I - Fragile Explorium Phakathi KukaHulumeni Ovulekile Nokulondeka Kwezwe

Enkathini echazwa ukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa okusheshayo, ukusongela okuwenziwe emhlabeni wonke, nokuhlola okukhulu komphakathi, ukungezwani phakathi kokukhanya nokuphepha kwesizwe kuye kwaba enye yezinselele ezichazayo zokubusa kwanamuhla. Izakhamuzi zifuna ukuqonda ngokwengeziwe ngezinqumo ezenziwa ngenxa yazo, kuyilapho ohulumeni bephikisa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuvikela imisebenzi ebucayi, imithombo yokuhlakanipha, kanye nobudlelwane nobudlelwane nomphakathi. Ukulinganisela okuqinile phakathi kwalemiyalo ephikisanayo akuwona umsebenzi wokulawula kuphela isisekelo sesidingo sobuqotho nokwethenjwa umphakathi isikhathi eside. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukucaca okungaguquguquki kwezindawo ngomongokwamandla esizwe, ukuhlola izithiyo, imiphumela, nokuxhumana nomthetho owemvelo ngokubuyisana kanye nokuvikela.

Ukubaluleka Kokubona Okucace Kukahulumeni

Ukubona gcakasha akuyona into ephambili emiphakathini yentando yeningi; kuyisidingo sokwakha. Uma izakhamuzi zingaqaphela indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela izimali zomphakathi ezifakwa ngayo, nendlela imithetho ephoqwa ngayo, zinikezwa izikhundla ezingcono zokuhlola ukusebenza kwabaholi bazo nezinhlangano. Lokhu kuveza indlela ezwakalayo ekhuthaza ukubusa okunesibopho futhi inqande ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

  • Thembela isakhiwo: Izimpawu ezihlala njalo zokuthi izinhlangano azinalutho lokufihla, ziqinisa ukuqiniseka komphakathi ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele noma zempikiswano. Izinhlangano ezidalula ngokuzithandela izimiso zemisebenzi nezimiso zokwengamela zivame ukubhekana nokungaqiniseki komphakathi ngokuphumelelayo kunalezo ezihlulekayo ukufihla.
  • Ukukhokha-mali: Ukubona ngale kuveza uchungechunge olucacile lomthwalo wemfanelo. Uma izimiso zehluleka noma ziphathwe kabi kwenzeka, ukutholakala kwamarekhodi namapulangwe okwenza izinqumo kwenza izindikimba zokwengamela, izintatheli, nomphakathi ukwazi ukubona izimbangela eziyisisekelo nokufuna isenzo sokulungisa.
  • Imvume yokwaziwa kwezakhamuzi: Imvume yokwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa ivumela abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezizinzisweni zedemokrasi, kusukela ekuvoteni ezinyathelweni ze-colot kuya ezindinganisweni zenkambiso. Umphakathi ofundile awuchachacha kakhulu ekungeniseni okunganembile futhi uyakwazi kakhulu ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinso zokuphepha zangempela nokufihla okushukunyiswa kwezombangazwe.
  • [ Ukuvinjelwa kokonakala: Ukuvulwa kwezinqubo, ukuvubukulwa kwezezimali, namarekhodi omhlangano afinyelelekayo adala indawo lapho umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni unzima ukufihla khona. Ukubona gcaba gcaba okungabulala izinambuzane, unciphisa amathuba okufakela nokuzisebenzela.

Lezi zinzuzo ziqiniswe kahle emfundisweni yentando yeningi futhi ziye zaqiniswa ngokucwaninga okungokwezimo zentando yeningi. Ngokombiko ovela ku ECD, amazwe anamanani aphakeme okubonakaliswa ngokuqhubekayo abonisa amazinga aphansi okonakala okucatshangelwayo nokwaneliseka okukhulu kwezakhamuzi ngezinkonzo zomphakathi. Nokho, inselele ivela lapho ukuphishekela ukuthungatha kungqubuzana nesidingo esingokomthetho sokufihla imfihlo.

Amaphuzu Athakazelisayo Endawo Yokuphepha

Imisebenzi yokulondeka yesizwe ikhona endaweni ehluke kakhulu eminyangweni yokulawula evamile. Ukuqoqa ngobuhlakani, ukulwa nemisebenzi yobuphekula, izingxoxo zezokuxhumana, kanye nokuhlela kwezempi kudinga izinga elithile lokufihla imfihlo okungamukeleki kweminye imisebenzi kahulumeni. Ukungezwani phakathi kokubonana nokuphepha akunangozi, kubangelwa ukungezwani okungokwemvelo phakathi kokuqondisa kwedemokhrasi nesidingo sokusebenza.

