Ukuthengwa kukahulumeni kuyisisekelo sokuqondisa komphakathi, kuqondisa ukugeleza kwemali ekhokha intela ezintweni nasezinkonzweni ezisekela yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya ezinhlanganweni zendawo. Kodwa lendawo ezungezile enkulu ngokwezezimali (ngokuvamile imelela amaphesenti ayishumi kuya ku-15 omkhiqizo wezwe ongathi sína wezwe) okungakholeleki kakhulu ekulahleni, ukukhohlisa, nokukhetha. Kulokhu, iziqondiso zokuziphatha akuzona nje izinto ezingcono; ziyisidingo esiyisisekelo. Ngokucacile, izindinganiso eziphoqelelwe zezimiso zokuziphatha ziguqula ukutholakala ebhokisini elimnyama le-getle zibe yinjini enombala okhanyayo. Ngaphandle kwazo, ukuthemba ukuthi izakhamuzi zisendaweni kahulumeni yazo ekhukhulayo, nobuqotho bokuchitha imali.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kungani iziqondiso zokuziphatha zibalulekile ekutholeni izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Sizohlola imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko, izinzuzo ezizinikezayo, nezinselele ezingapheli ezenza kube nzima ukufeza izinhlelo — ukuzuza emikhubeni emihle kakhulu yembulunga yonke nemithombo enegunya ukuze sibonise indlela izimiso zokuziphatha ezingasetshenziswa ngayo ezimisweni zokuthola inzuzo yangempela emhlabeni.

Ukuqonda Ukuthuthukiswa Kukahulumeni: Isikali, Isilinganiso, Nesikhwama

Ukuthengwa kukahulumeni kuhlanganisa wonke umjikelezo wokuthola izinto, izinkonzo, kanye nemisebenzi yezinhlangano zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela kumahhovisi kanye nezimiso ze-IT kuya emisebenzini emikhulu yezemisebenzi enjengemigwaqo emikhulu nezibhedlela. Ngokwe OECD, ukuthengwa komphakathi ngesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-12 e-GDP emazweni ase-OECD nangamaphesenti angama-30 ezizweni ezisathuthukayo. Umthamo omkhulu wemali uwenza ube ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokufeza imigomo emikhakheni emincane, ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa ukunakekelwa kohlaza komphakathi, noma ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwesizwe.

Nokho, ubukhulu bemali yokuthenga buye futhi bukhange kakhulu. Uma izivumelwano zinikezwa impoqo ngaphandle kwemithetho ecacile, inkohlakalo ingachuma. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2021 kweBhange Lomhlaba kulinganisela ukuthi ukufumbathisa ngemali yomphakathi kukodwa kubiza amazwe asathuthukayo phakathi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 nezigidi ezingu-40 zezigidi zika-20 ngonyaka. Ngaphandle kokwebiwa ngokuqondile, ukuthengwa okungafanelekile kuholela entengoni ephakeme, izinga eliphansi, nokukhubazeka okugcina kuwele ezakhamuzini. Ukuqonda lesi silinganiso kucacisa ukuthi kungani iziqondiso zokuziphatha zingezona ezinye izinzuzo ezingokokwanelisayo kodwa isisekelo esibalulekile sokubusa.

Izinqubo zokulungisa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu-sukela ku-plured kuya ku-source-source jne − kodwa bonke banesidingo sobuqotho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idolobha lithenga amaloli omlilo noma i-processom yesizwe ye-software, izimiso zokulunga, ukubonakala, nokulandisa zihlala zikhona. Iziqondiso ze-Ethical zinikeza uhlelo olugcina lezizimiso ziphila ekusebenzeni nsuku zonke.

