Ukuqonda Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya siyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokubusa, esiklanyelwe ukusakaza igunya phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Lesimiso sivimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba iqoqe amandla angavinjelwe, kanjalo sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi siqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Imfundiso ilandelela izimpande zayo zesayensi yezombangazwe kodwa yachazwa ngokucacile kakhulu phakathi noKhanyiso, ikakhulukazi ngomcabango waseFrance. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ukuba ibangele isimiso lapho isikhulu, i-projectal, futhi amagatsha okwahlulela ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo siqu ekhethekile kanye nekhono lokuhlola noma ukuhlola izenzo zabanye abantu eziyaziwa njengenhlolo nokulinganisela. Lokhu akuwona nje umqondo ongenakuqondakali; kuyilungiselelo eliwusizo eliye lakha inqubo yombuso wemibuso yanamuhla, i-United States, u-Utellina no-Utewn. Ikhono lokuhlola noma ubani ozisebenzela noma ubani ukuba afune ukuzuza noma ubani.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo kakhulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kuhlukanisa uhulumeni ube izindikimba ezintathu ezihlukene: umphathi, izikhulu zemithetho, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa umsebenzi oyisisekelo oyisisekelo ekusebenzeni kwezwe, futhi izisebenzi zegatsha ngalinye zikhethwa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zinezimo nezimiso ezihlukahlukene.

  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: limangalelwa ngokuqapha nokuphatha imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Ezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States, leligatsha liqondiswa umongameli okhethwe ngokwehlukana nendlu yomthetho. Isikhulu futhi sengamela i-guaderia, siphethe inkambiso yangaphandle, futhi sikhonza njengomphathi-mgadi wamabutho ahlomile. Isilinganiso samandla esikhulu siye sanwebeka kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokhuseleko lwesizwe nomthetho-galelo-mthetho.
  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Imithwalo yemfanelo yokukhangisa, ukuphikisana, nokumisa imithetho. Ezimisweni ze-bimeral . "njenge-Breameral", eyakhiwa iSigeqe neNdlu yabameleli :] imelela kokubili izifunda nezakhamuzi. Igatsha lemithetho lilawula amandla esikhwama semali, ligunyaza ukuchitha nokukhokha intela. Libuye libe negunya lokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zezikhulu zezikhulu, izivumelwano ze-ravolution, futhi kwezinye izimo, izikhulu eziphethe futhi zisuse izikhulu zezehlulelo.
  • Igatsha lobujudicial: lisebenza ngokuchaza umthetho nangokuqinisekisa ukuthi usebenza ngokulunga nangokungaguquki. Ijaji libukeza ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngenqubo eyaziwa njengempindo yokwahlulela. Liholwa yinkantolo ephakeme noma inkantolo engokomthetho, leligatsha lisebenza ngokwalo kwezinye ezimbili. Abahluleli bamiswe ngokwesiko ngokwezimo ezinde noma ukuphila ukuze bavikeleke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Amasheke namaqiniso yizindlela igatsha ngalinye elingalinganisela ngazo amandla amanye. Lokhu kuhlangana kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho isishayamthetho simisa imithetho, umphathi angashaya umthetho, futhi i-jadicariary ingamisa imithetho ephula umthetho. Ngokuphambene, i-partical commental quet traffaice ques provicession provicessions. [[FF], kodwa uma i-gconstomment iqinisekisa amandla aphezulu okuguqula izincazelo zokwahlulela. [I-Grouniclative] I-sethiwerve i-sethicracle, kodwa i-Foggggconst ingaveza izenzo zokungamela izikhulu, kodwa izikhulu zenkantolo ezilawulayo. [F3]

Isisekelo Esingokomlando

Umqondo wokuthi amandla kahulumeni kufanele ahlukaniswe futhi alinganiselwe awuzange uvele ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ongqondongqondo basendulo bamaGreki namaRoma baqaphela izingozi zegunya eliqanjiwe, kodwa kwakuphakathi nokuKhanyiselwa lapho inkolelo yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yasungulwa futhi yathandwa. Abahleli bemithetho-sisekelo yanamuhla babedwebela kakhulu kulemibono ukuze basungule izimiso ezaziyomelana nobushiqela.