Ingozi Yokusebenza Ngokuzikhandla

Impicabadala esheshayo yokuveza ngokucacile izinto zokuphepha yingozi yokudalula imisebenzi eqhubekayo. Ukudalula imininingwane ngezindlela zokuhlola, izinhlangano zamabutho, imithombo yokuhlakanipha, noma i-inthanethi yokungalawuleki kunganikeza izitha ukwaziswa okungathatha isinyathelo, okungafaka engozini ukuphila nokululaza izithakazelo zesizwe. Lokhu akuyona into ecatshangelwayo ekhathazayo . Izenzakalo zezwe ezingokoqobo zibonise ukuthi ukuveza okungagunyaziwe kungaphazamisa imisebenzi, kushise izinto zokuhlakanipha eziwusizo, futhi kuphoqelele ukulahlwa kwezindlela zobuhlakani.

Ukungaqondi Komphakathi Izinto Eziwusongo Oluyinkimbinkimbi

Izihloko zezokuvikela zesizwe ngokuvamile ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwendlela yobuchwepheshe, zichazwe ngokomthetho, futhi zixhomekekile. Uma izingxenyana zokwaziswa okuhlelwayo zingena emphakathini ngaphandle komongo ozungezile, ziqondwa kabi kalula. Umphakathi ungabheka ukuqoqa kobuhlakani njengobuqaphe obungakhethiyo, noma ubheke ukuvumelana kwezimiso zokuxhumana njengezimpawu zobuthakathaka, uma eqinisweni le zenzo zingase zilungiswe ngokucophelela ekusabeleni ezinsongweni ezithile. Lokhu kuchaza igebe kudala inkinga yokubusa: ukuchaza icebo eliphelele elingemva kwesinqumo sokuphepha kungaveza ukwaziswa okuphathekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezikhali Zezombangazwe Ngokufihla Izimfihlo

Ohulumeni babhekene nesilingo esiphikelelayo sokucela ukulondeka kwesizwe njengesizathu esiqinile sokugodla ukwaziswa okudumazayo, okuphazamisayo kwezombangazwe, noma okugxeka isimiso samanje. Isimiso sokuhlela, nakuba kudingekile, singasetshenziswa kabi ukuze sivikele ukuphatha kabi, sigweme ukulandisa, noma sicindezele ukuphikiswa. Lokhu kufihla imfihlo kululaza ukuthembeka kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zokuphepha futhi kuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi ezisusa zikahulumeni.

Ukusungula Nokuklama Ngokweqile

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni ziye zasungula amasiko okufihla imfihlo ewujuqu, lapho ukwaziswa kuhlukaniswa khona hhayi ngoba kudinga isivikelo ngempela kodwa ngoba ukuhlelwa kulula kunokubukeza ngokucophelela. Ukuhlela izinto ezidinga ukulondeka, kudala izithiyo ezingadingekile zokubambisana, futhi kunqabela ukutholakala komphakathi ezintweni ezingangeni zingozi ezingokoqobo. Ukuvuselelwa kwalenhlangano kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo sobuholi nezakhiwo ezicacile.

Icala Eliwuphawu Elachaza Impikiswano Yokubona Kahle

Izenzakalo eziningana ezivelele ziye zaveza ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukulinganisela ukuvuleka nokulondeka, ukulolonga inkulumo yeningi nezici ezingokomthetho eminyakeni eminingi ezayo.

Imishini Yeqhwa Nezimfashini Eziyiqhwa

Ngo-2013, owayeyiNational Security Agency u-Edward Snowden wavuza inqwaba yamabhukwana ahlukanisayo ezincwadi ezembula izinga lezinhlelo zokuhlola kwembulunga yonke ezisetshenziswa yi-United States kanye namanxusa ayo. Ukudalulwa kwezindawo zokwaziswa okuqoqiwe, ukuqoqa okungenazintambo, kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zobuhlakani kanye nezinkampani zezokuxhumana. Abaxhasi bezimpompo zanga-mali baphikisa ukuthi kubalulekile ukutshela umphakathi ongaziqondiyo ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni sokuphazamisana nokuxhumana kwabantu ngasese. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukudalulwa kwekhono zolwazi, ukuntengantenga, ukuphazamisana kwemizwa, nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi eyingozi. Indaba yeSnowden ihlala inciphe yamanzi engxoxweni yokubonana, efaka izinguquko ezingenisweni ze-USAUSA Act ne-PSPSPPricer. [1]

