Umklamo we-collet uyisici esigxekayo, esivame ukunganakwa, isici sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Nakuba kunikezwa ukunakekela okukhulu ekubhikisheni ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi, ukuvota, nokuphepha kokhetho, incwadi engokoqobo noma yezobuchwepheshe abavoti abasebenzelana nayo ngosuku lokhetho ingalungisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuqonda kwabo abazobhapathizwa kanye nezimpikiswano, futhi ekugcineni, ukuzimisela kwabo ukuphoqa ibhola eliklanywe ngokungeyikho. I-collet ingasusa ukuvota, ikhubaze amaphutha, futhi inciphe ukwethembela enqubweni yokhetho. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-coloace projects /ator, uption, project, project, sho izinhlelo zokuvota, izinselele ze-bolithi, izinselele, izinselele zeze nalethwane.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Komklamo Webhola

Umklamo webhola ibingalokhu uyindaba yokuhlolwa okucophelelayo. Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, abavoti e-United States babevame ukusebenzisa amathikithi anyatheliswe eqembu, ngokuvamile ayenombala ogqamile futhi ahluke, okwenza kube lula ngezisebenzi zeqembu ukubona ukuthi umuntu uvotelwa kanjani. Lesimiso sasigcwele ukwesaba nokukhohlisa. Ukuthathwa kwe- “Australian bollat” ekupheleni kwama-1800 yeyunifomu, uhlu lwezinkonzo zikahulumeni olunyatheliswe izibalo, izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihlelwayo kanye nezimpikiswano eziyisisekelo. Yasungula ukugcinwa kwemfihlo, kodwa futhi yabeka umthwalo omusha wokuvota ibhula incwadi eyinkimbinkimbi. Izimpoqokotho ze-bolo zahlala zilula kakhulu: uhlu oluncane lwehhovisi namagama, ngezinye izikhathi ngezimpawu zeqembu. Nokho, izinhlelo ze-octalbownbows, i-octivesting, i-oplue. I-compase projectives. Ngokusho i-osemfazweyo, i-uptton ye-U.

Izimiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwebhola

Umklamo we-collet yanamuhla udweba izimiso ze-computer ezisuka ekuxhumaneni kwabantu, ekusebenza kwengqondo, nasekuklameni okubonisayo. Phakathi nendawo, umvoti kumelwe enze abavoti bakwazi ukuveza ukukhetha kwabo ngokunembe nangempumelelo ngokufaka kancane. Izici eziningi eziyinhloko zinquma ukuthi i-collet iyaphumelela yini noma iyahluleka kulokhu kuthunywa.

Umumo nokuYaluza

Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuklama yisimo sonke. Amavoter kufanele akwazi ukuhlola i-collet futhi aqonde ngokushesha ukugeleza, kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, ngokuhlukanisa okucacile phakathi kwemincintiswano. Ukuhlanganisa izinto ezihlobene (umzk., zonke izinhlanga, bese ehlela) asiza abavoti ukuba bagcine umongo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemigca, amabhokisi, kanye nendawo emhlophe kubalulekile. I-metallbot enombhalo oshubile nobubanzi obubonakalayo kwandisa amathuba okuthi abavotiwe ngemincintiswano noma ukuphawula ongafanele. Isiqondiso esisodwa esivamile siwukugwema ukuhlukanisa umncintiswano owodwa oweza owehlelayo noma amakhasi amaningi, njengoba lokhu kusiza umvoti wokwehlukanisa nokukhubazeka. Isikhungo se-Cbiccopce etusa i-diced Discope ephethe kahle izihloko ezigqanywe kahle.