Indima Yeziqondiso Zemithi Ekulungiseni

Iziqondiso zezimiso zikahulumeni ekutholeni iziqondiso zisebenza njengekhodi lokuziphatha elihlanganisa ukuziphatha kwabo bonke abahlanganyela ngesithakazelo somphakathi. Zichaza ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo, zimise izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, futhi zithuthukise izinqubo zokuziphendulela. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziningiliza izindima ezine ezibucayi ezidlalwa yilezi ziqondiso.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubona Ithuba

Ukubona gca kusho ukuthi izinqubo zokuthola imali zivulekelwe ukuba zihlolwe umphakathi, izimbangi, kanye nezokuqondisa. Iziqondiso ze-Ethical zigunyaza ukuba zonke izilinganiso zokukhetha zikhishwe kusengaphambili, lokho kuhlola kubhalwe, futhi kuchazwe nezinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Nations Global Market [[FL:0]] ifuna ukuvunywa okuphelele kwamathuba nemiphumela. Uma izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani imali yazo, kulula ukusola ukonakala kwangempela.

Ukubona gcaluku kuvimbela nokubhuntshisa. Uma abanikazi bazi ukuthi imishini yabo izakukhishwa, abakwazi ukubhalisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bayakwazi ukuthola imishini yokuxhumana ekwaziyo ukuxhumana, izivumelwano ezifinyelelwayo, nokuhlola okuvamile. Ngaphandle kokubonana njalo, ngisho nezikhulu ezizimisele kahle zingenza izinqumo ezibonakala zingenasizathu, zinciphe kuyo yonke inqubo.

Ukuvimbela Ukungezwani Kwesithakazelo

Impi yesithakazelo iphakama lapho isikhulu semali sibhekene nemiphumela yesinqumo. Iziqondiso zezemfundo zivimbela izimo ezinjalo noma zidinga ukuthululwa nokubuyiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esinesisebenzi esimngane waso womshado ophethe inkampani efuna imvume kumelwe siphume kulesosinqumo. Traparancy International uhlaka lugcizelela ukuthi ngisho nombono wempi ingalimaza ukwethembana komphakathi.

Ukuvimbela izingxabano kudinga okungaphezu kwemithetho edinga impucuko. Ohulumeni abaningi manje bafuna izimemezelo zezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nezimpi ezithathelwa indawo. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zisiza izikhulu ukuba zibone izimo ezisemngceleni, njengokwamukela izipho kubantu abangase babanike noma abaqashwa abantu abasebenza nabo. Uma ziphoqelelwa njalo, lezi zinyathelo zivikela ukutholakala kwamathonya obuqili angaqeda ubuqotho kancane kancane.

Ukukhuthaza Umncintiswano Oqotho

Umncintiswano ofanelekile uyindlela ebangela ukubaluleka kwemali. Iziqondiso zezemfundo ziqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abathengisi abafanelekayo banethuba elifanayo lokuncintisana ngezivumelwano. Lokhu akusho ukuphathwa ngendlela ekhethekile, kungekho zinketho ezifihliwe, futhi akukho mingcele engadingekile yokungena. WTO Acception on Government Projuction[ ifuna ngokuqondile ukuba amalungu afune ukuba amalungu aphathe abathengishi bezindawo zangaphandle kanye, uma nje izimo ezithile zihlangane.

Uma kusetshenziswa inqubo, ukuncintisana okulungile kuhilela ukulinganisela amaphepha athambile, ukubeka izimfuneko ezifanele, nokunikeza abathelisi isikhathi esanele sokulungiselela izilinganiso. Kusho futhi ukwenqaba izicelo ezivela ezimbonini ezinomlando wokonakala. Uma ukuncintisana kuyiqiniso, ohulumeni bathola amanani angcono namakhambi amasha. Uma kuhlehliswa, izindleko ziyanda futhi izinga lehla.

Ukulandisa

Ukulandisa kusho ukuthi izikhulu ezithola imvume zizakuphendulelwa ngezinqumo zazo. Iziqondiso ze-athodis zimisa imigqa ecacile yokubika, idinga ukubhalwa esinyathelweni ngasinye, futhi yenza izindlela zokubukeza nokunxusa. Ngokwesibonelo, umnikazi olahlekile kufanele abe nelungelo lokubekela inselele isinqumo ngendikimba ezizimele. Lesimiso sifakwe emithethweni eminingi yesizwe futhi sisemqoka eMthethweni I-UNCITRAL PARL LATER on Public Proficationment[[FFF:1]]