Ama - “wikleak ” Nezimiso Zokusebenza Ezingacolisekile

Inhlangano iWikiLeaks, eyasungulwa nguJulian Assange, yakhipha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezincwadi ezihlukaniswayo zempi nezokuxhumana, kuhlanganise nezingodo zempi yase-Afghanistan ne-Iraq kanye nekhebula elikhulu lentambo zempi yoMnyango woMbuso. Izincwadi ezidaluliwe zadalula ubugebengu bempi, ukuqondisa kwezokuxhumana, nokuphenya kohulumeni. Nakuba abameleli batusa ukudalulwa kwamaqiniso angezwakaliyo ngenqubo yakwamanye amazwe kanye nokuziphatha kwezempi, abagxeki baqokomisa isimo sokungalungisi, esasihlanganisa amagama abashisekeli benkululeko yendawo, izikhuthazeli zenkululeko yabantu, nabantu abasengozini ababebhekene nokuziphindisela impikiswano. Icala likaWikilyaks ligcizelela umthwalo wemfanelo ohambisana nokubonakala ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ukwaziswa akuzenzanga ngokuzenzanga kuthetheki ukukhishwa kwayo.

Isifuba Sikahulumeni Emelaneni Nemisebenzi Yobuphekula

Eminyakeni yangemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bandisa amandla abo okulwa nobuphekula, ngokuvamile besebenza ngokubona okulinganiselwe. Izinhlelo zokubulala ezihlongozwayo, ukuhunyushwa okungavamile, izindlela zokuphenya, kanye nezindawo zokuvalelwa ngemshoshaphansi konke kwagunyazwa ngokubhekisela ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Uma imininingwane yalezi zinhlelo ekugcineni ivela ngokuhlola amaphephandaba, ukulandisa kokuphehla ikhwelo, nemibiko ehlaziywe, ukukhala komphakathi okuwumphumela okuphoqelele ushintsho futhi kwezinye izimo, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho. Lezizenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi ukufihla imfihlo ngokweqile, ngisho nalapho kuthethelelwa ngokukhunjuzwa kwezokuphepha okuqotho, kungaholela ekululazeni ukufaneleka komthetho ngokwawo.

Imithombo Yezindaba Njengomlamuleli Nomgcini - zwe

Izintatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvuleni igebe phakathi komshoshaphansi kahulumeni nokuqapha umphakathi. Umbiko wezezimali uye waveza izenzakalo ezingenakubalwa zokuphamba kukahulumeni, ukonakala, nokuhluleka kwezimiso okungake kwafihlakala. Nokho isikhundla semithombo yezindaba sigcwele umthwalo wemfanelo nengozi.

Ukwahlulela Okungokobuhlakani Ekubikeni Ukulondeka

Izintatheli ezihlanganisa ukulondeka kwesizwe zibhekana nezinqumo ezinzima nsuku zonke. Uma zinikezwa ngokwaziswa okuhlukanisayo noma okusheshayo, kumelwe zihlole inzuzo yomphakathi yokunyatheliswa ngokumelene nomonakalo. Izinhlangano zezindaba ezithembekile zisebenzisa izinqubo zokubukeza ngokuhluzekile, zithintana nezikhulu zikahulumeni lapho ukwaziswa okufanelekile nokuvumelanayo okungasongela ukuphila noma ukuhlehlisa imisebenzi eqhubekayo. Inselele isuke ekulondolozeni ukuzimela lapho usebenzisa lomsebenzi wokugcina isango. /"

Izithiyo Ezitholakalayo Enkathini Yokufihla Izimfihlo

Imingcele kahulumeni yokuthola ulwazi iye yakhula ngokuyinkimbinkimbi. Abaqondisi bemigoqo engokomthetho, izimiso zokuhlela ziye zanda, futhi izinhlangano ziye zasungula imikhuba "yokuhlelwa ngokungaziwa" .Izinqubo zokufihla ukwaziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimisweni zokuqondisa kunokuba ziphike izicelo obala. Izikhulu zezindaba ezigxile ekunikezeleni ukuphepha kumelwe zihlakulele imithombo, ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa okungokomthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zamukele ukwaziswa okunezimo ezivimbelayo ezingakhishwa. Komiti yenkululeko ye-CPress inikeza isiqondiso esiqhubekayo sokuqondisa lezi zinselele zezokuvikela lapho kuvikelwa inteko yezimiso zomthetho ezisemthethweni.