Umshini Wokubhala Nokufunda

Umshini wokudweba uvame ukuba yisiqalo somklamo ocatshangelwayo, kodwa uthinta ijubane lokufunda nokuqonda. Ubukhulu besigamu sohlobo lwesigamu kufanele bube obukhulu ngokwanele ukuba bufundwe ngaphandle kokucindezela (12 amaphuzu) noma ngaphezulu ekunyatheliseni i-colot, futhi ikakhulukazi amaphuzu angu 14 kubantu abadala abavoti. I-Sans-serif afana ne-Helvetica, i-Arial, noma iVerdana ikwazi ukuhlukanisa kakhulu kune-selif metans emaphepheni, ikakhulukazi emazingeni amancane. Izikhala zomgebenda (ukuhola) kufanele zibuyisele ukuphana kweminyana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa izimpawu zenkinobho (ig., i-Vetalte", isiza iso ngaphandle komdlalizodwa. i-Conden noma ukuhlobisa ama-cond.

Umbala nokugqama

Nakuba umbala ungathuthukisa ukusebenziseka kwe-bolot ngokuqokomisa iziyalezo noma izingxenye ezihlukene, kumelwe isetshenziswe ngokucophelela. Umbhalo ophezulu-ogqamile ogqamile osekelwe esiqalweni sokukhanya ubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukuhlukanisa. Indinganiso elula-cococo ngokuhlukanisa (umz., okukhanyayo okumhlophe) kunganikeza ibhola elicishe libe mhlophe, ikakhulukazi ku-ovula amehlo noma asebebonayo. Umbala akufanele ube yindlela yodwa yokudlulisa ulwazi ngemibala efiphele (cishe u-8% wabantu) ukulahlekelwa yizinto ezithembele nje kuphela ebala. Isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa umbala obomvu “we-Republican” nowesibhayo encike kakhulu, kodwa kufanele kube yizindlela ezimbili zokuphathana amagama noma imibala eminingi. Izindlela ezihlukene zokusebenzisa i-flayworks.[1]

Ulimi Nokuqonda

Umbhalo obhalwe e-collations − i-paint Treasure, amahhovisi okuvota, kanye nolimi lwe-collet kumele kube lula futhi kucace ngangokunokwenzeka. Izilinganiso ze-Ballot, ikakhulukazi, zibhalwe ngolimi olusemthethweni noma olulula. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhundleni “Qhaphela ukuba ibhodi labaphathi ligunyazwe ukumisa umthetho wokwandisa intela yezezikole zomphakathi...,” i-prankcedrogs ezingcono zisho ukuthi“ ukuthengisela intela yendawo ngenkokheli ka-1% ezikoleni. Izikhulu kufanele zihlole futhi zifake iqoqo lolimi olulula.

Ukuklanywa Nokuklanywa Okukhethekile

Umklamo webhola kumelwe usebenzise wonke umvoti ofanelekayo, hhayi nje labo abanombono ovamile, ozwayo, noma okwazi ukufinyelela. Ukufinyelela akuyona into ezikhethelayo . Kugunyazwe umthetho kahulumeni eUnited States ngaphansi koMthetho weHelp America Vote (Hava) namaMelika ane-Act yokukhubazeka (ADA). Nokho, ukuvuma nokusebenza ngobuqotho akufani ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Izindinganiso Ze - ADA Nangalé Kwazo

I-ADA ifuna ukuba amathuluzi okubhala amabhola avamile atholakale kubavoti abakhubazekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa iziyalezo ezibonwayo, izixhobo zemisindo, nekhono lokukhulisa umbhalo. Kodwa ukubhaka kudlula imishini. Ama-paper boloot, aseseluhlobo oluvamile lokuvota, futhi kumelwe aklanyelwe ukufinyelela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izinguqulo ezinkulu zokunyathelisa ezikhutshaziwe ezikhubazekile (angoko cishe isigaba se 18 noma amabala amakhulu), ukunikeza izimbo zokuvala, nokunikela izindwangunda ezindaweni zokuhlola. Izikhulu zidinga ukuvota okulula nokubhala phansi noma ukukhubazeka, ukusebenzisa izimpawu (njengophawu lokuhlola noma isiyingi esigcwele) eceleni sombhalo kungasiza. ISikhethi se-mfashini esiseCalifornia, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemigqa yamagama amakhulu ezindaweni ezibonwayo yonke i-ebolobologobologoza. Izikhulu zicabangela ukuqeqeshwa ngaphandle kokuziqondisa ibhola.

