni, ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo liyoncishwa libe uhlobo oluthile lwamagama nje." Naphezu kwempikiswano eqhubekayo, umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uyaqhubeka uyinqubo edingekile yokunikeza imvume.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwalabo Abasizayo

Imfuneko egunyaziwe ingaphezu nje kwesithiyo somthetho esingokomthetho sokugcinwa komthetho. Yisimiso somthetho-sisekelo esivikela isithunzi somuntu, ucingo, nokukhululeka ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ozimele. Ngokufuna ukuba ukuphenya kusekelwe empahleni okungenzeka futhi kugunyazwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi, iSichibiyelo sesine siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngokuzibamba nangokulandisa.

Kulelizwe lobuchwepheshe bokuhlola obulokhu bukhona kanye nophenyo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezephulamthetho, isidingo sezimfuneko eziqinile zokuvunyelwa sikhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zivumelanisa izimiso zesine zesiPhuhliso namaqiniso amasha, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imfuneko iyaqhubeka ibalulekile ekuhloleni okungokomthetho. Izakhamuzi kufanele zazi amalungelo azo, futhi ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuwahloniphe. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakwenza kucace, imfuneko ayisona isithiyo ebulungisa.