Ukulawula Ukusabela Komphakathi Ekwakhiweni Kokwaziswa

Izindaba ezihlanganisa izindaba zokuphepha azenzeki ngokungenangqondo. Ukubika okungaqondakali, ukuqinisekisa, kanye nokusakazeka kwegciwane kokwaziswa okungavumelani nombhalo kungaphazamisa ukuqonda komphakathi futhi kubangele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokusabela okungacatshangelwanga kahle. Ngakho - ke i-meya yezobuchwepheshe kumelwe ifeze umsebenzi ophindwayo: ukumemezela umphakathi kuyilapho unikeza umongo nokuhlaziya okudingekile ekuchazeni ulwazi. Lendima yemfundo ibaluleke kakhulu lapho ihlanganisa izihloko ezinjengenqubo yokukhomba, iziphathimandla zokuhlola, noma ukuqondisa komphakathi, lapho ubuchwepheshe nezilinganiso zomthetho ziqondwa kalula khona.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yokubusa

Ukuze umuntu akwazi ukulinganisela phakathi kokubonana nokulondeka kudingeka okungaphezu kwezibopho zokufisa ukuzithola, ezidinga izinqubo eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo nokuzijwayeza.

Ukumisa Izindinganiso Ezicacile Ezihlelwayo

Ohulumeni kumelwe bathuthukise futhi baqikelele izindinganiso eziqondile zalokho ukwaziswa okudinga isivikelo ngempela futhi isikhathi eside kangakanani. Ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane kufanele kubekwe imingcele, kuhlolwe njalo, futhi kusetshenziswe izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe eziqonda kokubili izimfuneko zokuphepha nesithakazelo somphakathi sokudalula. Ukusuka ekusithekeni okungahleliwe kuya ekuthumbeni okuyimfihlo, lapho ukwaziswa kukhululwa khona ngaphandle kokuba ingozi ethile ingaboniswa, kumelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo ohulumeni abaningi abaqala ukulwembula.

Ukuqondisa Iziqu Ngamazinyo

Izindikimba ezizimele eziqondisayo − noma amakomiti ephalamende, izinduna zezikhulu, noma amabhodi okuhlola okungabuyiselwa empini − inikeza isivalo esibalulekile sokuphepha. Lezi zinhlangano zingathola ukwaziswa okunganikezwa umphakathi, zihlole ukufaneleka kokuzisholo, futhi zibike lokho ezikutholile ngokusemthethweni. Ukuphumelela kobubonisi kuxhomeke ekuzimeleni kwazo, imithombo, negunya lokuphoqelela ubufakazi namaphepha. Izingozi zokuqondisa ezizenzile zibanjwa yizinhlangano ezihloselwe ukuhlola, ziveze ukubonakala kokulandisa ngaphandle kwento.

Ukunikela Ngomthetho Wokulondeka

Ukuthembisana komphakathi akufanele kuqale futhi kuphele ngezambulo zezikhathi ezithile. Ohulumeni bangakha ukuthembana ngokuveza isisekelo esiwubufakazi sezimiso zokulondeka, bachaze izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukuqapha nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa, futhi bacele ukuzwana ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Izinqubo zokuhlola umphakathi, izinqubo zokuveza izakhamuzi, kanye nezinqubo zokushaya imithetho ezibonisayo zivumela abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ekulolongeni imingcele yokufihla imfihlo kunokuba bamane bathathe isinyathelo sokuveza izenzakalo.

Ukubukeza Nokuzivumelanisa Nesimiso Somthetho Njalo

Usongo lwezwe lulokhu lushintsha futhi izinqubo zokubona ukukhanya kumelwe ziqhubeke. Ukuhlola njalo inqubo yokuhlela, ukuphumelela kokwengamela, nesimo sengqondo somphakathi kufanele kwazise intuthuko ekhona. Ohulumeni ababheka ukubonakala ngaphandle komthetho njengesibopho esiqinile kunokuba babheke inqubo esheshayo njengengabangela intuthuko yobuchwepheshe kanye namathemba ezakhamuzi.

Isakhiwo Somthetho Sokuvula Inkululeko Nesivikelo

Imithetho inikeza isisekelo sokwakha lapho ukubonakala nokuphepha kuncike khona. Amathuluzi amaningana angokomthetho aye aphumelela ekumiseni amathemba acacile nezindinganiso eziphoqelelwe.