Amabhola Ahlukahlukene

Ngaphansi kwe-Cetard 203 ye-Voting Rights Act, ama-collet nezindawo zokuvota kumele zinikeze izinombolo zezilimi ezihlukile kunesiNgisi, njengeSipanishi, isiTagalog, isiVietnam, nesiNavajo. Umklamo ophumelelayo wezilimi eziningi udinga ukuhunyushwa ngokucophelela, hhayi nje ukuguqulwa okungokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, ulimi lwebhola oluzibhikishayo oludidayo esiNgisi luba luze luqine nakakhulu uma luhunyushwe kabi. Uhlelo olungcono lukuhumusha futhi lubuye lunciphe ukubheka ukunelisa ukunelisa, nokuvivinya izindolo ezihunyushelwayo zezo zomdabu. Ubuhle be-Filiyondlopendo bungadinga nokubonisa kokubili izilimi, noma ezinhlakeni ezihlukene, kodwa kumelwe kuqinisekise ukuthi inguquko ngayinye ifundeka kahle futhi ayincinti yolimi. Ezinye izigaba zolimi ezihlukene, kodwa ukuhlanganisa ukuhleleka.

Ithonya Endleleni Yokuhamba Nezigebengu

Ukuhlobana phakathi komklamo webhola nokuziphatha kovoti kusekelwa ukwanda kwendikimba yokucwaninga okungokwezimo. Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nezinguquko ezincane ekwakhekeni noma amagama kungathinta kakhulu amazinga amaphutha, ukhetho olunganqunywanga (lapho imiphumela ishintsha ngenxa yokuklama amaphutha), kanye nokuphenya konke.

Izici Ezingokwengqondo

I-cooptic psychology ichaza ukuthi kungani eminye imiklamo yebhola lokulinganisa isebenza kangcono kunezinye. Ukukhathala okunemininingwane ecacile kuyinkinga ebhalwe kahle: njengoba abavoti besebenza ngebhola elide, ababa naso isoko lokunaka futhi bangawudlulisi kakhulu umncintiswano. Lokhu kukhulunyelwe kakhulu umkhakhakha wemijaho yebhola (umklo, umklomelo wesifunda, abahluleli, noma izihloko zendawo). Umklamo unganciphisa ukukhathala ngokuhlela kanye kanye, ukuveza imaphuphana okucacile, nokusebenzisa ukuhlela okungaguquguquki kuyo yonke indawo. Okunye okungakho kungumphumela okhudlulwayo [[FLT:] [FLT2] onyukile, noma okungahluliwe kakhulu, kungakhetha inzuzo engcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezigabani ezingeni ezilandelanayo.[Fodrome]

Amaphutha Nabangaphansi Kwawo

I-flactot ehlelwe kahle inciphisa kokubili ama-Mpecter (lapho umvoti ehluleka khona ukukhetha) kanye namavote (lapho aphawula khona inani elikhulu labazobhapathizwa). Ukuhlola kwe- i-National Conference of State Legistration [ ithole ukuthi amabhola anesimo esiphansi kakhulu", anjengesifebe esidubedume “kakhulu” se-Palm Beach County ngo 2000] . Ukuhlolwa kwe-National Conference of State Confectal [3,5%] embangweni owodwa, ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula imiphumela. Ukucwaninga kwamuva okusuka ku-MALI-Ecomme kanye ne-Sayensive kubonise ukuthi amabhola okuhlola nge-ovalue "ovalue" athambekele ekuhleleni ibhola eliphansi kunaleyo imicibisholo encincane. Umfu encikelwe isigqephephendulo esincane, okunciphiswe isisulu esincane kakhulu esincane kakhulu se-osi. Okunye esigqephetho enzi

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Emklamweni Webhola

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa kokubili ukwehluleka okubhubhisayo nokushintsha okuphumelelayo emklamweni wokuvota.