Ukulandisa kusho futhi ukuthi ukweqa umthetho kunemiphumela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngesenzo sokuyala, izijeziso zomphakathi, noma ukuquliswa kwecala, iziqondiso zokuziphatha kumelwe zisekelwe ngokuqiniswa. Ngaphandle kwemiphumela, iziqondiso ziba izinkulumo ezifinyelelweyo kunokuba zibophe imithetho. Uhlelo oluqinile lokulandisa luhlanganisa ukuphethwa kwangaphakathi, ukuqondisa kwangaphandle kwezinhlangano ezimelene nokonakala, kanye nesivikelo sokudubula ukuze kukhuthaze ukubika ukuziphatha okubi.

Izinzuzo Ezingatholakalayo Zokusetshenziswa Kweziqondiso Eziwubuhlakani

Lapho iziqondiso zokuziphatha zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, imivuzo idlulela ngalé kokugwema amahlazo, inqubo yokuthola izinto ezinikeza izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni ngokwawo imiphumela engcono.

Ukwethenjwa Omphakathi Okuthuthukisiwe

Ukwethemba kuyimali yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Uma ukuthengwa kusobala futhi kulungile, izakhamuzi ziyabona ukuthi imali yazo yentela isetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha. Lokhu kuphathiswa kudlulela ekuthembiseni komphakathi futhi kubambisana nezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwe-South Korea kwasungula isimiso sokuthola i-KONEPS sobuchwepheshe be-electronic org. Okuhlanganisa ukuhlola okungokokuziphatha nokwaneliseka okugcwele kwezimiso zokukhokha, kwanda kakhulu, futhi inani labathengisi besivumelwano ngasinye semali landa, okubonisa ukwethembana okukhulu kwengxenye yomthetho we-KONES.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amahlazo aphezulu angayilimaza i-conomous umphakathi iminyaka. I-ECD isebenza ngomphakathi wezimiso zokuziphatha [ njalo ithola ukuhlobana okunamandla phakathi kokonakala okucatshangelwayo ekutholeni nokungathembi kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Iziqondiso zezesayensi ziyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela ekukhukhulekeni kwalokhu.

Ukwanelisa Ikhono Nejubane Elithuthukisiwe

Ngokuphambene nomqondo wokuthi izimiso zokuziphatha zinciphisa ukuthengwa, iziqondiso ezichazwe kahle zilandelana. Zisusa ukungaqondakali, zinciphisa isidingo sokuzithethelela ngemva kwe-hoc, futhi zinciphise izingxabano. Ngokubeka imithetho ecacile, izikhulu zingazenza izinqumo ngokuqiniseka ngaphandle kokwesaba ukubekwa icala kamuva. Izimiso zokulungisa i-e-autotisting eziphoqelela imithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha. Ziyawanciphisa amaphuzu achazwe kusengaphambili kuphela ama-demode .

Ukwaneliseka kuyathuthuka futhi uma abathelisi bengadingi ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezizimele noma ezifiphele. Izinga lokudlala likhuthaza ukuphumelela okwengeziwe, okukhulisa ukuncintisana futhi kuqhubekisele phambili amanani. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindleko eziphezulu zokusebenzisa iziqondiso zokuziphatha zidlula kakhulu izindleko ezigciniwe ekungeniseni kahle nasekuncipheni kwemitapo.

Ukuncishiswa Kokukhwabanisa Nokonakala

Iziqondiso ze-othemical zisebenza njengesithiyo. Uma abangase babe abakhohlisi besazi ukuthi izinqumo zokuthola imali zibhaliwe, zihlolwa, futhi zibukelwe, ingozi yokubanjwa iyanda. Amazwe amaningi abika ukwehla okukhulu ekukhwabaniseni ngemva kokuqinisa izimiso zezimiso zokuhle nokulalela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kobudokotela obusesilinganisweni esiqinile eChile kwanciphisa ukuvela kwezenzo ezingemthetho ngenkathi ethatha iminyaka emihlanu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziqondiso zezimiso zokuhle zisekela abafukula ikhwelo nezintatheli eziphenyayo. Ngokusho okucacile, labo ababona ukukhwabanisa bangaveza ukukhathazeka kwabo ngokuphumelelayo futhi bafune isivikelo. Lokhu kwakha umjikelezo omuhle lapho ukubonakala kahle nokulandisa kuqinisana, okwenza kube nzima ukufihla inkohlakalo.