Inkululeko Yemisebenzi Yolwazi

Inkululeko yolwazi Acts (FAIAS) nemithetho efanayo kwakha ilungelo elibanzi lokuthola amarekhodi kahulumeni, ngokukhulula okuthile ngenxa yezindaba zokuphepha ezingokomthetho. Ukuphumelela kwalemithetho kuxhomeke ekutheni imibandela isebenza kanjani, imishini yokulungisa isikhathi, izinqubo zokudlulisa, kanye nokuqondisa kokwahlulela. Izikhangiso ezihambisana neFOIA eziqinile zithambekele ekutholeni izilinganiso eziphakeme zokulandisa kohulumeni nokuthemba umphakathi, uma imithetho isebenza futhi inikezwa ngokufanelekile.

Izivikelo Zomjikelezo Obangelwa Ama - whislet Victory Dislosure

Abantu abangaphakathi kukahulumeni ababona ukuziphatha okubi noma ukuxhashazwa banendima ebalulekile emvelweni. Izivikelo eziphumelelayo zokushaya ikhwela zikhuthaza ukubika ngezindlela ezisemthethweni, zinikeza izivikelo zokuvimbela ukuphindisela, futhi zimise izinqubo ezicacile zokubheca ngokufanelekile. Uma lezi zinqubo zisebenza kahle, zinciphisa isikhuthazo sokuveza izinto eziningi ezingagunyaziwe kodwa zisakwazi ukulandisa. Nokho, isivikelo kumelwe sibe isivikelo esiqotho nesibekwe kahle ngamaphepha angaphoqelelwanga ukuvimbela ukuphindisela.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokubona Ngokubona Okunganqamuki

Ngaphandle kwezindlela zokuveza, izinhlelo zokubona ngokukhululekile zidinga ukuba izinhlangano zikhiphe ukwaziswa okuvamile ngemisebenzi yazo, izinhlelo, izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, nokusebenza. Lezi zinyathelo zinciphisa umthwalo kubantu abacelayo, zikwenze kube isimiso esivamile sokusebenza, futhi zimise isisekelo sokwaziswa okufinyelelekayo okukwaziyo ukuqondisa okunenjongo.

Ukulingana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nezindawo Eziqhathaniswa

Ukucindezeleka kokubona ngaphandle akuyona indlela ehlukile kunoma yiliphi izwe elilodwa, futhi ukuhlaziya okuqhathaniswa kwembula izindlela eziningi. Amanye amazwe amisa ukuvuleka komthetho-sisekelo njengenzuzo eyisisekelo, afaka ngisho nezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha ekubekeni imvume yokuqondisa iphalamende kanye nokubika komphakathi njalo. Ezinye zihluleka kakhulu ekubekeni imfihlo, zithethelela amandla amakhulu okuhlela ngokubhekisele ekusongelelweni okuphikelelayo. Amapulani anjengezindinganiso zokubona ngale, ezikhuthazwa yi- umqulu we-Romastership [, zikhuthaza amalungu elungu ukuba amukele izimiso ezifanayo kuyilapho kuvumela ukuvumelana kwezimo zendawo. Ukufunda umehluko nokulandisa kontanga kungasiza ekunyuseni izindinganiso ezisendalweni, nakuba kumelwe zihloniphe ukungafani okusemthethweni kokusongela indawo ezungezile namasiko omthetho.

Ukulungisa Indlela Eqinile

Ukungathiyana phakathi kokukhanya nokhuseleko lwesizwe akuyona inkinga okumelwe ixazululwe kodwa okunamandla ukulawulwa. Akukho nqubo eyodwa eyosetshenziswa kuyo yonke indawo kuzo zonke izenzakalo nezikhathi zesikhathi. Okufunekayo isibopho esiqinile sokwenza izinqumo ezinezimiso, esisekelwa ububonisi obuqinile, izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezicacile, nokuthembisana kwangempela komphakathi. Amahlelo afaka imali kulezakhiwo asendaweni engcono ukuvikela kokubili ukulondeka kwawo nezindinganiso zawo zedemokrati. Umgomo awukho ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukufihla imfihlo nesifiso esiyingozi sokwenza izinqumo, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfihlo ilula, ilungiselwe kahle, ibukelwe njalo, futhi ibekwe isibopho esinenzuzo. Uma ohulumeni bephatha ukuvela ngaphandle kokukhomba ngaphandle kokukhokhwazwa, banciphisa ukulondeka okuxhomeke ekugcineni umphakathi ekugcineni. Umphakathi uyakwazi ukulondeka komphakathi nomphakathi ovulekile; uma bevumelana ngokulingana, imibandela ngayinye ihlelwe kahle.