I - “feather Ballot ” Ka - 2000 (Florida)

Isixwayiso esikhulu esikhonjiwe yisikhombi se-palm Beach County sokubhaxaxaxa ngekhadi lokubhaxabhisa kukhetho lukamongameli luka- 2000. Amakhansi anyatheliswe emihumeni emibili ekhomba umcibisholo ophakathi. Abaningi abavoti benza iphutha lokuphonsa umgodi wenguquko i-Pat Buchanan lapho bezimisele ukuvotela uDemocrat Al Gore, okungase kushintshe umphumela wezwe. Umklamo we-odre waphula izimiso eziningi: wahlukanisa uhlu lwe-yo emakhasini amabili, wasebenzisa ukulungiswa okungacacile, futhi awunikezangakho indlela ecacile yokuba u-Roffidater alandele. Umphumela waholela emashumini eminyaka yenguquko, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ze-scanologysting nezindinganiso zikahulumeni zokuklama, kodwa imibuso eminingi isazishaya iziqondiso zalezi zifundo.

Izincwadi Zemfundo Yamalungelo Neziqondiso Zomklamo ZaseCalifornia

Ngokuphambene, iCalifornia iye yathuthukisa umklamo we-collet ngokuqhubekayo ngo- “Umthetho Wokukhetha kaVoter” kanye nokubambisana ne- Isikhulumi se-CBICON Design. Ama-bollat kazwelonke kazwelonke manje anezitayela zesihloko ezingaguquki, izinombolo, imincintiswano emikhulu, ama-sans-serif, kanye nolimi olucacile lwezikhombozo. Isibonelo, i-Pronice 12 ngo-201818 isebenzise i-eboard elula/nomake echazayo eveleleyo nengqungqungquthela. Ucwaningo lweziciso oluphawuliwe kusukela esifanekisweni esibomvu. ICalifornia futhi inikeza izilinganiso zezinombolo zezinombolo ezilimini eziningi nangezinsinziwa kakhulu, futhi isihlola phambi kokhetho. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuveza ukuvoza kohlelo olungcono nokukhomba ngokuvola nokukhomba.

Umzamo Oqinile WaseNew York

I-New York State yathatha isigqebhezana sokubomvu sokhetho olukhulu phakathi konyaka ka-2010 ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yemishini edidayo nezincwadi zephepha. Umklamo omusha wasusa imincintiswano ehlukene phakathi kwezinhlu, wenezelwe ukuhlelwa kwehhovisi ngalinye, futhi wasebenzisa izihloko ezigqamile ukuze uhlukanise phakathi kwamasigaba. Ukubala amaphutha ehlehliswe yi-20% kukhetho lokuqala ngokusebenzisa umklamo omusha. Izikhulu zayenza futhi ibhola lomshini osebenza kuyi-PDCDF ukuze isebenze ekhaya, ngokuqhubekayo kunciphisa ukudidedelelwa kokuqala. Okuhlangenwe nakho kweNew York kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nangemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yemithetho yokukhetha nemigqa, isimo esihlanzekile sitholakala futhi siwusizo.

Izibonelo Zezizwe Zonke: I - Australia Ne - United Kingdom

I-Australia isebenzisa ukuvota okunesibopho futhi ithuthukise izindinganiso zokuklama eziqinile. I-compator yabo yeSigele, ngokwesibonelo, ihlukaniswa ngokwezindawo ezimbili ezicacile: “Ngaphezu kwelayini” yokuvota futhi“ ngezansi emgceni” kubantu abazobhapathizwa. Umklamo usebenzisa imigqa eqinile nemibala ukuze uvimbele ukudideka. I-UK, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isalwa namaqhinga aguquguqukayo emikhandlwini yendawo. Abanye basebenzisa imigqa, abanye basebenzisa iziqondiso ze-Elctoral Commissions baye bagxekwa ngenxa yokuyekelela kakhulu. [[FLT:] 201920] ngokuhlola nge-ElCM.[FLT] I-FLT] iholight engcono egcizelela isigaba esisodwa solimi, iziyalezo ezivamile, nemibala ephakeme kakhulu. Le mithetho yezizwe ayikholeki kakhulu kodwa ibonise ukucunga okulungile, kodwa ukucwaninga okuvamile.