Izinga Eliphakeme Lezinto Ezihle Nezinkonzo

Uma izivumelwano zinikezwa ngokusekelwe ekuhloniphekeni esikhundleni sokuhlangana, ohulumeni bathola imikhiqizo engcono. Iziqondiso ze-othecal ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinga, inani, nezindleko zokusinda kuyizici eziyinhloko ezithathwayo ezinqumweni ezilandelayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njengemishini yezokwelapha, izimiso zokuzivikela, noma i-IT izisekelo, lapho ikhambi elishibhile kodwa elingalingani lingaholela ezindlekweni ezinkulu kakhulu.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba uMnyango wezokuvikela wase-United States usebenzise ukuqondisa okuqinile kwezimiso zokuphatha ekutholeni izikhali ezinkulu, ukulibala nokukhokha kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, futhi ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yokwakha kwathuthuka. Umncintiswano we-fair ukhuthaza ukusungulwa: uma amabhizinisi amancane nanamasu azi ukuthi anethuba langempela, atshala izinhlelo ezingcono nobuchwepheshe obusha. Ekugcineni, umphakathi uthola izinkonzo nesisekelo ezisebenza futhi zifeze inzuzo yesikhathi eside.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ekusebenziseni Iziqondiso Ezisebenza Kakhulu

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, ukuziphatha okuqinile ekutholeni imali kunzima. Izithiyo zangempela zezwe zidinga umzamo ophikelelayo nentando yezombangazwe.

Ukumelana Nokushintsha Phakathi Kwemibuso Yasebuthweni Lase - Australia

Izindlela ezimisiwe zokwenza izinto kungaba nzima ukuziguqula. Izikhulu ezilungisayo ezijwayelene nemikhuba ngokwethukela − njengokukhetha ezinye izikhindi noma ukuvala izintambo ezivulekile − zingamelana neziqondiso ezintsha zezimiso zokuziphatha ezisongela ukuzibusa kwazo. Lokhu kwenqaba kungaba ukungenzi lutho (ukungalawuleki) noma ukusebenza (ukuzenzisa imithetho).

Ukunqoba lokhu kudinga ukuhola okunamandla okuvela phezulu. Izinglwela zezombangazwe nezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezikhulile kumelwe zibonakale zisekela izinguquko zezimiso futhi zibone ukuthi abaphathi abaphakathi banesibopho sokulandisa. Ukushintsha amasu okuphatha, kuhlanganise nokuhlola abafaki-mgoqo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho, kunganciphisa ukungezwani. Abanye ohulumeni baye bathola impumelelo ngokuhlanganisa ukuthobela imithetho nokuphatha amabhonasi asebenzayo ukuze bathole izikhulu.

Ukuqeqesha Nokuqaphela Okunganele

Iziqondiso ze-othetic ziphumelela kuphela njengabantu abazisebenzisayo. Izikhulu eziningi ezithola imvume azizange zithole ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho kwezimiso zokuziphatha noma ukulawulwa kwengxabano. Ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa izimiso ezingabonakali ezimweni eziqinile, zingaphula imithetho noma zihluleke ukubona amafulegi abomvu.

Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezikhokhelwayo zibalulekile. Lokhu akumelwe kuhlanganise imithetho kuphela kodwa futhi nezifundo zezezezezimali, ukuvivinya umzimba ngendima, nokuhlela ngezingozi ezintsha ezinjenge-inthanethi yokwelapha nge-e-cobugration. ECD itusa [ ukuhlanganisa izimiso zokuziphatha kuzo zonke intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, kusukela ezifundweni ezisezingeni lokungena ukuya ekuthuthukiseni iziqinisekiso. Amanye amazwe manje adinga iziqalisi zezimiso zokuziphatha zaminyaka yonke kanye nezimo zokuqeqesha ezisemthethweni kulayini.