Abacabangi Abakhanyiselwe

John Locke, ku-[FLT: 0] IMibukiso Emibili kaHulumeni [1689], ehlukanisiwe phakathi kwe-pagion, isikhulu, namandla afuze, ephikisa ngokuthi umthetho kufanele ube ngaphezulu. Nokho, uhlelo olunethonya kakhulu lwezavela ku-Baron de Montesquieu kumsebenzi wakhe [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [16]] [16] UMoya woMthetho [[FLT] [[FLT]].Montesquieuteuteuteutery uqaphele ukuthi amandla ophethe aseza izandla ezifanayo ngokungenakugwenywa aholela ekulweni kwe-mona. [ast] [[5], futhi, uma kungekho imibuso edingekile, futhi umbazangaphandle.[Fom] [indlela engcono kakhulu] [impofu] [impofu], futhi, futhi i-fuculogoduast , futhi i-ose prof], uma i-osemose.[f]

Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo Sase - United States

Phakathi neSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo se-1787 ePhiladelphia, izihambeli zaphikisana ngokuthi uklama kanjani kangcono kakhulu uhulumeni wezwe omusha. Zafuna ukugwema ukugxiliswa kwamandla ayephawule ubukhosi baseBrithani kanye neZiphakamiso zegunya elinamandla anamandla anciphileyo. UMthetho-sisekelo owawumphumela wamisa ukuhlukaniswa okucophelelayo kwemibuso ngemisebenzi ehlelwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli wayengayilungisa imithetho engcono kakhulu, kodwa uMkhandlu ungayilawula leyo ndawo; iSigebengu sasizoqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli; futhi i-jadicariary yayingabukeza kokubili imisebenzi yemithetho yomthetho nemithetho engokomthetho ebhalwe phansi, yenza noma isiphi isicindelo silungiswe kanzima ngenqubo yokulungisa.

Izithobo zanamuhla noguqu-guqukayo

Nakuba umehluko ovamile wamabhukwana amathathu uvame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-United States, amanye amazwe amaningi aye athatha ushintsho oluvumelana namasiko awo ezombangazwe kanye nomlando. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kucacisa indlela ukuhlukana kwemibuso okungasebenza ngayo ezimisweni zephalamende, ezingefani, nezixubene.

United States

Isimiso saseMelika silokhu singesinye sezibonelo ezicacile zokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Umongameli ukhethwa ngokuzimele, akanakukhonza ama-namendu angaphezu kwambili (kusukela eSichibiyelweni sama-22), futhi akahlali eKhompiseni. Igatsha eliphetheyo linomthetho oqinile kodwa lilawulwa ukuphathwa kwemithetho nokwehlulelwa. Indlu yomthetho ilawulwa ngendima ehlukile: iNdlu eqala izikweletu zemali futhi ingakwazi ukuhlukanisa, kuyilapho iSigebengu siqinisekisa ukumiswa nokuzama ukuhlelwa. I-judicariary, nabahluleli abavikelekile, ikwenza inguquko eqinile. Nokho, izenzakalo zanamuhla njengokukhula kwesifunda isifundazwe sokuphatha nokusetshenziswa kwemiyalo yezikhulu. Okunye kuphikisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezizimele zihlanganisa, izinkampani zezeluleko.

Izimiso Zasephalamende

Ezimisweni zephalamende, njengalezo eziseUnited Kingdom, eCanada, naseNdiya, umphathi (umphathi wecala nekhathemende) uthathwa futhi ubeke icala kumphathi wendlu yomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemibuso kungafani nokuhlukana okuqinile, kodwa kusekhona ukuhlola. Ikomiti yemithetho ihlala izimele, futhi ingakwazi ukususa umphathi ngevoti lokungathembi. Umphathi, ngokusho okusobala, angasusa isishaya-mthetho futhi ameme ukhetho olusha. Ngenxa yokuthi isikhulu siphuma eqenjini elikhulu epalamendeni, i-gracticklock ayivamile, kodwa ukubusa kwezikhulu kukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umqondo wombuso we-parliary usho ukuthi noma iyiphi incazelo yomthetho, nakuba le mibuso incintinyelwe kakhulu yilungelo lomthetho womthetho wesizwe.