Izinselele Nezokuhweba Emklamweni Webhola

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile zomklamo obekwe phakathi komsebenzisi, izikhulu zokhetho zibhekene nezithiyo eziningana. Okokuqala ukungezwani phakathi kobulula nokuphelela. Amabhola kumelwe ahlanganise konke ukwaziswa okudingekayo − njengamagama afuna ukuvota, izinxulumani zeqembu, kanye nokwaziswa okulinganayo okungadlula. Izindlela zomqokomiso, ikakhulukazi, zidinga ukufushaniswa, igalelo, kanye nombhalo ogcwele, okunzima ukukuveza ngokufingqa. Ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni zivumela ukusetshenziswa kwepheshana lokwaziswa elihlukile elizimele, kodwa lokho kubeka umthwalo evotini ukuba ifunde ngaphambili.

Okwesibili, imingcele engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe ingavala izici ezithile zomklamo. Imithetho eminingi yombuso isho ngokuqondile okumelwe ivele ebhodini, kuhlanganise nokulandelana kweqembu eliphethe isihlalo, ubukhulu bombhalo, kanye nokubekwa kwamagama okucacisiwe. Ukushintsha lemithetho kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho, okungathatha ijubane futhi kubangele ukuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda zidinga izimfanelo ezifanele noma isimo sokuncintisana ukuze zibhalwe, zifakelwe emfucucweni. Izikhulu zingasesaba ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho lungabonwa njengoluyi-voluntslol, ngisho noma luhloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwethu.

Okwesithathu, ukulinganisela izimali ezikhona ekuhlolweni kwendlela yokusebenzisa imali, abakhi, nokunyatheliswa kwezinguqulo eziningi. Izibalo ezincane ezinezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe zingathembela kumazitente angenaphutha anikezwa abadayisi bemishini, angalinganiseli ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba afundeke. Nokho, izinhlangano ezinjenge U.S. i-Evolution Consolation Commission[ inikeza amathuluzi ekhululekile kanye namanxusa angasetshenziswa endaweni.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza kokubili amathuba kanye nomklamo omusha. Imishini yokudweba i-computer ingalungisa ubungakanani bombhalo we-octrom collet, inikeze iziphakamiso zomsindo, futhi ivumele abavoti ukuba babukeze okukhethwayo ngaphambi kokuphoqa. Nokho, umklamo we-proxy kumelwe ube mkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, futhi isimiso kumelwe sivimbele ukudlula ngengozi. Imishini eminingi idinga futhi umshini wokuvota wephepha owenziwe nge-opera (VPAT), isho ukuthi i-spectal boardot kumelwe futhi ivelise umbhalo wephepha oqinisekisa ukuthi i-votor. Ukuhlela okungaguquguquki kwesithombe nomshini kunzima. Ukuvota okuhamba kwephepha kuseyivela kancane, kuveza ngisho nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezimiso zesikrini nezimiso zokusebenza. I-Cyseverticism ithinta futhi isimiso somshini wokuhlola i-electal.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bungavumela izinombolo ezikhombayo ezikwazi ukugcwalisa iziyalezo ezicacile futhi bazilethe ku-ilayini. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda ngosuku lokhetho. Ukushintshela kumavoti ngeposi nakho kuye kwandisa isidingo samavoti abhaliwe kahle angaqedwa ekhaya ngaphandle kosizo. Izizwe eziningi manje zithumela lezi zibaya ngemifanekiso ecacile, iziyalezo kanye nezimvilophu ezinemigqa ecacile. Umklamo walezi zivoti − ukusukela epenini lokuthumela ngaphandle ukuya emficilweni yemfihlo.