Imithombo Yengcebo Elinganiselwe Ukuze Ihlolwe Futhi Isetshenziswe

Ngisho neziqondiso ezingcono kakhulu ziyahluleka ngaphandle kwemithombo yokuqondisa ukuthotshelwa nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho. Izindikimba eziningi zongamele zincishiswa futhi azinalwazi olutheni. Zingase zintule ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola izivumelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ukuzimela ukuze ziphishekele ukuziphatha okubi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Emazweni asathuthuka, lenselele ikhushulelwa ukufinyelela kobuchwepheshe okulinganiselwe ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa okugciniwe.

Ohulumeni kumelwe bahlele izimali ezinikezelwe zezimiso zezimiso: amaqoqo ahlola imigaqo yezimiso zezimiso zezimiso, amasu okuhlola, kanye nama-appler alondekile okufushanisa impepho. Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza; ukwaziswa okuzisebenzelayo kungakhipha imiklomelo enzima ekufuneni imiklomelo ngaphandle kokufuna amabutho ahlolayo. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe bodwa abusona isibambiso. Isibopho sezombangazwe sokuxhasa nokuvikela izinhlangano zezengamele sibalulekile.

Impucuko Nezombangazwe

Kwezinye izimo, izinhlangano ezisekela izinhlangano zigxile kakhulu esikweni lezombangazwe. Iziqondiso zezemfundo ezinqabela ukukhetha kungase kungqubuzane nezimiso eziqinile zezinhlangano ezivuzayo noma ukusakaza izivumelwano ukuze kulondolozwe ukusekela kwezombangazwe. Ukuguqula lelisiko akudingi ushintsho olungokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi ludinga ushintsho olukhulu lwezenhlalakahle, kuhlanganise nokuhlola imithombo yezindaba nomphakathi.

Ukucindezela kwezizwe zonke kanye nokubaluleka kwemibandela evela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge World Bank kunganikeza inzuzo. Amabhange amaningi athuthukisa intuthuko manje adinga ukuthengwa ngokuqinile kwezimiso njengesimo sokuxhasa ngemali. Izinhlangano zendawo ezilwa nokonakala, eziqiniswe ngamathuluzi okubona ngalé kwazo, nazo ziye zashintsha kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ukulwela ukuthola inzuzo esemthethweni kuyingxenye enkulu yomzabalazo wokubusa okuhle nokubusa komthetho.

Isiphetho: Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Sokulungisa Okuhle

Iziqondiso zesayensi yemvelo azisona isisekelo sokunethezeka noma ukucatshangelwa ngemva kokuthengwa kukahulumeni; ziyisisekelo lapho kwakhiwa khona isimiso sokukhetha okuhle, esiphumelelayo, nesithembekile. Ngokukhuthaza ukubonakala ngaphandle, ukuvimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo, ukumisa ukuncintisana okulungile, nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa, lezi ziqondiso zivikela izimali zomphakathi futhi ziqinise izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Izinzuzo . () . "ukukhomba okungcono, ukukhohlisa, futhi imiphumela engcono.

Izinselele zinzima, kodwa azinakunqotshwa. Ngentando yezombangazwe, ukutshala imali ngokuqhubekayo ekuqeqesheni nasekuqondiseni, kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe banamuhla, ohulumeni bangafaka izimiso zokuziphatha eDNA zezinqubo zabo zokuthola inzuzo. Njengoba izakhamuzi nabagcini bezimo ezikhokhisa abantu befuna ubuqotho obukhulu ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, ukubaluleka kweziqondiso zokuziphatha kuyokhula kuphela. Abamane nje bayimithetho yokulandelwa; bayizimiso abangaphila ngazo.

Kubenzi bezimiso nabezokwelapha, indlela icacile: iqhubeke icwengisisa futhi iqiniswe izindinganiso zokuziphatha, ifunde emikhubeni engcono kakhulu embulungeni yonke, futhi ingalokothi ilulaze amandla okubona. Izindleko zokungayinaki imithetho yokuziphatha zinkulu kakhulu kunezindleko zokuyisebenzisa.