Izimiso Ze - hybrid

Amazwe amaningi amukela izifekethiso eziyimifantu ezixuba amafektha kamongameli nephalamende. IRepublic yeFrance yesihlanu iveza umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile omisa undunankulu onomthwalo wemfanelo ku-National Assembly. Umongameli uphatha inqubo nesivikelo sakwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho undunankulu elawula izindaba zasekhaya. Leli lungiselelo lingaholela eku ‘kuhlalisaneni” lapho umongameli neningi lephalamende bengaba emaqenjini ahlukene. Amanye amazwe, njengaseRussia namazwe amaningi aseLatin America, anezikhulu eziqinile ngemithetho emikhulu, ngezinye izikhathi eziholela ekudukisweni kwezikhulu. Ukushintsha kwenqubo kubonisa ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona indlela eyodwa elinganayo kodwa isimiso esivumelana nemithetho edingayo.

Ukubaluleka Nezinzuzo

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso akuyona nje indlela yokwakha engcono; kuyisivikelo esiyisisekelo ekubuseni ngonya. Ngokukhipha igunya, kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingaphoqelela abantu intando yalo ngaphandle kokusho kamuva. Lesimiso sinikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokubusa kanye nesivikelo samalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko

Uma amandla enziwa, ingozi yokuxhashazwa iyanda ngokuphawulekayo. Igatsha lezemithetho, eliqanjwe ngabameleli abaningi, livimbela ushintsho olusheshayo, oluguquguqukayo lwemiphumela yokukhetha, noma izitha zezombangazwe. Ukuzimela kwejaji livikela ukuwa kwekhono lokukhuluma, ukucindezela, nenkolo ngokunikeza i-interortions arounds ngezenzo zikahulumeni eziyinselele. Igatsha lezemithetho, eliqanjwe ngabameleli abaningi, livimbela izinguquko ezicatshangelwe ngokushesha, eziyingozi emthethweni. Izibonelo ezingokomlando ziyanda: ukuphakama kweJalimane kwasekelwa ukuwa kwezehluleka kwezindawo zezinhlangano. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusize ukuvinjelwa kwezesimo sezulu esiqinile, ukusuka eMazingeni okungahlangani okuhambisana nokungavumelani kwezeluleko. Ngokufuna abadlali abaningi ukuba bavumelane ezinqumiiiiiii ezinqulwini ezinkulu, isimiso sohlelo nokuhlanganisana, ngokukhuthaza amalungelo amancane.

Ukulandisa

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudala amaphuzu amaningi okuqondisa. Indlu yomthetho ingahlola ukuziphatha okubi; ijaji lingaqeda imithetho engekho emthethweni; isikhulu singahlasela i-parent. Igatsha ngalinye lingadalula futhi lilungise amaphutha amanye. Lokhu kulandisa kunciphisa ukonakala nokungalungi. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi likahulumeni (GAO) lisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho, kuyilapho iHhovisi Lezeluleko lezemithetho linikeza imibono engokomthetho evimbela isikhulu. Emazweni amaningi, izindikimba ezizimele ezilwa nokonakala ne-oudsmestrition zingenza abameleli babo abanomthwalo wemfanelo. Izakhamuzi zingaba nezikhulu zabo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ngokhetho, eziqhutshwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuvota kwemithetho ye-judia kanye nemithetho yokuvota.

Izinselele Zanamuhla

Naphezu kokuzinza kwayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala. Ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe, ukukhula kwamandla aphethe, ukwahlulela, nokuvela kwezinhlangano zobutechnocracy konke kuvivinya imingcele yomklamo wokuqala. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile kulabo abafisa ukulondoloza ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukufinyelela Kwesikhulu Esiphakeme Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Ezikhathini zenhlekelele − noma yimpi, umqedazwe, noma ukuwa kwezomnotho − ngokuvamile kuthatha amandla angavamile. Nakuba izinyathelo ezinjalo zingaba ezidingekile, zisengozini futhi yokwandisa unomphela igunya lobumongameli. E-United States, ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zezikhulu, izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, nokungahlolwa kwezezimo eziphuthumayo zokufuduka nokuhwebelana. Ngezinye izikhathi iSishaya-Mnyango siye sanqikaza ukuhlehlisa ukubusa kwemibuso emisha. Ngokufanayo, ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi iye yabona abaholi belulaza abalawuli abazimele noma ukululaza ukuphathwa kwemithetho yesizwe. [[FLT:]] Britannica ukuhlolwa kombuso wezempatho kuphawula ukuthi ukucindezela phakathi kokubusa nokulinganiselwa kohulumeni kunakho. Ukulwa kwemithetho, kumelwe kugobe izikhulu, izikhulu zikahulumeni ziboshe izikhulu, kumelwe ziqhubeke, futhi zifuna ukuba izikhulu zezakhamuzi ezibukwane.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukana kakhulu, imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela okuhloselwe ukuvimbela ubudlova kungenza ukukhubazeka esikhundleni sokukwenza ufe. Ukuyekethisa komthetho kuba yivela kancane; umphathi angadlula i-Congress ngeziqondiso zezikhulu; ukumiswa kungazeqiswa ngokungenamkhawulo. Nokho, imithetho yeSigele sase-U.S. i-monicbuster, ngokwesibonelo, iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umthetho, okuholela ekutholeni ukukhungathekisa nokucela inguquko. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyahamba kancane futhi kuvumela isimo, esingaba inkinga ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha. Nokho, i-glockeybo akusona inseleleki njalo esingekhona ukuvumelana okubanzi. Inseleleko ikhona ekutholeni ukulinganisela phakathi kokuhlela nokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Ezinye izindlela zokubusa uhulumeni wezwe ngokwezimo ezishintshayo noma ngokusungula izinhlelo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezizinabantu.