Iziqondiso Nezituso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umklamo wezokuvota, izikhulu zokhetho nabenzi bezimiso kufanele bamukele ukutusa okuningana okuyinhloko:

  • Ukuhlolwa kokusebenzisa inzuzo: Ngaphambi kokuqeda ibhola, lihlole ngeqembu elihlukene labavoti, kuhlanganise nabantu abadala, abantu abakhubazekile, nezikhulumi zesiNgisi ezingezona ezenani eliphezulu. Lokhu kungakwenziwa ngezindleko eziphansi kwizisebenzi zomphakathi zokuzithandela.
  • Adhere eziqondisweni ezisekelwe ekucwaningeni: Sebenzisa izindinganiso ezishicilelwe iCentre for Civic Design, i-U.S. Conficition Commission, noma i-National Institute of Standards and Technology (ISC). Lezi ziqondiso zimboza isimo, i-tpytography, umbala, nolimi.
  • Ingenelela ngolimi olulula: isilinganiso sebhola lokufushanisa kufanele sibhalwe ngesilinganiso sokufunda sesishiyagalombili noma phansi, futhi sibukezwe yindawo ezimele yochwepheshe bolimi olulula.
  • [ Igcwalisa izinto ezifinyelekayo ngokungaguquki: Inikeza ushicilelo olukhulu, ibralle, umsindo, nezinguqulo zezilimi eziningi kuyo yonke indawo yokuvota, hhayi kuphela lapho ucela. Yenza amabhola akhona ku-inthanethi ama-inthanethi afinyelelweyo ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho.
  • Sebenzisa izindlela zanamuhla zokunyathelisa nokukhiqiza: Iphepha eliphikisanayo, okungaglasi okuphelayo, nokugunda ngokungaguquguquki (ukugunda) kungavimbela ukuhlelwa ngokungeyikho okubheka njengezimpawu.
  • [ umthetho wezwe wokumisa umklamo ngokulandelana: Imithetho kufanele igunyaze ukuba umklamo webhola ulandele izimiso zokusebenzisa inzuzo, hhayi nje uhlu lwezimfuneko ezikuqukethe. Izinombolo ezifakwa elangeni zingadinga izimpawu ezifinyelelwe ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni.
  • Funda kubantu abasebenza nohulumeni bomhlaba wonke: qhathanisa imiklamo evela kwezinye idemokrasi lapho umklamo webhola oklanywe futhi wathuthukiswa khona phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Ikhomishane ye-Australia ne-Canada iwuphawu oluhle.

Isiphetho

Umklamo webhola ungaphezu kokucabangela ukubukeka, lokhu kuwukungaqiniseki okuyisisekelo kobuqotho bokhetho nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Uma abavoti bekwazi ukubona ngokucacile ukukhetha kwabo, ukuqonda iziyalezo, futhi bephawula ukukhetha kwabo ngaphandle kokudideka, banikwe amandla okusebenzisa izilinganiso zabo eziphambili ngokunenzuzo nangokuqiniseka. Ngokuphambene nokungaqondi kahle. Izikhulu eziklanyelwe kahle zichitha izimpawu zokukhetha, ziguqula imiphumela yokhetho, futhi zilulaze zinciphise ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokukhetha buqhubeka buzama ukuguqula futhi buqhubeka ngezindawo ezinde neziyinkimbinkimbi, imfuneko yokusebenzisa izimiso zomklamo eziseceleni zabasebenzisi abaklami abambalwa azikaze ziqine. Izikhulu zohlelo, abakhi bemithetho, abashaya imithetho, nabavoti ngokwazodwa bonke banendima yokudlala ibhola elifuna ukukhomba nokulunga kuphela.