Ukuchaza Nokwenza Isenzo Sokwahlulela

Indima yejaji ekuchazeni umthetho-mthetho ngokungenakugwenywa ihilela ukuqapha okuthile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi amajaji aphambuka ngokuwenza umthetho kunokuba awuchaze. ngqa inqubo yamajaji ivame ukubiza ukuthatha imithetho yezomthetho-mthetho. Uma izinkantolo zichitha imithetho ngezizathu ezibanzi, zingamangalelwa ngokuthatha igunya lomthetho. Ngokuphambene, amajaji angase athathe isikhathi eside kakhulu kumphathi, anciphise ukuhlola kwamanye amagatsha. Inqubo yokumisa yabahluleli iye yaqala ukuthatha izintambo, ngempi ehlukene ehloniswe ukubusa ngezizathu zomthetho. Icala eliphakeme elisezingeni eliphezulu lokukhipha isisu, ukwenqaba, ukumelana namalungelo empahleni eUnited States kubonisa lokhu kungenayo, ukufaneleka kwesimiso sokwahlulela kuxhomeke ekucabangeni komthetho nencazelo engokomthetho, njengendlela yokulawula imithetho engokomthetho.

Indima Yezimo Ezizimele

Intuthuko ephawulekayo yanamuhla ukuphakama kwezinhlangano ezizimele ezilawulayo, njengokuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso eUnited States, i-Securestial and Exchange Commission, ne-Federal Commissions. Lezi zindikimba zisebenzisa i-quasi-leligistive, i-quasi-leassived, kanye ne-quasi-jujustiaticism, ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ziyazephula yini imibuso. Ziklanyelwe ukuvimbela isinqumo sobuchwepheshe sokwenza ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, kodwa zigxile nasebusweni obungagunyazinziswanga, kodwa futhi zigxile ezikhulwini ezingagunyaziwe. INkanto ephakeme i - U. Inkantolo ephakeme ixazulu iphakamisa lezinhlangano ezibonakala zinecala elifanele. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuphikisana okufanayo kuphakama phakathi kwamabhangemuva nohulumeni. Inselele inzuzo yokuzinye izikhulu zezengacukuthwa kweze zezenzibo.

Isiphetho

Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlala kuyisivikelo esibalulekile sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwesikhulu, i-production, namagatsha okwahlulela, nangokunika ngalinye amandla okuhlola ezinye, lesi simiso sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, sivimbela ubushiqela, futhi siqinisekisa uhulumeni osebenza ngokuphumelela nokulandisa. Izimpande zawo ezingokomlando ezisebenza ngokukhanyiselwa futhi zisebenza ngezimiso ezisebenzayo ezisebenza ngokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo ezihlukene zibonisa ukuvumelana kwawo nokukhuthazela kwawo. Kodwa izinselele zamanje ("isithibeasethilithi thropia, ukubusa kwezombangazwe, ukulwa kwezehlule, ukulwa kwemithetho yezomthetho, nokudlondlolonga izinhlangano , nokudlondlolonga izinhlangano. [[5]], abafundisi, abenzi bezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mscrealthromes grep) ezisekela igatsha ngalinye, okunikezwa yizimpoqondala yonke.[Fod , igatsha ngalinye.[1]